基于技术创新扩散视角的我国汽车电子产业空间分布研究
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摘要
受到全球化与知识经济的影响，知识成为国家与区域经济成长的来源（Lambooy，2002），而知识，特别是学习（或学习能力）是厂商、区域与国家竞争优势的来源，而知识和技术也逐渐受到企业的重视，对于汽车电子产业而言，技术创新是企业的立命之本。而且，技术的迅速变迁和创新速度的加快都将迫使企业之间不断学习。以此观点来看，有许多研究已经显示学习与知识创造需要一个互动与制度的基础，而创新便是内部、厂商间、厂商与其他组织间互动与合作的结果。其中，技术变迁更是经济发展的重要因素，熊彼特在《经济发展理论》中就提到，创造性破坏（the gale of creativedestruction）是经济成长的主要动力，强调知识创造和创新活动是推动技术进步的原因，从而促进长期的经济发展。顾志耐（2008）也提出，现代经济成长的特质为世界科技与社会知识不断的累积与有效地应用使生产力得以长期持续成长的重要因素。因此，技术创新是促进经济成长相当重要的因素之一。
而技术创新的真正意义在于通过各种方式将创新扩散至其他使用者、地区甚至国家。对于产业厂商来说，技术创新的扩散可以延长产品的寿命、降低技术创新的成本风险，更可以回收专利费并用于再研发，以保持厂商技术领导的地位以及利益的获得，这对于汽车电子产业而言更是如此；对于社会总体而言，唯有通过技术创新、扩散、模仿与再创新等过程，进而不断刺激社会经济的成长。1990年代我国开始引进汽车电子、电路制造技术后，积极培植并发展汽车电子产业。依据国家统计局相关部门统计，我国汽车电子产业产值由1999年的123亿元增加至2004年的513亿元，在2010年增加到了1151亿元，不但为个体厂商带来商业利润，更为社会整体创造经济产值，带来许多就业机会。因此，由此数据可以大致观察汽车电子产业技术创新扩散的重要性。
就实践而言，随着我国汽车工业的发展，汽车电子产业市场将会逐渐扩张，汽车电子的发展水平将会逐渐提高。但是作为这方面的技术弱国，我国汽车电子产业有必要总结经验，联合研发，追赶世界先进。探究这一行业的技术扩散现象，有利于揭示这一行业的技术创新扩散机理和内在规律，促使我国汽车电子产业能够整体联动，在技术上实现战略联盟，不断进行技术的转移与扩散。同时。本研究也有利于我国汽车电子企业合理地去制定技术研发和升级策略，为自身的发展探索一条合适的道路。作为一个新兴的行业，汽车电子产业也代表了一个国家的技术发展水平，提升此行业的发展层次，也能够为我国汽车行业的发展做出一定贡献，进而提升整个国民经济的技术含量。
从理论上来看，虽然针对汽车行业的技术创新研究成果颇多，也有不少研究对汽车行业的技术创新扩散进行了详尽的分析，但是对汽车电子产业而言，研究技术创新扩散的相关成果较少，更乏将创新扩散与空间分布联系起来的整合性研究成果。本文将弥补这一不足，同时为汽车电子产业的空间分布提出合理的分布路径。
为了研究我国汽车电子产业的技术创新扩散与空间分布的关系，本文提出了以下研究命题，即命题一：临近效果在全国层面上较为不显著，区域层面具有明显的临近效果，而且，隐性知识主要通过汽车电子企业衍生（spin-off）而扩散，且仅限于区域层面；显性知识的传播范围则较广泛和命题二：层级效果明显，而且因为产业功能与角色的不同，上下游产业间区位选择具有显著的差异性。也即本文主要对我国汽车电子产业技术创新扩散历程进行了分析，也即主要探讨了我国汽车电子产业技术创新时空扩散历程（从汽车电子产业整体以及五大区域分布等方面分析了这一产业的扩散情况）、我国汽车电子产业技术创新扩散的临近效果（主要包括与创新扩散中心、知识产生机构、关联厂商和人才的邻近）以及我国汽车电子产业技术创新扩散的层级效果（主要包括我国汽车电子产业的整体层级效果以及设计业、制造业和测试业的层级效果，还有汽车电子衍生企业的区位选择分析）。最后，在总结上述分析的基础上，提出了相应的对策与建议。主要包括基于空间分布的产业布局策略、基于技术创新扩散的技术发展和产品开发建议、人才策略建议以及政府扶持政策建议。本文尤其对人才建议进行了详尽分析。
通过利用统计年鉴数据和调研数据，本文得出了如下结论：
第一、临近效果在全国层面较不显著，区域层面较具有临近效果：隐性知识通过厂商衍生（sin-off）而扩散且主要在东北地区、华东和华南地区；显性知识的传播则通过委托制造、技术授权传播，以东北地区、华东地区较频繁。
我国汽车电子整体产业及次级产业与创新扩散中心的临近效果，除汽车电子封装测试业显著与创新扩散中心临近，其余则较为微弱，但仍有临近关系的存在，且以区域的临近关系较为显著。
而其知识扩散包含隐性与显性知识，其中隐性知识的扩散以北部区域较为活络，所以，我国汽车电子产业明确集中于北部区域。其中，尤以汽车电子设计产业更为明确。汽车电子制造业则因设厂资本庞大，产业进入门槛高，目前厂商家数仍少，无法窥视其空间扩散的现象，但由问卷调查可知，汽车电子制造厂商仍有知识扩散的现象；汽车电子测试业相对于汽车电子设计产业而言，其隐性知识扩散现象较不明确，产业在空间分布上虽仍以东北地区、华东和华南地区为主要，但集中现象较不如汽车电子设计业，推断其知识的传播以显性知识为主。
第二、整体而言，层级效果明确，因产业功能、角色不同，不同产业间区位选择具有差异性。
