灌漠土团聚体稳定性及其固碳机制研究
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摘要
灌漠土主要分布于我国漠境地区的内陆河流域与黄河流域，它的面积占据我国国土面积的20%之多。近年来受植被退化、土壤侵蚀的影响，灌漠土的土壤结构遭到严重破坏，致使土壤肥力大幅下降。为了提高土壤结构性、增强土壤抗侵蚀的能力，本研究选取地处河西走廊甘肃省武威市的长期定位试验，研究了不同施肥条件下，团聚体的物理化学性质、矿物组成、复合状况及其有机质组成；进而阐明团聚体组成对有机碳的保护作用，明确了灌漠土团聚体的稳定性及其固碳机制，为灌漠土的合理培肥及抗侵蚀性提供实践与理论依据。本研究的主要结果如下：
1.单独施用化肥对不同粒径水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量没有显著的影响，而施用有机肥（无论单施或者与化肥配合施用）能够显著地提高>2mm、0.25–2mm、0.053-0.25mm和<0.053mm各粒径团聚体有机碳的含量，分别提高了19.5%–51.6%，24.8%–71.0%，22.8%–65.3%和12.2%–83.2%；其中，0.25–2mm粒径水稳性团聚体的有机碳浓度要高于其它粒径的团聚体，且>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量与土壤有机碳水平呈显著正相关（r=0.485, n=24, P<0.05）。相关性分析也表明，0.25–2mm粒径水稳性团聚体的含量与其有机碳含量呈极显著的正相关（r=0.75,n=24, P<0.01）。可见，在团聚体形成过程中，有机质起了重要的胶结作用，能够促进大团聚体的形成，进而提高团聚体的稳定性。
2.冻融作用普遍降低了灌漠土>2mm水稳性团聚体的含量，降低的幅度在14.5%–66.1%之间，冻融作用相应地增加了土壤中<2mm水稳性团聚体的含量。相关性分析表明，冻融前>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关，而冻融后它们的相关性不再显著（r=0.165,n=24, P>0.05），表明冻融作用能够引起大团聚体的破碎，进而破坏团聚体的稳定性。冻融前后，绿肥与氮肥配施（GN）和秸秆与氮肥配施（SN）处理>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量基本没有变化，而冻融作用降低了其它处理>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量（降低了5.8%–17.1%）。此外，冻融作用分别增加了GN和SN处理>0.25mm水稳性团聚体有机碳（OC）贡献率6.7%和3.2%，分别增加氮（N）的贡献率8.2%和10.2%；然而冻融作用降低了其它处理>0.25mm水稳性团聚体OC和N的贡献率，分别降低了1.5%–13.9%和0.9%–8.4%。可见GN和SN这两种施肥方式能够增强土壤抗冻融的能力，在土壤遭受冻融的过程中维持其稳定性和抗侵蚀性。此外，冻融前，灌漠土0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体含量与其有机碳含量呈极显著正相关，冻融后它们依然呈极显著正相关性，相关系数基本没有变化，而其它粒径水稳性团聚体冻融前后，它们的相关性均不显著，表明灌漠土0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体的抗冻融性高于其它粒径团聚体。
3.单施氮肥不能够显著提高土壤颗粒有机质（POM）和重组（HFOM）中OC和N的浓度，而单施有机肥或者与氮肥配合施用能够显著提高POM中OC和N的浓度，分别提高26.5%–191.7%和20.2%–175.7%；同时也能显著提高HFOM中OC和N的浓度，分别提高19.2%–70.1%和11.2%–60.6%。施肥对土壤轻组（LFOM）中有机碳浓度的影响不明显，而显著增加了LFOM中氮的浓度。与CK处理相比，单施氮肥不能显著提高土壤中松结合态腐殖质（LCH）、稳结合态腐殖质（SCH）、紧结合态腐殖质（TCH）有机碳的含量，而单施有机肥或者与氮肥配合施用显著地增加了土壤中这3种结合态腐殖质有机碳的含量，分别提高了23.1%–146.2%、11.1%–61.1%和20.6%–57.1%。相关性分析表明，灌漠土的松、稳、紧结合态腐殖质有机碳的含量与其有机无机复合度相关性不显著，而与有机无机复合量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）；可见在灌漠土区域，有机无机复合量能够较好地衡量土壤的有机无机复合状况。此外，灌漠土的交换性钙含量与这3种结合态腐殖质的有机碳含量均呈极显著负相关性；而其交换性镁和Ca–腐殖质的含量与这3种结合态腐殖质有机碳含量均呈极显著正相关。土壤的有机无机复合状况与土壤中各粒径团聚体含量的相关性分析表明，土壤的有机无机复合量与0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体的含量呈极显著正相关性，而与<0.053mm水稳性团聚体的含量呈极显著负相关，这间接地表明0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体的有机无机复合量高于其它粒径水稳性团聚体。
