基于果林间种模式的南板蓝（马蓝）栽培研究
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摘要
南板蓝即爵床科板蓝属多年生草本植物马蓝Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek.,广泛分布于华南、西南及华东地区,其根、茎、叶作为南板蓝根及南大青叶入药,具有悠久的药用历史。南板蓝根性寒,味苦,具有清热解毒、凉血消斑的功效,是多种抗病毒中成药的主料药之一；其茎叶既可加工制成中药青黛及植物性染料蓝靛,亦可作为天然饲料添加剂广泛应用于禽畜疾病防治中。
由于南板蓝野生资源日益短缺,栽培品种植技术不够科学规范,导致药材供不应求,栽培品产量锐减、质量及价格参差不齐等诸多问题,严重影响南板蓝药材及其中成药的质量和临床疗效。因此,为提高南板蓝药材产量及质量,培育出高产优质、安全有效的绿色南板蓝药材,本文开展基于果林间种模式的南板蓝栽培研究,主要针对该模式下南板蓝的生长发育规律、最佳施肥量、病虫害防治、有效成分(靛玉红及腺苷)及有害物质含量进行探讨。具体研究内容及结果如下：
第一部分文献研究
通过搜集查阅大量国内外南板蓝研究的相关资料,从本草考证、生药学研究、栽培技术研究、化学成分、药理作用及品质研究等方面对南板蓝研究概况进行了总结。
第二部分实验研究
1.果林间种模式的南板蓝生长发育研究
1.1果林间种模式下南板蓝株高及分枝变化规律研究
不同间种模式的南板蓝生长发育规律不仅与种植的生态环境密切相关,也深受其间种主体影响。通过考察研究不同时期果林间种模式下南板蓝的株高及分枝数的动态变化规律,了解该种植模式下南板蓝的生长发育习性。结果显示南板蓝各模式组在不同生长时期其平均株高、各回平均分枝数及平均总分枝数均呈现上升态势,且间种组各指标值均高于露地单种组。不同种植模式的南板蓝定植后均表现为5-11月份增高迅速,12月则进入增长平台期；各组平总分枝数表现为5-8月份上升缓慢,9-12月份则增长明显加快。证明了在蕉林及柑橘林适宜的荫蔽条件下所栽培出的南板蓝植株生长状况比单纯的露地人工种植更为良好。
1.2果林间种模式对南板蓝干物质重及果林产值的影响
本实验针对露地单种及不同果林间种模式对南板蓝干物质重的影响和果林产值状况进行对比分析,结果表明各模式组南板蓝根及根茎平均干物质重、平均株重按照由高到低的顺序排列为：蕉林间种组>柑橘林间种组>露地单种组,蕉林间种组、柑橘林间种组与露地单种组之间均具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。间种南板蓝后,蕉林平均每亩增产1975元,柑橘林平均每亩增产1670元。因此,在同样的土壤、水肥条件下,南板蓝间种于蕉林及柑橘林中更有利于南板蓝生物产量的提高,带来更大的经济效益。
2.果林间种对南板蓝有效成分(靛玉红及腺苷)含量的影响
2.1南板蓝腺苷含量测定方法研究
为进一步推动南板蓝有效成分研究的发展,本文采用C18柱,甲醇-水(7：93)做流动相,1.00mL/min流速,260nm的检测波长,筛选建立了南板蓝中腺苷含量的测定方法。结果显示,以20m1的10%甲醇超声提取南板蓝45min效果最佳,腺苷在进样量0.198-1.188gg内线性关系良好(r=0.99998),平均回收率为100.57%,精密度、重现性及稳定性均良好。所建立的方法灵敏快速,重现性好,可用于南板蓝药材腺苷的测定。
2.2果林间种对南板蓝有效成分腺苷含量的影响
根据南板蓝腺苷含量测定方法,采用高效液相色谱仪测定不同种植模式下南板蓝腺苷的含量,实验结果表明围垦柑橘林间种组南板蓝所含腺苷含量高于其露地单种组,睦洲蕉林间种组腺苷含量则高于睦洲露地单种组约3倍左右,证明了不同的南板蓝种植环境会影响其有效成分的形成和累积,具有多散射光荫蔽效果的自然生态环境更有利于提高南板蓝腺苷的含量。
2.3果林间种对南板蓝有效成分靛玉红含量的影响
运用高效液相色谱法对果林间种模式下南板蓝的靛玉红含量进行测定,分析结果显示按照靛玉红含量由高至低的顺序排列为：蕉林间种组>柑橘林间种组>露地单种组,因此,由果林间种模式培育出的南板蓝在生物产量及质量上均优于露地单种的南板蓝,更有利于南板蓝脂溶性成分的积累。
3.果林间种模式下不同施肥量对南板蓝干物质重的影响
分别考察新会围垦镇及睦洲镇果林间种模式下的对照组、低肥料组、中肥料组及高肥料组所栽培的南板蓝干物质重,发现蕉林间种模式下高肥料组对南板蓝干物质重影响最高,中肥料组次之,对照组则最低,各组之间存在显著性差异；而柑橘林间种模式下南板蓝干物质重由高至低则表现为：低肥料组>高肥料组>中肥料组>对照组,各组间不存在显著性差异。经过对比分析,阐明土壤肥力高的地区进行南板蓝立体栽培可不进行施肥管理,而土壤贫瘠的地区则需培肥地力,为南板蓝生长发育提供良好土壤条件方能建立南板蓝果林间种模式。
4.果林间种模式下南板蓝的病虫害防治研究
通过每月定期调查研究,发现蕉林、柑橘林间种模式下南板蓝具有根结线虫、疫霉菌及猝倒病3种病害,虫害则发现有斜纹夜蛾、绿腿露腹蝗、蚜虫及红蜘蛛4种。其中,根结线虫、猝倒病及疫霉菌为本文首次发现报道的南板蓝病害,进一步推动今后南板蓝病虫害的防治研究。
5.果林间种模式下的南板蓝根有害物质的检测
根据《中国药典》附录IXB重金属及IxQ农药残留检测方法分别测定不同种植模式下南板蓝根中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜及六六六、滴滴涕的含量。结果显示除铜超出限量标准之外,铅、砷、汞、镉及六六六、滴滴涕均不超出限量要求,故需要采取相应措施进一步降低南板蓝根中Cu元素含量。
Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek is a perennial herb. It is widely distributed in the South China, the Southwest and the East China. Its roots, stems and leaves which are used as Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusiae and Folium Baphicacanthi Cusiae have a long history. The nature of Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusiae is cold, and the taste is bitter. It can clear away heat and toxic material, cool blood and dissolve purpura. Their stems and leaves can be processed into indigo naturals and indigo, also as a green feed additive widely used in control and prevention of livestock disease.