整体而言，我国汽车电子产业空间扩散受到城市的土地价格、政府政策（科学工业园区、加工出口区）、生活品质、交通便利（园区间交通、机场、港口）、关联厂商、知识产生机构与人才等因素影响。次产业间的差异在于对于政府政策、交通便利的考量不同，汽车电子设计业与制造业以科学工业园区、园区间交通为重要考率因素，汽车电子测试业则以加工出口区域港口较为重要。主要原因在于汽车电子设计与制造业在我国汽车电子产业生产链中居于前段的作业，较需要国内的运输网络，其产业链的延伸主要在国内。由以上分析结果，现有衍生厂商的的区位选择，对于我国汽车电子整体产业或其次产业而言，其区位选择以上下游厂商、生产者服务、研发机构与交通便利为重要选择依据。而未来衍生公司的区位考量仍以上下游厂商、生产者服务、研发机构为重要因素。此外，人才获得的这一因素则越来越重要。
第三、我国汽车电子产业及其次产业技术创新扩散层级效果各具特点
经由以上对我国产业技术创新扩散的都市层级效果与问卷调查结果分析，整体而言，我国汽车电子产业空间扩散受到城市的土地价格、政府政策（科学工业园区、加工出口区）、生活品质、交通便利（园区间交通、机场、港口）、关联厂商、知识产生机构与人才等因素影响。次产业间的差异在于对于政府政策、交通便利的考虑不同，汽车电子设计业与制造业以科学工业园区、园区间交通为重要考率因素，汽车电子测试产业则以加工出口区域和港口两个因素作为重要的考量因素。
本文的创新点主要有：
1．首次将技术创新扩散与空间分布整合到一个框架下研究技术创新扩散与空间分布的关系。以前的研究主要聚焦在技术创新扩散与空间分布的影响因素上，探讨这些因素对二者的影响，将创新扩散与空间分布二者割裂开来。本文的整合性研究具有一定的创新性。而且对这些因素与技术创新的扩散效应和邻近效应之间关系的研究也较少，同时，前人的研究虽然阐述了影响技术空间分布的因素，但是对于技术创新与空间分布，尤其是邻近分布和层级分布的研究也相对不足，对我国汽车电子产业发展的空间分布性缺乏有效地指导，将创新扩散与空间分布二者割裂开来，更重要的是也忽略了技术扩散与空间分布之间的深层次机理，因而整合二者之间关系的研究显得尤为重要。而本文的整合性研究在一定程度上弥补了这一缺憾，具有一定的创新性。
2．首次研究了我国汽车电子产业的空间分布问题。关于汽车电子产业的空间分布，目前有两种主流观点：一种观点认为我国的汽车电子产业不存在所谓的技术创新，核心技术来自于国外大企业厂商，我国的汽车电子企业没有核心技术，因而也就不存在扩散。这种观点完全忽略了我国汽车电子产业在创新方面所取得的成绩和成就，没有看到我国的汽车电子产业已经取得了一定的优势；第二种观点认为我国的汽车电子产业空间分布与技术创新关系不大，这种产业分布主要集中在大企业厂商的聚集地，如长春、上海等地，技术创新扩散对空间分布的影响不大。这种观点具有一定的合理性，看到了产业群聚和产业链在汽车电子产业发展方面的作用，但是此观点否定了技术创新的发展以及技术创新扩散对空间分布的影响。根据国外，尤其是日本汽车产业的发展及空间分布来看，技术创新扩散对产业的分布具有重要的影响，尤其是某个特定区域内的人才和知识产生机构对产业空间分布具有关键作用，尤其是隐性知识的扩散（藤本隆宏，2010；草岕熊，2006）。本研究只是初步探究了技术创新扩散与空间分布的关系，希望能对以后的研究提供一定借鉴。但是从空间分布的层级性和邻近性两大方面对我国汽车电子产业的分布情况进行详尽分析，有助于我国汽车电子产业的合理区位分布以及这一产业健康发展。希望扮演举能对以后的研究提供一定借鉴。
3．以前关于汽车电子的研究将这一产业分为车控电子、车身电子、车载电子三大类，而台湾学者林正国（2008）和美国学者Leask和Parker（2004）认为，将汽车电子产业分为设计、制造和测试三大部分更加能够体现出不同阶段产业技术的发展以及技术发展对产业发展的影响，这种划分方法更加具有现实意义。因此，本文借鉴他们的研究，打破了以前关于汽车电子的分类，将汽车电子产业分为设计业、制造业、测试业等三大次产业，研究汽车电子整体产业与次产业的技术创新扩散的临近效果和层级效果，得出了较为有意义的结论。
Affected by globalization and knowledge economies, knowledge is becoming more andmore important and it is the engine of the regional growth. Knowledge by learning is thesource of competitive advantage of firms, regions and countries. So the knowledge is putmore emphasis by the firms. For the auto electronics industry, innovation is the base forsurvival and growth. And technical change and innovative speed is becoming fast, whichneed a mechanism to cross the knowledge and technique. While the innovation is theoutcome of the cooperation among firms and organizations. The technical change is the basefor development, Schumpeter, in his book of the theory of economic development, pointedout that the gale of creative destruction is the engine of economic development andemphasizes that knowledge creation and innovation is the antecedent for technicalimprovement. Gu(2008) argued that the feature of modern economic lies in the push oftechnique and innovation to the productivity, which can be the enhancement for economicdevelopment.