4.施肥对灌漠土各粒径水稳性团聚体全钙、全镁和交换性钙含量的影响不大，而能不同程度地影响各粒径水稳性团聚体中阳离子代换量（CEC）、交换性镁和Ca–腐殖质的含量。单施氮肥能够提高>0.053mm各粒径水稳性团聚体中松、稳、紧结合态腐殖质的有机碳含量，但是提高的幅度不大，但是单施有机肥或者与氮肥配合施用能够显著提高这3种腐殖质有机碳的含量。本研究结果表明，CEC和交换性镁在>2mm水稳性团聚体形成过程中起到关键的作用。在0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体形成过程中，CEC含量、交换性镁、交换性钙和Ca–腐殖质起着主要的胶结作用。CEC含量、交换性镁和Ca–腐殖质对0.053–0.25mm水稳性团聚体有机碳起着重要的保护作用，可见不同粒径水稳性团聚体有机碳的化学保护机制各不相同。不同施肥处理各水稳性团聚体中烷氧基C的含量最高，其中，<0.053mm水稳性团聚体的平均烷氧基C的含量小于其它粒径水稳性团聚体，而不同粒径水稳性团聚体的平均芳香度依次为：<0.053mm=2mm>0.053–0.25mm>0.25–2mm，表明<0.053mm水稳性团聚体中有机碳的腐殖化程度高于其它粒径水稳性团聚体，而0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体的有机碳还具有较大的矿化潜力。
5.施肥主要提高了<2mm水稳性团聚体的有机碳库，施用有机肥显著地增加输入到土壤中的有机碳含量。灌漠土年均有机碳的总投入量与其碳固定率呈显著线性正相关性（r=0.680, n=24,P<0.01），可见灌漠土还没有饱和，还具有巨大的固碳潜力。每年向土壤所输入的有机碳量大约有11.5%转变成土壤有机碳，每年向土壤所输入0.66Mg ha-1的有机碳才能维持该试验初期的土壤有机碳水平。此外，本研究结果表明：在小麦和玉米轮作体系中，起源于玉米的有机碳在0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体中累积的较多，而起源于小麦的有机碳在<0.053mm的水稳性团聚体中累积的较多。相关性分析表明，0.25–2mm和0.053–0.25mm水稳性团聚体的有机碳储量与有机碳总输入量呈极显著的线性正相关（P<0.01），可见输入的有机碳主要固存在0.25–2mm和0.053–0.25mm水稳性团聚体中。单施有机肥或者与氮肥配施普遍提高了各粒径水稳性团聚体中LFOM、LCH、SCH和TCH有机碳库（P<0.01），TCH是灌漠土中各粒径团聚体固碳的主要有机质组分。相关性分析表明，0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体的含量与LFOM、LCH、SCH和TCH有机碳库均呈显著正相关性，表明0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体是灌漠土的主要固碳组分。
The irrigated desert soil is a typically cultivated soil of arid inland regions, which is distributed ininland river basin and the Yellow River Basin of the desert border region and occupies more than half ofthe total land area in China. In recent years, irrigated desert soil was severely damaged due to vegetationdegradation, soil erosion, etc, which results in the destruction of soil structure and the decline of soilfertility. In order to improve the soil structure and enhance the ability of soil resisting erosion, this studyselected a long-term fertilizer experiment located in Wuwei City of Gansu Province as the researchobjective to study the physical and chemical properties, mineral composition, organic matter (OM)composition, of water stable aggregates (WSA) size fractions and organic-mineral complex status underdifferent fertilizater treatments, further clarifying the protective effect of WSA size fractions on organiccarbon (OC) and Clearing the mechanism of aggregates stability and OC sequestration of irrigateddesert soil. The main results were showed in the following：
