无线传感器网络分簇路由协议研究
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摘要
无线传感器网络是由一系列具有有限计算能力、存储能力和无线通信能力的小型智能设备组成的分布式感知网络。传感器节点的感知能力和节点间的无线通信能力为传感器网络赋予了广阔的应用前景,使得无线传感器网络广泛应用于军事领域、医疗健康、环境科学、空间探索,以及其他一些商业应用领域中。
然而,无线传感器网络的部署环境相当复杂,经常需要通过大量的人工埋置、飞行器撒播或者火箭弹射等方式,将节点任意散落在被监测区域内。无线传感器网络中节点一般采用微型电池供电,由于部署环境的复杂性和节点布置的任意性,使得节点的电池难以更换或充电,很容易因能量耗尽而失效。因此,无线传感器网络路由协议研究的核心问题就是最大限度地降低节点的能量消耗,延长网络生命周期。由于在网络扩展性、高效节能性等方面的明显优势,基于分簇技术的路由协议成为当前研究的一个重要课题。本文围绕这一课题,侧重研究了无线传感器网络分簇路由协议中的簇首节点的选择机制、节点间能量损耗的均衡、分簇区域的划分和成簇的密度对分簇的影响等问题。论文的主要内容包括：
1.针对异构型无线传感器网络节点在感知、计算与通信多方面存在差异的特点,提出了一种低能量损耗的分布式分簇路由算法(MEDC)。该算法所基于的能量模型将综合考虑网络中节点的能量异构性和计算能力异构性,依据节点的剩余能量和预期的成簇能量损耗,选取优势节点成为簇首节点。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效地均衡节点的能量消耗,从而延长网络的生命周期。
2.将演化博弈理论引入无线传感器网络分簇路由协议的研究,通过分析模型的演化稳定性状态来确定网络能量优化的策略。本文提出了一种基于领土博弈模型的分簇算法(TGC)和一种基于能量消耗战博弈模型的算法(WEAC)。在TGC算法领土博弈过程中,竞争双方应用演化稳定性策略瓜分监测区域,从而实现网络能耗的均衡。当网络中传感器节点的剩余能量普遍偏低时,采取WEAC算法进行自私地决策,以此最大化网络的生命周期。仿真结果表明,通过该算法能够获得很好的网络性能。
3.提出了一种基于自适应分裂与合并的无线传感器网络分簇协议(ASMC),能较好地解决无线传感器网络因簇密度不均匀导致成簇时间延长的问题。该协议在首轮预先设定了簇首数量,并通过阈值控制了簇的密度,在适当时候进行簇的分裂与合并操作。当簇首数量少于预设的数量时进行簇首补选,在簇首补选过程中不仅考虑了簇内密度,而且还考虑了节点剩余能量。
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a distributed sensing network, which consists of large numbers of tiny sensor nodes with limited processing, storage and communicating capabilities. The sensing and communicating capabilities of sensor nodes provide a wide range of applications for WSNs. Some of the application areas are military, medical and health, environmental science, space exploration, and other business fields.
However, the deployment environment of WSNs is quite complicated. Sensor nodes are randomly scattered in a monitored area by artificial embedment, broadcast sowing, rocket ejection. Power supply of nodes in WSNs is usually provided by micro batteries. Due to the complexity of the deployment environment and the randomicity of the nodes'deployment, it is difficult to replace and charge batteries of sensor nodes. Nodes are easy to lose their effectiveness as a result of the dissipation of energy. Therefore, energy efficiency and sensor network lifetime are the key issues of routing protocol in WSNs. Due to the better performance in scalability and energy efficiency, cluster-based routing protocol is a significant research topic. Based on the topic, this thesis mainly discusses several questions about cluster-based routing protocol of WSNs: selection strategy of cluster heads, energy-consuming equilibration among nodes, clustering regional division, cluster-density influence on clustering. The main contents of this thesis include:
1. A new distributed clustering scheme (MEDC algorithm) is proposed for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks with energy heterogeneity and computational heterogeneity. MEDC algorithms considers the residual energy and the energy dissipation in all nodes when it competes for the cluster head. Simulation results show that MEDC algorithms can balance the energy consumption and prolongs the network lifetime.
2. The evolution game model is used to solve optimal strategy by finding the evolution stable strategy (ESS) in WSNs. We propose a clustering algorithm based on the territory game (TGC algorithm) and a clustering algorithm based on the are based on the war of energy attrition game (WEAC algorithm). In the territory game, the territory is carved up by two players to reach energy optimization that is derived from the evolution stable strategy. When sensors have little remaining energy, WEAC algorithm is adopted to maximize their remaining lifetime by making their decisions selfishly. The simulation results show the proposed algorithms achieve desirable network performances.
3. An energy efficient split-and-merge clustering(ASMC) algorithm is presented to solve the problem of excessive clustering time because of the possible uneven cluster density. ASMC algorithm determines (a) first-run presetting cluster heads (CHs) number,(b) adaptive clustering to maintain cluster density of equilibrium, and (c) cluster-heads election to avoid some CHs'hardware failure. Moreover, ASMC algorithm provides adaptability to mobile nodes, and it has no limitation to the network extensibility. Experiments show that our proposed algorithm evens up the cluster density and extends the network lifetime.
