基于向心理论的维吾尔语语篇回指研究
摘要
向心理论(Joshi & Weinstein1981；Grosz et a1.1995；Walker et a1.1998)是一个关于语篇局部连贯性和代词化的理论,着重研究在一个语篇片段中,注意焦点、指称形式的选择和连贯性这三者之间的联系。该理论简单明了、易操作、易验证,因而被广泛应用于语篇回指研究(Kameyama,1985,1986,1988,1998；Walker,Iida和Cote,1990,1994；Di Eugenio,1990；Rambow,1993；Prince,1994；Turan,1996,1998；Ryu,2001；Mitsuko等,2001；Prasad,2003；Yeh和Chen,2001,2003；王德亮,2004；许余龙等,2008等)。
回指是自然语言中最为常见的语言现象之一,所以回指研究对于语篇理解和生成至关重要。到目前为止,许多学者从不同角度探讨了各种语言的回指现象,然而很少有学者对维吾尔语语篇回指现象进行研究。从已发表的文献中,笔者只发现一篇有关维吾尔语语篇回指的文章,它是笔者(2007年)发表在中央民族大学学报上的一篇论文。该论文只从语篇层次上对汉维语篇第三人称代词回指进行了对比分析,而没有对零形代词和全称名词短语进行分析,对于许多细节问题都没有进行深入的探讨。基于以上情况,本研究拟将向心理论系统地应用于维吾尔语语篇回指分析。1.维吾尔语语篇中,哪些名词短语能激活语篇实体,哪些不能；2.维吾尔语语篇中,哪些因素影响前瞻中心集的排序；
3.维吾尔语语篇中,零形回指、代词回指和名词短语回指有哪些语篇功能。
对问题1的研究表明,维吾尔语语篇中能激活语篇实体的名词短语包括：
(1)带领属性人称词尾的名词短语；
(2)被指示词修饰的名词短语；
(3)带宾格标记的名词短语；
(4)泛指的句子中带宾格标记的名词短语等。
(1)表语名词短语；
(2)在否定范围内的不确定名词短语；
(3)在haa/yaq问题范围内的非特定名词短语；
(4)冗赘动词的不带宾格的宾语(空宾语)等。
在问题2的研究中,发现了影响前瞻中心排序的因素。这些因素包括语法功能因素,视点变化因素,经历者宾语以及心理动词宾语等。
在对问题3进行的实证研究中,采用的语料均来自已公开发表的现代维吾尔语文学著作。一共分析了1010个回指语,其中有83个从主观角度表达的被排除在外。分析结果表明,维吾尔语语篇中的零形回指,代词回指和名词短语回指都能编码延续过渡。其中,零形回指一般复现上一语句的优选中心,并编码延续或转换-主语过渡。如果回指中心是语音突出的实体,在延续过渡中就用代词回指。能够进行编码延续过渡的名词短语回指,其功能是增加新信息或表示一个新语篇片段。
此外,名词短语回指也可以编码流畅和非流畅转换。主要原因是这两种转换过渡中一个新的实体引进在语篇或者上一语句前瞻中心集中另一个非主语实体提升到当前语句的主语位置。这两种情况下,由于语篇实体都不是在注意焦点,用名词短语回指是必要的。
Centering theory (Grosz, Joshi and Weinstein,1986,1995; Walker et al,1998) is a theory of local discourse coherence and pronominalization. The theory concerns relationships among focus of attention, choice of referring expression, and perceived coherence of utterances within a discourse segment. It is simple, easy to operate and verify, therefore it has been widely used in research discourse anaphora (Kameyama,1985,1986,1988,1998;Walker,Iida and Cote,1990,1994;Di Eugenio,1990; Rambow,1993; Prince,1994; Turan,1996,1998; Ryu, 2001; Mitsuko et al.2001; Prasad,2003; Yeh and Chen,2001,2003;王德亮,2004；许余龙et al.2008)。
Anaphora is one of the most frequently encountered phenomena in natural languages, therefore its research is important to discourse understanding and production. So far, many researchers have investigated anaphora phenomena of various languages from different angles. However, very few researchers have studied anaphora in Uyghur discourse. The only work on discourse anaphora we have found in Uyghur linguistic literature is the author (2007). Although the author contrasted third-person pronominal anaphora in Uyghur discourse with Chinese in the light of their distribution in discourse, she did not do any further study on null anaphora and full Noun phrase anaphora in Uyghur discourse. That's the reason why we will attempt to make a comprehensive study on the application of centering theory to the analysis of anaphora in Uyghur discourse.