1. The application of chemical N fertilizer alone had no significant effect on SOC concentrationsand the OC concentrations of WSA size fractions, but the application of organic manures alone or incombination with chemical N fertilizer could significantly increase the OC concentrations of>2mm,0.25–2mm,0.053–0.25mm and <0.053mm WSA size fractions by19.5%–51.6%，24.8%–71.0%，22.8%–65.3%and12.2%–83.2%. The OC concentration of0.25–2mm WSA size fraction was higherthan those of the other WSA size fractions. In addition, the percentages of>0.25mm WSA sizefractions showed significantly positive correlation with SOC contcentrations (r=0.485, n=24, P<0.05).The correlation analysis also indicated that the significantly positive relationships between thepercentage of0.25–2mm WSA size and its OC concentration (r=0.75, n=24, P<0.01).This indicates thatthe OC plays important role in the formation and stability of macroaggregates.
2. Freeze-thaw process decreased the percentage of>2mm WSA size fractions by14.5%–66.1%,increased the percentages of <2mm WSA size fractions, correspondingly. The SOC concentrations werepositively and significantly correlated with the percentages of>0.25mm WSA fraction. However, thisrelationship was not significant after soils experiencing freeze-thaw process (r=0.143, n=24, P>0.05),indicated freeze-thaw process accelerates macroaggregates degradation and disrupt aggregate stability.The freeze-thaw process also barely changed the percentages of>0.25mm WSA size fractions in the GNand SN treatments, but decreased the percentages of this fraction in the other treatments by5.8%–17.1%.In addition, freeze-thaw process increased the OC enrichment ratios by6.7%and3.2%, and Nenrichment ratios by8.2%and10.2%in>0.25mm WSA fraction in the GN and SN treatments, butdecreased the OC enrichment ratios by1.5%–13.9%and N enrichment ratios by0.9%–8.4%in thisfraction in the other treatments. Results indicate that the fertilization modes of GN and SN could resistthe destruction of freeze-thaw process on aggregate stability and protect soil nutrients from erosion. Inaddition, before soil freezing, the percentages of0.25–2mm WSA size fractions were significantlycorrelated with its OC concentration, but this relationship was still significant after soils after soil thawing. Moreover, the percentages of the other WSA size fractions were not significantly correlatedwith their OC concentrations. This demonstrated that the ability of0.25–2mm WSA size fractionsresisting to freeze-thaw process was higher than those of the other WSA size fractions.