The basic mean for technical innovation is to diffuse the innovation to other users,regions and countries. And for the firms the technical diffusion can extend the longevity ofthe products and reduce the innovation risk, which can facilitate the innovative activities ofthe firms and regions, which will be meaning more for auto electronics industry. But forthe society, only by using technical innovation, diffusion and copying can the firms growstrongly and economy grow healthily. In 1990, China introduced auto electronics productsand from then on this industry began to grow. And according to the statistics by the bureauof industry, the value of auto electronics industry is increasing from $12.3 billion to $51.3billion and then to $115.1 billion, which brought economic profit for the firms and for thesociety with great profit and opportunity. So, these data can show the importance of the autoelectronics industry.
Along with the development of Chinese auto electronics industry, this industry willexpand fast and the product level will improve. But as a weak in technique in this industry,we need to summarize the experience and make the R&D together to keep up with the newand advanced techniques. To probe the technical diffusion in the auto electronics industrywill help us to understand the mechanism and law of the industry, which can promote the development and technical innovation and to push the technical diffusion. Meanwhile, thispaper can bring forward some useful suggestions for the firms to make reasonable strategiesfor technique innovation and upgrading, which can give the directions for the autoelectronics industry. Of course, this industry, as a new rising industry, stands for thetechnique development level, which will enhance the technique level by improving itstechniques.
Theoretically, there are many research outcomes about the innovation in the autoindustry, and more and more research about technical diffusion are analyzed, but for the autoelectronics industry, the technical diffusion is seldom discussed and there almost no researchabout the relation between technical diffusion and spatial distribution. This paper, based onthe above, will discuss their relationship and put forward the reasonable path for the autoelectronics industry.