Owing to shortage of wild resources and an unscientific and Non-standard planting technique, the demand for Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek exceed supply, and many other problems have arisen, for example, the production decrease sharply, and the quality and price varies greatly. These problems seriously affect the quality and clinical efficacy of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek and its proprietary Chinese medicines. Therefore, in order to improve the output and quality of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek, cultivate high quality, safe and effective green medicines, the paper carries out the research on the three-dimensional cultivation of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek.It mainly contains five parts:the growth and development of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek, the optimal fertilization amount, the control and prevention technology of pest, the active ingredient(indirubin and adenosine) and heavy metal and pesticide residues content. The research contents and results are as follows:
PartⅠLiterature Review
According to a large number of international current research, we summarized systematically the study of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek, including the herbal textual research, pharmacognostical study, cultivation techniques, chemical composition, pharmacology and quality research.
PartⅡExperimental Research
1. Research on the growth and development of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard
1.1 Study on the change law of plant height and branch of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard
The growth and development of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek in different agroforestry models not only closely related its ecological environment species but also were influenced by its intercrop. By investigating the change law of plant height and branches of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard in different months, we realize the growth and development habits of medicine in this planting pattern. The results showed that the plant height and the number of branches of every model group in different months showed a rising trend, and the indicators of intercropping groups were higher than the outdoor planting group. After planting, the plant height of different cropping patterns groups showed increase rapidly from May to Nov., and followed by a platform period in Dec. Each group showed that the total number of branches rose slowly from May to Aug., very fast from Sep. to Dec.. The study proved that the growth status of medicine which intercroped in suitable shade conditions created by the banana forest or tangerine peel forest were better than in outdoor planting.