3. The application of chemical N fertilizer alone could not significantly affect the OC and Nconcentrations of particulate OM (POM) and heavy fraction OM (HFOM), the application of organicmanures alone or in combination with chemical N fertilizer significantly increased the OC and Nconcentrations of POM by26.5%–191.7%and20.2%–175.7%, respectively, and increased the OCand N concentrations of HFOM by19.2%–70.1%and11.2%–60.6%, respectively. Fertilization had nosignificantly effect on OC concentration of Light fraction OM (LFOM), but significantly increased theN concentration of LFOM. Compared to the CK, the application of chemical N fertilizer could notsignificantly affect the OC concentrations of loosely combined humus(LCH), stably combinedhumus(SCH) and tightly combined humus(TCH), while the application of organic manures alone or incombination with chemical N fertilizer significantly increased the OC concentrations of the three typesof combined humus by23.1%–146.2%、11.1%–61.1%and20.6%–57.1%, respectively. The correlationanalysis showed that the OC concentrations of the three types of combined humus were significantlyand positively correlated with the quantity of organic-mineral complex (P<0.01). This demonstrated thatthe the quantity of organic-mineral complex was better than the degree of organic-mineral complex inmeasuring the organic-mineral complex status of irrigated desert soil. In addition, the OC concentrationsof the three types of combined humus was significantly and negetively correlated with the exchangeableCa content, while they were significantly and positively correlated with exchangeable Mg andCa–humus contents. The correlation relationship between organic-mineral complex status and thepercentages of WSA size fractions showed that the degree of organic-mineral complex was notsignificantly correlated with the percentages of WSA size fractions, but the quantity of organic-mineralcomplex was significantly and positively correlated with the percentage of0.25–2mm WSA sizefraction, and was significantly and negatively correlated with the percentage of <0.053mm WSA sizefraction. This indirectly indicated that the quantity of organic-mineral complex of0.25–2mm WSA sizefraction was higher than those of the other WSA size fractions.
4. Fertilization had no effect on the total Ca and Mg contents of WSA size fractions, but it couldaffect the exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, CEC, and Ca–humus contents to some extent. Theapplication of chemical N fertilizer could increase the OC concentrations of LCH, SCH and TCH in the<0.053mm WSA size fractions, but the application of organic manures alone or in combination withchemical N fertilizer could significantly increase the OC concentrations of LCH, SCH and TCH in the<0.053mm WSA size fractions. This study indicates that CEC and exchangeable Mg play an importantrole in the formation of>2mm WSA size fraction. CEC, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg andCa–humus cement OC to form the0.25–2mm WSA size fraction, which could protect OC in the0.25–2mm WSA size fraction from degradation. CEC, exchangeable Mg and Ca–humus play a protectiveeffect on the OC in the0.053–0.25mm WSA size fraction. It could see that the difference amongchemically protective mechanism of organic carbon in different WSA size fractions. The contents of O–alkyl–C in the total OC area of WSA size fractions were the highest. In addition, the mean content ofO–alkyl–C in the <0.053mm WSA size fraction was lower than those of the other WSA size fractions.Moreover, the mean aromaticity of the WSA size fraction followed the order:<0.053mm=2mm>0.053–0.25mm>0.25–2mm, which indicated that the Humification degree of OC in the <0.053mmWSA size fraction was higher than those of the other WSA size fractions and OC in the0.25–2mmWSA size fraction still had a huge mineralization potential.
5. Fertilization mainly increased the OC stocks of <2mm WSA size fractions, the application oforganic manures significantly increase the OC contents inputting into soils. The correlation analysisshowed that the C sequestration rate of irrigated desert soil was significantly and positively correlatedwith the annually OC input amount (r=0.680, n=24, P<0.01). The C sequestration rate increased withthe increase of the inputted OC, showing that SOC did not reach the saturation point and the soil stillhad a huge potentiality for C sequestration in this region. During the23years of fertilization, about11.51%of the inputted OC was converted into SOC, and the inputted OC amounting to0.66Mg ha–1year–1could sustain the OC content at initial level of9.48g C kg–1in this experiment. This studyshowed that in the wheat and maize rotation system, the maize–derived C was mainly distributed in the0.25–2mm WSA size fraction, and the wheat–derived C was mainly distributed in the <0.053mm WSAsize fraction. The correlation analysis showed that the OC stocks of0.25–2mm and0.053-0.25mmWSA size fractions were significantly and positively correlated with the total OC input amountindicated (P<0.01) that the amended OM is mainly converted into the OC stocks of0.25–2mm and0.053-0.25mm WSA size fractions. The application of organic manures alone or in combination withchemical N fertilizer generally increase the OC stocks of LFOM, LCH, SCH and TCH in the WSA sizefractions of irrigated desert soil(P<0.01). Moreover, TCH was the main component for OC sequestrationin the various WSA size fraction. In addition, The correlation analysis showed that the percentage of0.25–2mm WSA size fraction was significantly and positively correlated with the OC stocks of LFOM,LCH, SCH and TCH, which also demonstrated that0.25–2mm WSA size fraction was the maincomponent for the OC sequestration in the irrigated desert soils.