In order to mess up the regret in research, this paper believes that, hypothesis one:neighborhood effect is not positive on the level of the country but positive in the level ofregions. Besides, implicit knowledge is diffused by the spin-offs but with the limitation ofregions; explicit knowledge can go fast with broad regions and hypothesis two: level effect ispositive and because of the difference in the functions and roles in the industry chain, thereis clear difference among the up and down industry.
Using the data of statistics and survey, we get the following basic conclusions:
Firstly, neighborhood effect is not positive on the level of the country but positive inthe level of regions. Besides, implicit knowledge is diffused by the spin-offs and thishappened in the northeast, east and south of China. And the explicit knowledge is diffusedby the means of transferring manufacture and technique franchising and this happened in theregion of northeast and east.
The industry and its sub-industry is neighboring to the innovation diffusion center butits sub-industries including manufacturing and design has a weak effect with neighborhoodexcept the testing . But the regional neighborhood effect id positive.
In the diffusion of implicit and explicit knowledge, implicit knowledge is activelydiffused in the northeast of China. So this region is the accumulating place for the autoelectronics industry. And the design has a high barrier for entry due to the big investment,which results in small number of firms. And according to the survey, manufactures diffusetheir innovation among regions in northeast, east and south of china.
Secondly, Total speaking, level effect is clear and positive and because of the differencein the functions and roles in the industry chain, there is clear difference among the up anddown industry.
To sum up，the spatial distribution is affected by the price, policies, living quality,communication, related firms, knowledge-producing organization and human resource. Thesub-industries are different in the facet of government policies and communication. The design and manufacture take technique park and communication between parks intoconsideration while testing branch pays more attention to the port . The reason is that thedesign and manufacture are in the front of the industry line and they need morecommunication network than testing does. Accordingly, for the location choice of thespin-offs, the auto electronics industry and its sub-industries put more stress on up and downindustry, related serving firms, R&D research center and communication while theforthcoming choice for these spin-offs will lie in the above factors. And most importantly,human resource will become more and more important.
Thirdly, the feature of innovation diffusion vary from the industry and itssub-industries.
According to the analysis of level effect and the survey of technical innovationdiffusion, the spatial distribution of the auto electronics industry is affected by the price,government policies, living quality, communication, related firms, knowledge-producingorganizations and human resource. And the difference between the sub-industries lies in theconsideration of policies and communication.
The innovative points of the paper are as follows:
1．This paper firstly combines the innovation diffusion and spatial distribution into oneframework and studies their relation. The previous research focused on the influential factorsto the two variables and divided them into parts.
2．This paper firstly studies the spatial distribution of Chinese auto electronics industry.As for the spatial distribution of auto electronics industry, there are two views about it. Onebelieves that there is no innovation in this industry, so there is no distribution and the otherargues that the spatial distribution is not related to innovation diffusion. They all omitted theeffect of diffusion on spatial distribution.
3．The previous study believed that this industry is divided into three parts, and they areauto control, auto body and auto loading while Lin from Taiwan and Leask and Parker（2004）argued that design, manufacture and testing can show the difference and featuresof different stages. This paper, based on their points, use their opinion as the analytical baseand study the neighborhood and level effects of this industry and its sub-industry and get ameaningful results.