1.2 Study on the dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard and the output value of the orchard
To constrat and analysis on the output value of the orchard and the dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek between the outdoor planting mode and the intercropping modes, the order of the average dry weight of Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusiae and the average weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek from high to low were the banana forest group, the tangerine peel forest group and the outdoor planting group. Significant difference was found between the banana forest group and the outdoor planting group, and between the tangerine peel forest group and the outdoor planting group(P<0.05). The output value of the banana forest per mu increased 1975 yuan, and the tangerine peel forest was 1670 yuan. In the same cultivating conditions, Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard modes were beneficial for improving the output of medicine and bringing greater economic benefits
2. Research on the active ingredient (indirubin and adenosine) content of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard
2.1 Study on the method of determining adenosine content of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek
To further promote the development of the active ingredients of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek, we use C18, mobile phase (methanol:water=7:93), 1.00mL/min flow and an detection wavelength of 260nm to screen and establish the determation of adenosine of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek. The results revealed that the optimum conditions for extraction were as follows:10% methanol 20mL, extractive time of 45min. The linear relationship of adenosine was better between 0.198～1.188μg (r= 0.99998), average recovery rate was 100.57%. The precision, repeatability and stability were good respectively. This method is sensitive and rapid, and can be used to determine the content of adenosine.
2.2 Research on the adenosine content of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard
According to the above method, the content of the adenosine of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek in different planting modes were determined byt high performance liquid chromatography. The experimental results proved that the content of the adenosine of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek which planted between tangerine peel rows in Weiken town was higher than the ones planted in the open, and the concentration of the adenosine of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek which incropped in banana forest in Muzhou town increased almost 3 times. It was proved that the forming and accumulation of active ingredients of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek was affected obviously by different planting conditions. Baphicanthus will affect their formation and accumulation of active ingredients. The natural ecological environment with scattered light and shade effect was more conducive to raise the content of adenosine in Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek.
2.3 Effect of intercropping in orchard on indirubin content of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek
Using high performance liquid chromatography to measure the content of indirubin of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek which incroped in orchard, the analysis results indicated that the concentrations of indirubin from high to low were ranked as the banana forest group, the tangerine peel forest group and the outdoor planting group. Consequently, Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek that cultivated in orchard has the advantages in weight and quality over traditional cultivation, and more conducive to the accumulation of the active ingredient.
3. Effect of different fertilizer levels on dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek under the fruit forest modes
In this reasearch, the normal control, low, middle and high dose fertilizer groups were applyied in the Weiken town and Muzhou town separately. As a result,the dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek in each group were weighted. The dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek which incropped in the banana forest was in order of high dose>middle dose>low dose>control group, there were remarkable significance among them. The declined trend of dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek which incropped in the the tangerine peel forest was low dose, high dose, middle dose and the normal control group, there were no significant difference among them. On the basis of comparison and analysis, three-dimensional cultivation of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek can be managed without fertilizer in areas of rich soil, and the poor soil areas should improve the fertility of the soil. In order to provide a good soil condition for the growth and development of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek, it was an important aspect of establishing the Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard modes.
4. The control and prevention of diseases and pests of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek incropping in orchard
Through the regular monthly survey, we found three kinds of diseases and four kinds of insect pest in these two incropping modes:nematodes, Phytophthora sp., damping-off, cotton leafworm, grassshopper, aphids and red spider. The aphids was reported for the first time, it further promote the future of the prevention and control of diseases and elimination of pests.