1.单独施用化肥对不同粒径水稳性团聚体有机碳的含量没有显著的影响，而施用有机肥（无论单施或者与化肥配合施用）能够显著地提高>2mm、0.25–2mm、0.053-0.25mm和<0.053mm各粒径团聚体有机碳的含量，分别提高了19.5%–51.6%，24.8%–71.0%，22.8%–65.3%和12.2%–83.2%；其中，0.25–2mm粒径水稳性团聚体的有机碳浓度要高于其它粒径的团聚体，且>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量与土壤有机碳水平呈显著正相关（r=0.485, n=24, P<0.05）。相关性分析也表明，0.25–2mm粒径水稳性团聚体的含量与其有机碳含量呈极显著的正相关（r=0.75,n=24, P<0.01）。可见，在团聚体形成过程中，有机质起了重要的胶结作用，能够促进大团聚体的形成，进而提高团聚体的稳定性。
2.冻融作用普遍降低了灌漠土>2mm水稳性团聚体的含量，降低的幅度在14.5%–66.1%之间，冻融作用相应地增加了土壤中<2mm水稳性团聚体的含量。相关性分析表明，冻融前>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量与土壤有机质含量呈显著正相关，而冻融后它们的相关性不再显著（r=0.165,n=24, P>0.05），表明冻融作用能够引起大团聚体的破碎，进而破坏团聚体的稳定性。冻融前后，绿肥与氮肥配施（GN）和秸秆与氮肥配施（SN）处理>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量基本没有变化，而冻融作用降低了其它处理>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量（降低了5.8%–17.1%）。此外，冻融作用分别增加了GN和SN处理>0.25mm水稳性团聚体有机碳（OC）贡献率6.7%和3.2%，分别增加氮（N）的贡献率8.2%和10.2%；然而冻融作用降低了其它处理>0.25mm水稳性团聚体OC和N的贡献率，分别降低了1.5%–13.9%和0.9%–8.4%。可见GN和SN这两种施肥方式能够增强土壤抗冻融的能力，在土壤遭受冻融的过程中维持其稳定性和抗侵蚀性。此外，冻融前，灌漠土0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体含量与其有机碳含量呈极显著正相关，冻融后它们依然呈极显著正相关性，相关系数基本没有变化，而其它粒径水稳性团聚体冻融前后，它们的相关性均不显著，表明灌漠土0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体的抗冻融性高于其它粒径团聚体。
3.单施氮肥不能够显著提高土壤颗粒有机质（POM）和重组（HFOM）中OC和N的浓度，而单施有机肥或者与氮肥配合施用能够显著提高POM中OC和N的浓度，分别提高26.5%–191.7%和20.2%–175.7%；同时也能显著提高HFOM中OC和N的浓度，分别提高19.2%–70.1%和11.2%–60.6%。施肥对土壤轻组（LFOM）中有机碳浓度的影响不明显，而显著增加了LFOM中氮的浓度。与CK处理相比，单施氮肥不能显著提高土壤中松结合态腐殖质（LCH）、稳结合态腐殖质（SCH）、紧结合态腐殖质（TCH）有机碳的含量，而单施有机肥或者与氮肥配合施用显著地增加了土壤中这3种结合态腐殖质有机碳的含量，分别提高了23.1%–146.2%、11.1%–61.1%和20.6%–57.1%。相关性分析表明，灌漠土的松、稳、紧结合态腐殖质有机碳的含量与其有机无机复合度相关性不显著，而与有机无机复合量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）；可见在灌漠土区域，有机无机复合量能够较好地衡量土壤的有机无机复合状况。此外，灌漠土的交换性钙含量与这3种结合态腐殖质的有机碳含量均呈极显著负相关性；而其交换性镁和Ca–腐殖质的含量与这3种结合态腐殖质有机碳含量均呈极显著正相关。土壤的有机无机复合状况与土壤中各粒径团聚体含量的相关性分析表明，土壤的有机无机复合量与0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体的含量呈极显著正相关性，而与<0.053mm水稳性团聚体的含量呈极显著负相关，这间接地表明0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体的有机无机复合量高于其它粒径水稳性团聚体。
4.施肥对灌漠土各粒径水稳性团聚体全钙、全镁和交换性钙含量的影响不大，而能不同程度地影响各粒径水稳性团聚体中阳离子代换量（CEC）、交换性镁和Ca–腐殖质的含量。单施氮肥能够提高>0.053mm各粒径水稳性团聚体中松、稳、紧结合态腐殖质的有机碳含量，但是提高的幅度不大，但是单施有机肥或者与氮肥配合施用能够显著提高这3种腐殖质有机碳的含量。本研究结果表明，CEC和交换性镁在>2mm水稳性团聚体形成过程中起到关键的作用。在0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体形成过程中，CEC含量、交换性镁、交换性钙和Ca–腐殖质起着主要的胶结作用。CEC含量、交换性镁和Ca–腐殖质对0.053–0.25mm水稳性团聚体有机碳起着重要的保护作用，可见不同粒径水稳性团聚体有机碳的化学保护机制各不相同。不同施肥处理各水稳性团聚体中烷氧基C的含量最高，其中，<0.053mm水稳性团聚体的平均烷氧基C的含量小于其它粒径水稳性团聚体，而不同粒径水稳性团聚体的平均芳香度依次为：<0.053mm=2mm>0.053–0.25mm>0.25–2mm，表明<0.053mm水稳性团聚体中有机碳的腐殖化程度高于其它粒径水稳性团聚体，而0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体的有机碳还具有较大的矿化潜力。
5.施肥主要提高了<2mm水稳性团聚体的有机碳库，施用有机肥显著地增加输入到土壤中的有机碳含量。灌漠土年均有机碳的总投入量与其碳固定率呈显著线性正相关性（r=0.680, n=24,P<0.01），可见灌漠土还没有饱和，还具有巨大的固碳潜力。每年向土壤所输入的有机碳量大约有11.5%转变成土壤有机碳，每年向土壤所输入0.66Mg ha-1的有机碳才能维持该试验初期的土壤有机碳水平。此外，本研究结果表明：在小麦和玉米轮作体系中，起源于玉米的有机碳在0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体中累积的较多，而起源于小麦的有机碳在<0.053mm的水稳性团聚体中累积的较多。相关性分析表明，0.25–2mm和0.053–0.25mm水稳性团聚体的有机碳储量与有机碳总输入量呈极显著的线性正相关（P<0.01），可见输入的有机碳主要固存在0.25–2mm和0.053–0.25mm水稳性团聚体中。单施有机肥或者与氮肥配施普遍提高了各粒径水稳性团聚体中LFOM、LCH、SCH和TCH有机碳库（P<0.01），TCH是灌漠土中各粒径团聚体固碳的主要有机质组分。相关性分析表明，0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体的含量与LFOM、LCH、SCH和TCH有机碳库均呈显著正相关性，表明0.25–2mm水稳性团聚体是灌漠土的主要固碳组分。
