基于GIS的生态环境质量评价
摘要
生态环境是人类生存和发展的基础。对生态环境状况进行科学准确、行之有效的评价,是急待解决的生态问题之一。青海省地处青藏高原,是生态环境变化的敏感区和脆弱带,也是国际科技界研究气候和生态环境变化的热点地带。境内三江源区对中国农业及社会可持续发展具有重要的战略意义。
本研究采用《生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)》(HJ/T192-2006)中的评价体系,利用矢量面状评价单元和栅格点状评价单元相结合的评价单元,运用ArcMap的空间统计及分析功能,对青海省各县2004年、2006年、2007年三年的生态环境质量状况进行综合评价。
研究成果和主要结论如下:
(1)分别建立了青海省各县2004年、2006年、2007年三年生态环境质量评价的空间数据库,包括:生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、土地退化指数、水网密度指数、环境质量指数5个指标因子。
(2)运用ArcMap空间统计及分析功能,采用行政边界图和水系图,计算出每个格网内的河流长度和湖泊(水库)面积。
(3)对各县水资源量、SO_2排放量、COD排放量等统计数据,依照面积比例和人口比例进行分配,实现统计数据空间化。
(4)青海省三年生态环境质量指数(EI)均介于18-66之间,三年全省EI平均值分别为:27.43、27.73、29.97。
(5)青海省EI值分布具有明显的地带性,从西北到东南EI值呈逐渐增大趋势。其地带性主要表现为:海西地区各县状况相似,生态环境状况较差;果洛地区的久治县、班玛县、甘德县的大部分地区,达日县的东南、东北部分,玛沁县的东南、西南部分以及海东地区的大通县,门源县的西南部,祁连县的中部地区环境质量状况较好;其它地区各县EI值大部分处于中等状态。
(6) 2004-2006年间,青海省41个县中,EI略有变化,且变化面积超过全县总面积50%的县共有7个;EI明显变化,且变化面积超过全县总面积50%的县共有15个。2006-2007年间,全省各县的EI没有出现明显变化。
Ecological environment is fundamental to human existence and development. A viable and accurate method of ecology evaluation is an important ecological problem to be solved. Qinghai province located in Qinghai-Tibet plateau is much sensitive and fragile to environmental change, thus a focus of climate and environmental change. The source regions of the three rivers there is of strategic significance to the sustainable development of agriculture and society in China.
Following assessment system of the "Technological Standard for Evaluation of ecological environment (Trial Version)" (HJ/T192-2006), with assessment unit combined with polygon assessment unit from vector spatial data, and point assessment unit from grid spatial data, using spatial statistics and spatial analyst tool of ArcMap software, comprehensively evaluated the situation of ecological environment of each counties of Qinghai province in three years of 2004, 2006, 2007.
Achievement and conclusion are as follows:
1) Several spatial databases were built for each counties of Qinghai province in 2004, 2006, 2007, which include five index factors of biomass abundance index, vegetation cover index, soil degradation index, river density index and environmental quality index.
2) The length of river and area of lakes (reservoir)were calculated in each grid based on administrative boundary map and water system map with spatial statistic and spatial analyst tools of ArcMap software.
3)The statistical data of water source, SO_2 exhaust, COD exhaust, which are distributed based on area scale and population proportion were spatialized.
4) The ecological indices in these three years in Qinghai province range from 18 to 66, mean EI in these three years are 27.43, 27.73, 29.97.
5) The distribution of EI of Qinghai province show obvious zonation, which increase from northwest to southeast. The zonation are mainly presented as follows: the EI of the counties in Haixi region are low, environmental situation is worse; the environmental situation is better in most areas of Jiuzhi coutny, Banma county and Gande county, southeast and northeast part of Dari couty, southeast and southwest part of Maqin county of Guoluo region, and Datong county, southwest part of Menyuan county, central part of Qilian county of Haidong region; the EI are moderate in other counties.
6) In 41 counties of Qinghai during 2004 - 2005, there are 7 counties with slightly changed EI, and more than 50% changed area; 15 counties with significant changed EI, and more than 50% changed area. There is no significant EI change in all counties of Qinghai province during 2006 - 2007.