This dissertation takes centering theory as a theoretical basis. Three questions are addressed concerning discourse anaphora:
1. Which noun-phrases can evoke discourse entities in Uyghur discourse and which are not?
2. Which factors affect forward-looking centers in Uyghur discourse?
3. What are the functions of null anaphora, pronoun anaphora and full noun phrase anaphora in Uyghur discourse? An exploration regarding question 1 indicate that, the noun phrases which can evoke discourse entities in Uyghur include:
(1) Possessive marked NPs
(2) NPs which are modified by demonstratives;
(3) Accusative case-marked NPs;
(4) Accusative case-marked NPs in a generic sentence.
The noun phrases which can not evoke discourse entities in Uyghur include:
(1) Predicative noun phrases;
(2) Indefinite nonspecific NPs within the scope of a negative operator;
(3) Indefinite nonspecific NPs within the scope of yes/no questions;
(4) Some bare objects (objects which are not accusative case-marked)
During the investigation of question 2, we found the factors that affect the forward-looking center ranking. These factors include grammatical functions, experiencer objects, psychological verbs and so on.
In order to answer question 3 we conducted an empirical study. The data in this study include selected discourse samples from published narratives. A total of 1010 tokens are analyzed, of which 83 tokens are excluded because they are expressed from the subjective point of view. The results show that null anaphora, pronoun anaphora and full NP anaphora in Uyghur discourse can encode a continue transition. Among them, null anaphora realize the previous preferred center and encode a continue or shift-subject transition. If the backward-looking center is a stressed entity, proun anaphora will be used in continue transitions. The functions of full NP anaphora which are used in a Continue transition are to add new information or to signal a new discourse segment.
Furthermore, full NP subjects can also encode a smooth or rough-shift transition, because either a new entity is introduced into the discourse, or because other non-subject entity in the forward-looking center of a previous utterance is promoted into the center of attention in the subject position in the current utterance.
回指是自然语言中最为常见的语言现象之一,所以回指研究对于语篇理解和生成至关重要。到目前为止,许多学者从不同角度探讨了各种语言的回指现象,然而很少有学者对维吾尔语语篇回指现象进行研究。从已发表的文献中,笔者只发现一篇有关维吾尔语语篇回指的文章,它是笔者(2007年)发表在中央民族大学学报上的一篇论文。该论文只从语篇层次上对汉维语篇第三人称代词回指进行了对比分析,而没有对零形代词和全称名词短语进行分析,对于许多细节问题都没有进行深入的探讨。基于以上情况,本研究拟将向心理论系统地应用于维吾尔语语篇回指分析。1.维吾尔语语篇中,哪些名词短语能激活语篇实体,哪些不能；2.维吾尔语语篇中,哪些因素影响前瞻中心集的排序；
3.维吾尔语语篇中,零形回指、代词回指和名词短语回指有哪些语篇功能。
对问题1的研究表明,维吾尔语语篇中能激活语篇实体的名词短语包括：
(1)带领属性人称词尾的名词短语；
(2)被指示词修饰的名词短语；
(3)带宾格标记的名词短语；
(4)泛指的句子中带宾格标记的名词短语等。
(1)表语名词短语；
(2)在否定范围内的不确定名词短语；
(3)在haa/yaq问题范围内的非特定名词短语；
(4)冗赘动词的不带宾格的宾语(空宾语)等。
在问题2的研究中,发现了影响前瞻中心排序的因素。这些因素包括语法功能因素,视点变化因素,经历者宾语以及心理动词宾语等。
在对问题3进行的实证研究中,采用的语料均来自已公开发表的现代维吾尔语文学著作。一共分析了1010个回指语,其中有83个从主观角度表达的被排除在外。分析结果表明,维吾尔语语篇中的零形回指,代词回指和名词短语回指都能编码延续过渡。其中,零形回指一般复现上一语句的优选中心,并编码延续或转换-主语过渡。如果回指中心是语音突出的实体,在延续过渡中就用代词回指。能够进行编码延续过渡的名词短语回指,其功能是增加新信息或表示一个新语篇片段。
此外,名词短语回指也可以编码流畅和非流畅转换。主要原因是这两种转换过渡中一个新的实体引进在语篇或者上一语句前瞻中心集中另一个非主语实体提升到当前语句的主语位置。这两种情况下,由于语篇实体都不是在注意焦点,用名词短语回指是必要的。
Centering theory (Grosz, Joshi and Weinstein,1986,1995; Walker et al,1998) is a theory of local discourse coherence and pronominalization. The theory concerns relationships among focus of attention, choice of referring expression, and perceived coherence of utterances within a discourse segment. It is simple, easy to operate and verify, therefore it has been widely used in research discourse anaphora (Kameyama,1985,1986,1988,1998;Walker,Iida and Cote,1990,1994;Di Eugenio,1990; Rambow,1993; Prince,1994; Turan,1996,1998; Ryu, 2001; Mitsuko et al.2001; Prasad,2003; Yeh and Chen,2001,2003;王德亮,2004；许余龙et al.2008)。