The irrigated desert soil is a typically cultivated soil of arid inland regions, which is distributed ininland river basin and the Yellow River Basin of the desert border region and occupies more than half ofthe total land area in China. In recent years, irrigated desert soil was severely damaged due to vegetationdegradation, soil erosion, etc, which results in the destruction of soil structure and the decline of soilfertility. In order to improve the soil structure and enhance the ability of soil resisting erosion, this studyselected a long-term fertilizer experiment located in Wuwei City of Gansu Province as the researchobjective to study the physical and chemical properties, mineral composition, organic matter (OM)composition, of water stable aggregates (WSA) size fractions and organic-mineral complex status underdifferent fertilizater treatments, further clarifying the protective effect of WSA size fractions on organiccarbon (OC) and Clearing the mechanism of aggregates stability and OC sequestration of irrigateddesert soil. The main results were showed in the following：
1. The application of chemical N fertilizer alone had no significant effect on SOC concentrationsand the OC concentrations of WSA size fractions, but the application of organic manures alone or incombination with chemical N fertilizer could significantly increase the OC concentrations of>2mm,0.25–2mm,0.053–0.25mm and <0.053mm WSA size fractions by19.5%–51.6%，24.8%–71.0%，22.8%–65.3%and12.2%–83.2%. The OC concentration of0.25–2mm WSA size fraction was higherthan those of the other WSA size fractions. In addition, the percentages of>0.25mm WSA sizefractions showed significantly positive correlation with SOC contcentrations (r=0.485, n=24, P<0.05).The correlation analysis also indicated that the significantly positive relationships between thepercentage of0.25–2mm WSA size and its OC concentration (r=0.75, n=24, P<0.01).This indicates thatthe OC plays important role in the formation and stability of macroaggregates.
2. Freeze-thaw process decreased the percentage of>2mm WSA size fractions by14.5%–66.1%,increased the percentages of <2mm WSA size fractions, correspondingly. The SOC concentrations werepositively and significantly correlated with the percentages of>0.25mm WSA fraction. However, thisrelationship was not significant after soils experiencing freeze-thaw process (r=0.143, n=24, P>0.05),indicated freeze-thaw process accelerates macroaggregates degradation and disrupt aggregate stability.The freeze-thaw process also barely changed the percentages of>0.25mm WSA size fractions in the GNand SN treatments, but decreased the percentages of this fraction in the other treatments by5.8%–17.1%.In addition, freeze-thaw process increased the OC enrichment ratios by6.7%and3.2%, and Nenrichment ratios by8.2%and10.2%in>0.25mm WSA fraction in the GN and SN treatments, butdecreased