而技术创新的真正意义在于通过各种方式将创新扩散至其他使用者、地区甚至国家。对于产业厂商来说，技术创新的扩散可以延长产品的寿命、降低技术创新的成本风险，更可以回收专利费并用于再研发，以保持厂商技术领导的地位以及利益的获得，这对于汽车电子产业而言更是如此；对于社会总体而言，唯有通过技术创新、扩散、模仿与再创新等过程，进而不断刺激社会经济的成长。1990年代我国开始引进汽车电子、电路制造技术后，积极培植并发展汽车电子产业。依据国家统计局相关部门统计，我国汽车电子产业产值由1999年的123亿元增加至2004年的513亿元，在2010年增加到了1151亿元，不但为个体厂商带来商业利润，更为社会整体创造经济产值，带来许多就业机会。因此，由此数据可以大致观察汽车电子产业技术创新扩散的重要性。
就实践而言，随着我国汽车工业的发展，汽车电子产业市场将会逐渐扩张，汽车电子的发展水平将会逐渐提高。但是作为这方面的技术弱国，我国汽车电子产业有必要总结经验，联合研发，追赶世界先进。探究这一行业的技术扩散现象，有利于揭示这一行业的技术创新扩散机理和内在规律，促使我国汽车电子产业能够整体联动，在技术上实现战略联盟，不断进行技术的转移与扩散。同时。本研究也有利于我国汽车电子企业合理地去制定技术研发和升级策略，为自身的发展探索一条合适的道路。作为一个新兴的行业，汽车电子产业也代表了一个国家的技术发展水平，提升此行业的发展层次，也能够为我国汽车行业的发展做出一定贡献，进而提升整个国民经济的技术含量。
从理论上来看，虽然针对汽车行业的技术创新研究成果颇多，也有不少研究对汽车行业的技术创新扩散进行了详尽的分析，但是对汽车电子产业而言，研究技术创新扩散的相关成果较少，更乏将创新扩散与空间分布联系起来的整合性研究成果。本文将弥补这一不足，同时为汽车电子产业的空间分布提出合理的分布路径。
为了研究我国汽车电子产业的技术创新扩散与空间分布的关系，本文提出了以下研究命题，即命题一：临近效果在全国层面上较为不显著，区域层面具有明显的临近效果，而且，隐性知识主要通过汽车电子企业衍生（spin-off）而扩散，且仅限于区域层面；显性知识的传播范围则较广泛和命题二：层级效果明显，而且因为产业功能与角色的不同，上下游产业间区位选择具有显著的差异性。也即本文主要对我国汽车电子产业技术创新扩散历程进行了分析，也即主要探讨了我国汽车电子产业技术创新时空扩散历程（从汽车电子产业整体以及五大区域分布等方面分析了这一产业的扩散情况）、我国汽车电子产业技术创新扩散的临近效果（主要包括与创新扩散中心、知识产生机构、关联厂商和人才的邻近）以及我国汽车电子产业技术创新扩散的层级效果（主要包括我国汽车电子产业的整体层级效果以及设计业、制造业和测试业的层级效果，还有汽车电子衍生企业的区位选择分析）。最后，在总结上述分析的基础上，提出了相应的对策与建议。主要包括基于空间分布的产业布局策略、基于技术创新扩散的技术发展和产品开发建议、人才策略建议以及政府扶持政策建议。本文尤其对人才建议进行了详尽分析。
通过利用统计年鉴数据和调研数据，本文得出了如下结论：
第一、临近效果在全国层面较不显著，区域层面较具有临近效果：隐性知识通过厂商衍生（sin-off）而扩散且主要在东北地区、华东和华南地区；显性知识的传播则通过委托制造、技术授权传播，以东北地区、华东地区较频繁。
我国汽车电子整体产业及次级产业与创新扩散中心的临近效果，除汽车电子封装测试业显著与创新扩散中心临近，其余则较为微弱，但仍有临近关系的存在，且以区域的临近关系较为显著。
而其知识扩散包含隐性与显性知识，其中隐性知识的扩散以北部区域较为活络，所以，我国汽车电子产业明确集中于北部区域。其中，尤以汽车电子设计产业更为明确。汽车电子制造业则因设厂资本庞大，产业进入门槛高，目前厂商家数仍少，无法窥视其空间扩散的现象，但由问卷调查可知，汽车电子制造厂商仍有知识扩散的现象；汽车电子测试业相对于汽车电子设计产业而言，其隐性知识扩散现象较不明确，产业在空间分布上虽仍以东北地区、华东和华南地区为主要，但集中现象较不如汽车电子设计业，推断其知识的传播以显性知识为主。
第二、整体而言，层级效果明确，因产业功能、角色不同，不同产业间区位选择具有差异性。
整体而言，我国汽车电子产业空间扩散受到城市的土地价格、政府政策（科学工业园区、加工出口区）、生活品质、交通便利（园区间交通、机场、港口）、关联厂商、知识产生机构与人才等因素影响。次产业间的差异在于对于政府政策、交通便利的考量不同，汽车电子设计业与制造业以科学工业园区、园区间交通为重要考率因素，汽车电子测试业则以加工出口区域港口较为重要。主要原因在于汽车电子设计与制造业在我国汽车电子产业生产链中居于前段的作业，较需要国内的运输网络，其产业链的延伸主要在国内。由以上分析结果，现有衍生厂商的的区位选择，对于我国汽车电子整体产业或其次产业而言，其区位选择以上下游厂商、生产者服务、研发机构与交通便利为重要选择依据。而未来衍生公司的区位考量仍以上下游厂商、生产者服务、研发机构为重要因素。此外，人才获得的这一因素则越来越重要。
第三、我国汽车电子产业及其次产业技术创新扩散层级效果各具特点
经由以上对我国产业技术创新扩散的都市层级效果与问卷调查结果分析，整体而言，我国汽车电子产业空间扩散受到城市的土地价格、政府政策（科学工业园区、加工出口区）、生活品质、交通便利（园区间交通、机场、港口）、关联厂商、知识产生机构与人才等因素影响。次产业间的差异在于对于政府政策、交通便利的考虑不同，汽车电子设计业与制造业以科学工业园区、园区间交通为重要考率因素，汽车电子测试产业则以加工出口区域和港口两个因素作为重要的考量因素。