本研究采用《生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)》(HJ/T192-2006)中的评价体系,利用矢量面状评价单元和栅格点状评价单元相结合的评价单元,运用ArcMap的空间统计及分析功能,对青海省各县2004年、2006年、2007年三年的生态环境质量状况进行综合评价。
研究成果和主要结论如下:
(1)分别建立了青海省各县2004年、2006年、2007年三年生态环境质量评价的空间数据库,包括:生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、土地退化指数、水网密度指数、环境质量指数5个指标因子。
(2)运用ArcMap空间统计及分析功能,采用行政边界图和水系图,计算出每个格网内的河流长度和湖泊(水库)面积。
(3)对各县水资源量、SO_2排放量、COD排放量等统计数据,依照面积比例和人口比例进行分配,实现统计数据空间化。
(4)青海省三年生态环境质量指数(EI)均介于18-66之间,三年全省EI平均值分别为:27.43、27.73、29.97。
(5)青海省EI值分布具有明显的地带性,从西北到东南EI值呈逐渐增大趋势。其地带性主要表现为:海西地区各县状况相似,生态环境状况较差;果洛地区的久治县、班玛县、甘德县的大部分地区,达日县的东南、东北部分,玛沁县的东南、西南部分以及海东地区的大通县,门源县的西南部,祁连县的中部地区环境质量状况较好;其它地区各县EI值大部分处于中等状态。
(6) 2004-2006年间,青海省41个县中,EI略有变化,且变化面积超过全县总面积50%的县共有7个;EI明显变化,且变化面积超过全县总面积50%的县共有15个。2006-2007年间,全省各县的EI没有出现明显变化。
Ecological environment is fundamental to human existence and development. A viable and accurate method of ecology evaluation is an important ecological problem to be solved. Qinghai province located in Qinghai-Tibet plateau is much sensitive and fragile to environmental change, thus a focus of climate and environmental change. The source regions of the three rivers there is of strategic significance to the sustainable development of agriculture and society in China.
Following assessment system of the "Technological Standard for Evaluation of ecological environment (Trial Version)" (HJ/T192-2006), with assessment unit combined with polygon assessment unit from vector spatial data, and point assessment unit from grid spatial data, using spatial statistics and spatial analyst tool of ArcMap software, comprehensively evaluated the situation of ecological environment of each counties of Qinghai province in three years of 2004, 2006, 2007.
Achievement and conclusion are as follows:
1) Several spatial databases were built for each counties of Qinghai province in 2004, 2006, 2007, which include five index factors of biomass abundance index, vegetation cover index, soil degradation index, river density index and environmental quality index.
2) The length of river and area of lakes (reservoir)were calculated in each grid based on administrative boundary map and water system map with spatial statistic and spatial analyst tools of ArcMap software.
3)The statistical data of water source, SO_2 exhaust, COD exhaust, which are distributed based on area scale and population proportion were spatialized.
4) The ecological indices in these three years in Qinghai province range from 18 to 66, mean EI in these three years are 27.43, 27.73, 29.97.
5) The distribution of EI of Qinghai province show obvious zonation, which increase from northwest to southeast. The zonation are mainly presented as follows: the EI of the counties in Haixi region are low, environmental situation is worse; the environmental situation is better in most areas of Jiuzhi coutny, Banma county and Gande county, southeast and northeast part of Dari couty, southeast and southwest part of Maqin county of Guoluo region, and Datong county, southwest part of Menyuan county, central part of Qilian county of Haidong region; the EI are moderate in other counties.
6) In 41 counties of Qinghai during 2004 - 2005, there are 7 counties with slightly changed EI, and more than 50% changed area; 15 counties with significant changed EI, and more than 50% changed area. There is no significant EI change in all counties of Qinghai province during 2006 - 2007.
引文
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[2]史纪安,刘玉华等.江河源区生态环境质量综合评价[J].西北农林科技大学学报.2006,34(10):61-66
[3]强虹,刘增文,彭少兵.,生态环境质量评价研究.干旱环境监测,2003,17(4):200-202
[4]韩美清,王路光,王靖飞,等.基于GIS的白洋淀流域生态环境评价.中国生态农业学报.2007,15(3):169-171
[5]郑新奇,王爱萍.基于RS与GIS的区域生态环境质量综合评价研究--以山东省为例[J].环境科学学报.,2000,20(4):469-493
[6]葛志强,基于RS和GIS的城市郊区生态质量综合评价研究,北京林业大学博士论文,2006年6月
[7]胡孟春,马荣华,吴焕忠.海南省生态环境综合评价制图方法[J].地理学报.2000,55(4):467-474
[8]周旭,我国生态安全评价研究综述.西华师范大学学报(自然科学版).2007,28(3):200-205
[9]刘云霞,陈爽,彭立华.基于格网的太湖生态环境质量空间评价.长江流域资源与环境.2007,16(4):494-498
[10]左伟.基于RS、GIS和model的区域生态环境系统安全综合评价研究.南京师范大学博士论文.2002年5月.
[11]周旭.我国生态安全评价研究综述[J].西华师范大学学报(自然科学版).2007,28(3):200-206;
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