the OC enrichment ratios by1.5%–13.9%and N enrichment ratios by0.9%–8.4%in thisfraction in the other treatments. Results indicate that the fertilization modes of GN and SN could resistthe destruction of freeze-thaw process on aggregate stability and protect soil nutrients from erosion. Inaddition, before soil freezing, the percentages of0.25–2mm WSA size fractions were significantlycorrelated with its OC concentration, but this relationship was still significant after soils after soil thawing. Moreover, the percentages of the other WSA size fractions were not significantly correlatedwith their OC concentrations. This demonstrated that the ability of0.25–2mm WSA size fractionsresisting to freeze-thaw process was higher than those of the other WSA size fractions.
3. The application of chemical N fertilizer alone could not significantly affect the OC and Nconcentrations of particulate OM (POM) and heavy fraction OM (HFOM), the application of organicmanures alone or in combination with chemical N fertilizer significantly increased the OC and Nconcentrations of POM by26.5%–191.7%and20.2%–175.7%, respectively, and increased the OCand N concentrations of HFOM by19.2%–70.1%and11.2%–60.6%, respectively. Fertilization had nosignificantly effect on OC concentration of Light fraction OM (LFOM), but significantly increased theN concentration of LFOM. Compared to the CK, the application of chemical N fertilizer could notsignificantly affect the OC concentrations of loosely combined humus(LCH), stably combinedhumus(SCH) and tightly combined humus(TCH), while the application of organic manures alone or incombination with chemical N fertilizer significantly increased the OC concentrations of the three typesof combined humus by23.1%–146.2%、11.1%–61.1%and20.6%–57.1%, respectively. The correlationanalysis showed that the OC concentrations of the three types of combined humus were significantlyand positively correlated with the quantity of organic-mineral complex (P<0.01). This demonstrated thatthe the quantity of organic-mineral complex was better than the degree of organic-mineral complex inmeasuring the organic-mineral complex status of irrigated desert soil. In addition, the OC concentrationsof the three types of combined humus was significantly and negetively correlated with the exchangeableCa content, while they were significantly and positively correlated with exchangeable Mg andCa–humus contents. The correlation relationship between organic-mineral complex status and thepercentages of WSA size fractions showed that the degree of organic-mineral complex was notsignificantly correlated with the percentages of WSA size fractions, but the quantity of organic-mineralcomplex was significantly and positively correlated with the percentage of0.25–2mm WSA sizefraction, and was significantly and negatively correlated with the percentage of <0.053mm WSA sizefraction. This indirectly indicated that the quantity of organic-mineral complex of0.25–2mm WSA sizefraction was higher than those of the other WSA size fractions.