Anaphora is one of the most frequently encountered phenomena in natural languages, therefore its research is important to discourse understanding and production. So far, many researchers have investigated anaphora phenomena of various languages from different angles. However, very few researchers have studied anaphora in Uyghur discourse. The only work on discourse anaphora we have found in Uyghur linguistic literature is the author (2007). Although the author contrasted third-person pronominal anaphora in Uyghur discourse with Chinese in the light of their distribution in discourse, she did not do any further study on null anaphora and full Noun phrase anaphora in Uyghur discourse. That's the reason why we will attempt to make a comprehensive study on the application of centering theory to the analysis of anaphora in Uyghur discourse.
This dissertation takes centering theory as a theoretical basis. Three questions are addressed concerning discourse anaphora:
1. Which noun-phrases can evoke discourse entities in Uyghur discourse and which are not?
2. Which factors affect forward-looking centers in Uyghur discourse?
3. What are the functions of null anaphora, pronoun anaphora and full noun phrase anaphora in Uyghur discourse? An exploration regarding question 1 indicate that, the noun phrases which can evoke discourse entities in Uyghur include:
(1) Possessive marked NPs
(2) NPs which are modified by demonstratives;
(3) Accusative case-marked NPs;
(4) Accusative case-marked NPs in a generic sentence.
The noun phrases which can not evoke discourse entities in Uyghur include:
(1) Predicative noun phrases;
(2) Indefinite nonspecific NPs within the scope of a negative operator;
(3) Indefinite nonspecific NPs within the scope of yes/no questions;
(4) Some bare objects (objects which are not accusative case-marked)
During the investigation of question 2, we found the factors that affect the forward-looking center ranking. These factors include grammatical functions, experiencer objects, psychological verbs and so on.
In order to answer question 3 we conducted an empirical study. The data in this study include selected discourse samples from published narratives. A total of 1010 tokens are analyzed, of which 83 tokens are excluded because they are expressed from the subjective point of view. The results show that null anaphora, pronoun anaphora and full NP anaphora in Uyghur discourse can encode a continue transition. Among them, null anaphora realize the previous preferred center and encode a continue or shift-subject transition. If the backward-looking center is a stressed entity, proun anaphora will be used in continue transitions. The functions of full NP anaphora which are used in a Continue transition are to add new information or to signal a new discourse segment.
Furthermore, full NP subjects can also encode a smooth or rough-shift transition, because either a new entity is introduced into the discourse, or because other non-subject entity in the forward-looking center of a previous utterance is promoted into the center of attention in the subject position in the current utterance.
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朱永生,郑立信,苗兴伟.《英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究》,上海外语教育出版社,2001.
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