5. Determination of the heavy metal and pesticide residues content of Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusiae intercropping in orchard
According to the determination of appendix IXB and IXQ of "Chinese Pharmacopoeia", the content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, BHC and DDT were measured in different cropping patterns, which contained in Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek. The content of lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, BHC and DDT met the minimum performance, while the content of copper exceeded the standard. Therefore, we need to take appropriate measures to reduce the concentration of cadmium in Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek.
由于南板蓝野生资源日益短缺,栽培品种植技术不够科学规范,导致药材供不应求,栽培品产量锐减、质量及价格参差不齐等诸多问题,严重影响南板蓝药材及其中成药的质量和临床疗效。因此,为提高南板蓝药材产量及质量,培育出高产优质、安全有效的绿色南板蓝药材,本文开展基于果林间种模式的南板蓝栽培研究,主要针对该模式下南板蓝的生长发育规律、最佳施肥量、病虫害防治、有效成分(靛玉红及腺苷)及有害物质含量进行探讨。具体研究内容及结果如下：
第一部分文献研究
通过搜集查阅大量国内外南板蓝研究的相关资料,从本草考证、生药学研究、栽培技术研究、化学成分、药理作用及品质研究等方面对南板蓝研究概况进行了总结。
第二部分实验研究
1.果林间种模式的南板蓝生长发育研究
1.1果林间种模式下南板蓝株高及分枝变化规律研究
不同间种模式的南板蓝生长发育规律不仅与种植的生态环境密切相关,也深受其间种主体影响。通过考察研究不同时期果林间种模式下南板蓝的株高及分枝数的动态变化规律,了解该种植模式下南板蓝的生长发育习性。结果显示南板蓝各模式组在不同生长时期其平均株高、各回平均分枝数及平均总分枝数均呈现上升态势,且间种组各指标值均高于露地单种组。不同种植模式的南板蓝定植后均表现为5-11月份增高迅速,12月则进入增长平台期；各组平总分枝数表现为5-8月份上升缓慢,9-12月份则增长明显加快。证明了在蕉林及柑橘林适宜的荫蔽条件下所栽培出的南板蓝植株生长状况比单纯的露地人工种植更为良好。
1.2果林间种模式对南板蓝干物质重及果林产值的影响
本实验针对露地单种及不同果林间种模式对南板蓝干物质重的影响和果林产值状况进行对比分析,结果表明各模式组南板蓝根及根茎平均干物质重、平均株重按照由高到低的顺序排列为：蕉林间种组>柑橘林间种组>露地单种组,蕉林间种组、柑橘林间种组与露地单种组之间均具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。间种南板蓝后,蕉林平均每亩增产1975元,柑橘林平均每亩增产1670元。因此,在同样的土壤、水肥条件下,南板蓝间种于蕉林及柑橘林中更有利于南板蓝生物产量的提高,带来更大的经济效益。
2.果林间种对南板蓝有效成分(靛玉红及腺苷)含量的影响
2.1南板蓝腺苷含量测定方法研究
为进一步推动南板蓝有效成分研究的发展,本文采用C18柱,甲醇-水(7：93)做流动相,1.00mL/min流速,260nm的检测波长,筛选建立了南板蓝中腺苷含量的测定方法。结果显示,以20m1的10%甲醇超声提取南板蓝45min效果最佳,腺苷在进样量0.198-1.188gg内线性关系良好(r=0.99998),平均回收率为100.57%,精密度、重现性及稳定性均良好。所建立的方法灵敏快速,重现性好,可用于南板蓝药材腺苷的测定。
2.2果林间种对南板蓝有效成分腺苷含量的影响
根据南板蓝腺苷含量测定方法,采用高效液相色谱仪测定不同种植模式下南板蓝腺苷的含量,实验结果表明围垦柑橘林间种组南板蓝所含腺苷含量高于其露地单种组,睦洲蕉林间种组腺苷含量则高于睦洲露地单种组约3倍左右,证明了不同的南板蓝种植环境会影响其有效成分的形成和累积,具有多散射光荫蔽效果的自然生态环境更有利于提高南板蓝腺苷的含量。
2.3果林间种对南板蓝有效成分靛玉红含量的影响
运用高效液相色谱法对果林间种模式下南板蓝的靛玉红含量进行测定,分析结果显示按照靛玉红含量由高至低的顺序排列为：蕉林间种组>柑橘林间种组>露地单种组,因此,由果林间种模式培育出的南板蓝在生物产量及质量上均优于露地单种的南板蓝,更有利于南板蓝脂溶性成分的积累。
3.果林间种模式下不同施肥量对南板蓝干物质重的影响
分别考察新会围垦镇及睦洲镇果林间种模式下的对照组、低肥料组、中肥料组及高肥料组所栽培的南板蓝干物质重,发现蕉林间种模式下高肥料组对南板蓝干物质重影响最高,中肥料组次之,对照组则最低,各组之间存在显著性差异；而柑橘林间种模式下南板蓝干物质重由高至低则表现为：低肥料组>高肥料组>中肥料组>对照组,各组间不存在显著性差异。经过对比分析,阐明土壤肥力高的地区进行南板蓝立体栽培可不进行施肥管理,而土壤贫瘠的地区则需培肥地力,为南板蓝生长发育提供良好土壤条件方能建立南板蓝果林间种模式。
4.果林间种模式下南板蓝的病虫害防治研究
通过每月定期调查研究,发现蕉林、柑橘林间种模式下南板蓝具有根结线虫、疫霉菌及猝倒病3种病害,虫害则发现有斜纹夜蛾、绿腿露腹蝗、蚜虫及红蜘蛛4种。其中,根结线虫、猝倒病及疫霉菌为本文首次发现报道的南板蓝病害,进一步推动今后南板蓝病虫害的防治研究。
5.果林间种模式下的南板蓝根有害物质的检测
根据《中国药典》附录IXB重金属及IxQ农药残留检测方法分别测定不同种植模式下南板蓝根中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜及六六六、滴滴涕的含量。结果显示除铜超出限量标准之外,铅、砷、汞、镉及六六六、滴滴涕均不超出限量要求,故需要采取相应措施进一步降低南板蓝根中Cu元素含量。
Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek is a perennial herb. It is widely distributed in the South China, the Southwest and the East China. Its roots, stems and leaves which are used as Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusiae and Folium Baphicacanthi Cusiae have a long history. The nature of Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusiae is cold, and the taste is bitter. It can clear away heat and toxic material, cool blood and dissolve purpura. Their stems and leaves can be processed into indigo naturals and indigo, also as a green feed additive widely used in control and prevention of livestock disease.
Owing to shortage of wild resources and an unscientific and Non-standard planting technique, the demand for Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek exceed supply, and many other problems have arisen, for example, the production decrease sharply, and the quality and price varies greatly. These problems seriously affect the quality and clinical efficacy of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek and its proprietary Chinese medicines. Therefore, in order to improve the output and quality of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek, cultivate high quality, safe and effective green medicines, the paper carries out the research on the three-dimensional cultivation of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek.It mainly contains five parts:the growth and development of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek, the optimal fertilization amount, the control and prevention technology of pest, the active ingredient(indirubin and adenosine) and heavy metal and pesticide residues content. The research contents and results are as follows:
PartⅠLiterature Review
According to a large number of international current research, we summarized systematically the study of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek, including the herbal textual research, pharmacognostical study, cultivation techniques, chemical composition, pharmacology and quality research.
PartⅡExperimental Research
1. Research on the growth and development of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard
1.1 Study on the change law of plant height and branch of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard
The growth and development of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek in different agroforestry models not only closely related its ecological environment species but also were influenced by its intercrop. By investigating the change law of plant height and branches of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard in different months, we realize the growth and development habits of medicine in this planting pattern. The results showed that the plant height and the number of branches of every model group in different months showed a rising trend, and the indicators of intercropping groups were higher than the outdoor planting group. After planting, the plant height of different cropping patterns groups showed increase rapidly from May to Nov., and followed by a platform period in Dec. Each group showed that the total number of branches rose slowly from May to Aug., very fast from Sep. to Dec.. The study proved that the growth status of medicine which intercroped in suitable shade conditions created by the banana forest or tangerine peel forest were better than in outdoor planting.