4. Fertilization had no effect on the total Ca and Mg contents of WSA size fractions, but it couldaffect the exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, CEC, and Ca–humus contents to some extent. Theapplication of chemical N fertilizer could increase the OC concentrations of LCH, SCH and TCH in the<0.053mm WSA size fractions, but the application of organic manures alone or in combination withchemical N fertilizer could significantly increase the OC concentrations of LCH, SCH and TCH in the<0.053mm WSA size fractions. This study indicates that CEC and exchangeable Mg play an importantrole in the formation of>2mm WSA size fraction. CEC, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg andCa–humus cement OC to form the0.25–2mm WSA size fraction, which could protect OC in the0.25–2mm WSA size fraction from degradation. CEC, exchangeable Mg and Ca–humus play a protectiveeffect on the OC in the0.053–0.25mm WSA size fraction. It could see that the difference amongchemically protective mechanism of organic carbon in different WSA size fractions. The contents of O–alkyl–C in the total OC area of WSA size fractions were the highest. In addition, the mean content ofO–alkyl–C in the <0.053mm WSA size fraction was lower than those of the other WSA size fractions.Moreover, the mean aromaticity of the WSA size fraction followed the order:<0.053mm=2mm>0.053–0.25mm>0.25–2mm, which indicated that the Humification degree of OC in the <0.053mmWSA size fraction was higher than those of the other WSA size fractions and OC in the0.25–2mmWSA size fraction still had a huge mineralization potential.
5. Fertilization mainly increased the OC stocks of <2mm WSA size fractions, the application oforganic manures significantly increase the OC contents inputting into soils. The correlation analysisshowed that the C sequestration rate of irrigated desert soil was significantly and positively correlatedwith the annually OC input amount (r=0.680, n=24, P<0.01). The C sequestration rate increased withthe increase of the inputted OC, showing that SOC did not reach the saturation point and the soil stillhad a huge potentiality for C sequestration in this region. During the23years of fertilization, about11.51%of the inputted OC was converted into SOC, and the inputted OC amounting to0.66Mg ha–1year–1could sustain the OC content at initial level of9.48g C kg–1in this experiment. This studyshowed that in the wheat and maize rotation system, the maize–derived C was mainly distributed in the0.25–2mm WSA size fraction, and the wheat–derived C was mainly distributed in the <0.053mm WSAsize fraction. The correlation analysis showed that the OC stocks of0.25–2mm and0.053-0.25mmWSA size fractions were significantly and positively correlated with the total OC input amountindicated (P<0.01) that the amended OM is mainly converted into the OC stocks of0.25–2mm and0.053-0.25mm WSA size fractions. The application of organic manures alone or in combination withchemical N fertilizer generally increase the OC stocks of LFOM, LCH, SCH and TCH in the WSA sizefractions of irrigated desert soil(P<0.01). Moreover, TCH was the main component for OC sequestrationin the various WSA size fraction. In addition, The correlation analysis showed that the percentage of0.25–2mm WSA size fraction was significantly and positively correlated with the OC stocks of LFOM,LCH, SCH and TCH, which also demonstrated that0.25–2mm WSA size fraction was the maincomponent for the OC sequestration in the irrigated desert soils.
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