本文的创新点主要有：
1．首次将技术创新扩散与空间分布整合到一个框架下研究技术创新扩散与空间分布的关系。以前的研究主要聚焦在技术创新扩散与空间分布的影响因素上，探讨这些因素对二者的影响，将创新扩散与空间分布二者割裂开来。本文的整合性研究具有一定的创新性。而且对这些因素与技术创新的扩散效应和邻近效应之间关系的研究也较少，同时，前人的研究虽然阐述了影响技术空间分布的因素，但是对于技术创新与空间分布，尤其是邻近分布和层级分布的研究也相对不足，对我国汽车电子产业发展的空间分布性缺乏有效地指导，将创新扩散与空间分布二者割裂开来，更重要的是也忽略了技术扩散与空间分布之间的深层次机理，因而整合二者之间关系的研究显得尤为重要。而本文的整合性研究在一定程度上弥补了这一缺憾，具有一定的创新性。
2．首次研究了我国汽车电子产业的空间分布问题。关于汽车电子产业的空间分布，目前有两种主流观点：一种观点认为我国的汽车电子产业不存在所谓的技术创新，核心技术来自于国外大企业厂商，我国的汽车电子企业没有核心技术，因而也就不存在扩散。这种观点完全忽略了我国汽车电子产业在创新方面所取得的成绩和成就，没有看到我国的汽车电子产业已经取得了一定的优势；第二种观点认为我国的汽车电子产业空间分布与技术创新关系不大，这种产业分布主要集中在大企业厂商的聚集地，如长春、上海等地，技术创新扩散对空间分布的影响不大。这种观点具有一定的合理性，看到了产业群聚和产业链在汽车电子产业发展方面的作用，但是此观点否定了技术创新的发展以及技术创新扩散对空间分布的影响。根据国外，尤其是日本汽车产业的发展及空间分布来看，技术创新扩散对产业的分布具有重要的影响，尤其是某个特定区域内的人才和知识产生机构对产业空间分布具有关键作用，尤其是隐性知识的扩散（藤本隆宏，2010；草岕熊，2006）。本研究只是初步探究了技术创新扩散与空间分布的关系，希望能对以后的研究提供一定借鉴。但是从空间分布的层级性和邻近性两大方面对我国汽车电子产业的分布情况进行详尽分析，有助于我国汽车电子产业的合理区位分布以及这一产业健康发展。希望扮演举能对以后的研究提供一定借鉴。
3．以前关于汽车电子的研究将这一产业分为车控电子、车身电子、车载电子三大类，而台湾学者林正国（2008）和美国学者Leask和Parker（2004）认为，将汽车电子产业分为设计、制造和测试三大部分更加能够体现出不同阶段产业技术的发展以及技术发展对产业发展的影响，这种划分方法更加具有现实意义。因此，本文借鉴他们的研究，打破了以前关于汽车电子的分类，将汽车电子产业分为设计业、制造业、测试业等三大次产业，研究汽车电子整体产业与次产业的技术创新扩散的临近效果和层级效果，得出了较为有意义的结论。
Affected by globalization and knowledge economies, knowledge is becoming more andmore important and it is the engine of the regional growth. Knowledge by learning is thesource of competitive advantage of firms, regions and countries. So the knowledge is putmore emphasis by the firms. For the auto electronics industry, innovation is the base forsurvival and growth. And technical change and innovative speed is becoming fast, whichneed a mechanism to cross the knowledge and technique. While the innovation is theoutcome of the cooperation among firms and organizations. The technical change is the basefor development, Schumpeter, in his book of the theory of economic development, pointedout that the gale of creative destruction is the engine of economic development andemphasizes that knowledge creation and innovation is the antecedent for technicalimprovement. Gu(2008) argued that the feature of modern economic lies in the push oftechnique and innovation to the productivity, which can be the enhancement for economicdevelopment.