1.2 Study on the dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard and the output value of the orchard
To constrat and analysis on the output value of the orchard and the dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek between the outdoor planting mode and the intercropping modes, the order of the average dry weight of Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusiae and the average weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek from high to low were the banana forest group, the tangerine peel forest group and the outdoor planting group. Significant difference was found between the banana forest group and the outdoor planting group, and between the tangerine peel forest group and the outdoor planting group(P<0.05). The output value of the banana forest per mu increased 1975 yuan, and the tangerine peel forest was 1670 yuan. In the same cultivating conditions, Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard modes were beneficial for improving the output of medicine and bringing greater economic benefits
2. Research on the active ingredient (indirubin and adenosine) content of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard
2.1 Study on the method of determining adenosine content of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek
To further promote the development of the active ingredients of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek, we use C18, mobile phase (methanol:water=7:93), 1.00mL/min flow and an detection wavelength of 260nm to screen and establish the determation of adenosine of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek. The results revealed that the optimum conditions for extraction were as follows:10% methanol 20mL, extractive time of 45min. The linear relationship of adenosine was better between 0.198～1.188μg (r= 0.99998), average recovery rate was 100.57%. The precision, repeatability and stability were good respectively. This method is sensitive and rapid, and can be used to determine the content of adenosine.
2.2 Research on the adenosine content of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard
According to the above method, the content of the adenosine of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek in different planting modes were determined byt high performance liquid chromatography. The experimental results proved that the content of the adenosine of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek which planted between tangerine peel rows in Weiken town was higher than the ones planted in the open, and the concentration of the adenosine of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek which incropped in banana forest in Muzhou town increased almost 3 times. It was proved that the forming and accumulation of active ingredients of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek was affected obviously by different planting conditions. Baphicanthus will affect their formation and accumulation of active ingredients. The natural ecological environment with scattered light and shade effect was more conducive to raise the content of adenosine in Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek.
2.3 Effect of intercropping in orchard on indirubin content of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek
Using high performance liquid chromatography to measure the content of indirubin of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek which incroped in orchard, the analysis results indicated that the concentrations of indirubin from high to low were ranked as the banana forest group, the tangerine peel forest group and the outdoor planting group. Consequently, Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek that cultivated in orchard has the advantages in weight and quality over traditional cultivation, and more conducive to the accumulation of the active ingredient.
3. Effect of different fertilizer levels on dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek under the fruit forest modes
In this reasearch, the normal control, low, middle and high dose fertilizer groups were applyied in the Weiken town and Muzhou town separately. As a result,the dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek in each group were weighted. The dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek which incropped in the banana forest was in order of high dose>middle dose>low dose>control group, there were remarkable significance among them. The declined trend of dry weight of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek which incropped in the the tangerine peel forest was low dose, high dose, middle dose and the normal control group, there were no significant difference among them. On the basis of comparison and analysis, three-dimensional cultivation of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek can be managed without fertilizer in areas of rich soil, and the poor soil areas should improve the fertility of the soil. In order to provide a good soil condition for the growth and development of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek, it was an important aspect of establishing the Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek intercropping in orchard modes.
4. The control and prevention of diseases and pests of Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek incropping in orchard
Through the regular monthly survey, we found three kinds of diseases and four kinds of insect pest in these two incropping modes:nematodes, Phytophthora sp., damping-off, cotton leafworm, grassshopper, aphids and red spider. The aphids was reported for the first time, it further promote the future of the prevention and control of diseases and elimination of pests.
5. Determination of the heavy metal and pesticide residues content of Rhizoma et Radix Baphicacanthis Cusiae intercropping in orchard
According to the determination of appendix IXB and IXQ of "Chinese Pharmacopoeia", the content of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, BHC and DDT were measured in different cropping patterns, which contained in Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek. The content of lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, BHC and DDT met the minimum performance, while the content of copper exceeded the standard. Therefore, we need to take appropriate measures to reduce the concentration of cadmium in Baphicacanthus cusia Bremek.
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