然而,无线传感器网络的部署环境相当复杂,经常需要通过大量的人工埋置、飞行器撒播或者火箭弹射等方式,将节点任意散落在被监测区域内。无线传感器网络中节点一般采用微型电池供电,由于部署环境的复杂性和节点布置的任意性,使得节点的电池难以更换或充电,很容易因能量耗尽而失效。因此,无线传感器网络路由协议研究的核心问题就是最大限度地降低节点的能量消耗,延长网络生命周期。由于在网络扩展性、高效节能性等方面的明显优势,基于分簇技术的路由协议成为当前研究的一个重要课题。本文围绕这一课题,侧重研究了无线传感器网络分簇路由协议中的簇首节点的选择机制、节点间能量损耗的均衡、分簇区域的划分和成簇的密度对分簇的影响等问题。论文的主要内容包括：
1.针对异构型无线传感器网络节点在感知、计算与通信多方面存在差异的特点,提出了一种低能量损耗的分布式分簇路由算法(MEDC)。该算法所基于的能量模型将综合考虑网络中节点的能量异构性和计算能力异构性,依据节点的剩余能量和预期的成簇能量损耗,选取优势节点成为簇首节点。仿真结果表明,该算法能有效地均衡节点的能量消耗,从而延长网络的生命周期。
2.将演化博弈理论引入无线传感器网络分簇路由协议的研究,通过分析模型的演化稳定性状态来确定网络能量优化的策略。本文提出了一种基于领土博弈模型的分簇算法(TGC)和一种基于能量消耗战博弈模型的算法(WEAC)。在TGC算法领土博弈过程中,竞争双方应用演化稳定性策略瓜分监测区域,从而实现网络能耗的均衡。当网络中传感器节点的剩余能量普遍偏低时,采取WEAC算法进行自私地决策,以此最大化网络的生命周期。仿真结果表明,通过该算法能够获得很好的网络性能。
3.提出了一种基于自适应分裂与合并的无线传感器网络分簇协议(ASMC),能较好地解决无线传感器网络因簇密度不均匀导致成簇时间延长的问题。该协议在首轮预先设定了簇首数量,并通过阈值控制了簇的密度,在适当时候进行簇的分裂与合并操作。当簇首数量少于预设的数量时进行簇首补选,在簇首补选过程中不仅考虑了簇内密度,而且还考虑了节点剩余能量。
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a distributed sensing network, which consists of large numbers of tiny sensor nodes with limited processing, storage and communicating capabilities. The sensing and communicating capabilities of sensor nodes provide a wide range of applications for WSNs. Some of the application areas are military, medical and health, environmental science, space exploration, and other business fields.
However, the deployment environment of WSNs is quite complicated. Sensor nodes are randomly scattered in a monitored area by artificial embedment, broadcast sowing, rocket ejection. Power supply of nodes in WSNs is usually provided by micro batteries. Due to the complexity of the deployment environment and the randomicity of the nodes'deployment, it is difficult to replace and charge batteries of sensor nodes. Nodes are easy to lose their effectiveness as a result of the dissipation of energy. Therefore, energy efficiency and sensor network lifetime are the key issues of routing protocol in WSNs. Due to the better performance in scalability and energy efficiency, cluster-based routing protocol is a significant research topic. Based on the topic, this thesis mainly discusses several questions about cluster-based routing protocol of WSNs: selection strategy of cluster heads, energy-consuming equilibration among nodes, clustering regional division, cluster-density influence on clustering. The main contents of this thesis include:
1. A new distributed clustering scheme (MEDC algorithm) is proposed for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks with energy heterogeneity and computational heterogeneity. MEDC algorithms considers the residual energy and the energy dissipation in all nodes when it competes for the cluster head. Simulation results show that MEDC algorithms can balance the energy consumption and prolongs the network lifetime.
2. The evolution game model is used to solve optimal strategy by finding the evolution stable strategy (ESS) in WSNs. We propose a clustering algorithm based on the territory game (TGC algorithm) and a clustering algorithm based on the are based on the war of energy attrition game (WEAC algorithm). In the territory game, the territory is carved up by two players to reach energy optimization that is derived from the evolution stable strategy. When sensors have little remaining energy, WEAC algorithm is adopted to maximize their remaining lifetime by making their decisions selfishly. The simulation results show the proposed algorithms achieve desirable network performances.
3. An energy efficient split-and-merge clustering(ASMC) algorithm is presented to solve the problem of excessive clustering time because of the possible uneven cluster density. ASMC algorithm determines (a) first-run presetting cluster heads (CHs) number,(b) adaptive clustering to maintain cluster density of equilibrium, and (c) cluster-heads election to avoid some CHs'hardware failure. Moreover, ASMC algorithm provides adaptability to mobile nodes, and it has no limitation to the network extensibility. Experiments show that our proposed algorithm evens up the cluster density and extends the network lifetime.
引文
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