The basic mean for technical innovation is to diffuse the innovation to other users,regions and countries. And for the firms the technical diffusion can extend the longevity ofthe products and reduce the innovation risk, which can facilitate the innovative activities ofthe firms and regions, which will be meaning more for auto electronics industry. But forthe society, only by using technical innovation, diffusion and copying can the firms growstrongly and economy grow healthily. In 1990, China introduced auto electronics productsand from then on this industry began to grow. And according to the statistics by the bureauof industry, the value of auto electronics industry is increasing from $12.3 billion to $51.3billion and then to $115.1 billion, which brought economic profit for the firms and for thesociety with great profit and opportunity. So, these data can show the importance of the autoelectronics industry.
Along with the development of Chinese auto electronics industry, this industry willexpand fast and the product level will improve. But as a weak in technique in this industry,we need to summarize the experience and make the R&D together to keep up with the newand advanced techniques. To probe the technical diffusion in the auto electronics industrywill help us to understand the mechanism and law of the industry, which can promote the development and technical innovation and to push the technical diffusion. Meanwhile, thispaper can bring forward some useful suggestions for the firms to make reasonable strategiesfor technique innovation and upgrading, which can give the directions for the autoelectronics industry. Of course, this industry, as a new rising industry, stands for thetechnique development level, which will enhance the technique level by improving itstechniques.
Theoretically, there are many research outcomes about the innovation in the autoindustry, and more and more research about technical diffusion are analyzed, but for the autoelectronics industry, the technical diffusion is seldom discussed and there almost no researchabout the relation between technical diffusion and spatial distribution. This paper, based onthe above, will discuss their relationship and put forward the reasonable path for the autoelectronics industry.
In order to mess up the regret in research, this paper believes that, hypothesis one:neighborhood effect is not positive on the level of the country but positive in the level ofregions. Besides, implicit knowledge is diffused by the spin-offs but with the limitation ofregions; explicit knowledge can go fast with broad regions and hypothesis two: level effect ispositive and because of the difference in the functions and roles in the industry chain, thereis clear difference among the up and down industry.
Using the data of statistics and survey, we get the following basic conclusions:
Firstly, neighborhood effect is not positive on the level of the country but positive inthe level of regions. Besides, implicit knowledge is diffused by the spin-offs and thishappened in the northeast, east and south of China. And the explicit knowledge is diffusedby the means of transferring manufacture and technique franchising and this happened in theregion of northeast and east.
The industry and its sub-industry is neighboring to the innovation diffusion center butits sub-industries including manufacturing and design has a weak effect with neighborhoodexcept the testing . But the regional neighborhood effect id positive.
In the diffusion of implicit and explicit knowledge, implicit knowledge is activelydiffused in the northeast of China. So this region is the accumulating place for the autoelectronics industry. And the design has a high barrier for entry due to the big investment,which results in small number of firms. And according to the survey, manufactures diffusetheir innovation among regions in northeast, east and south of china.
Secondly, Total speaking, level effect is clear and positive and because of the differencein the functions and roles in the industry chain, there is clear difference among the up anddown industry.
To sum up，the spatial distribution is affected by the price, policies, living quality,communication, related firms, knowledge-producing organization and human resource. Thesub-industries are different in the facet of government policies and communication. The design and manufacture take technique park and communication between parks intoconsideration while testing branch pays more attention to the port . The reason is that thedesign and manufacture are in the front of the industry line and they need morecommunication network than testing does. Accordingly, for the location choice of thespin-offs, the auto electronics industry and its sub-industries put more stress on up and downindustry, related serving firms, R&D research center and communication while theforthcoming choice for these spin-offs will lie in the above factors. And most importantly,human resource will become more and more important.
Thirdly, the feature of innovation diffusion vary from the industry and itssub-industries.
According to the analysis of level effect and the survey of technical innovationdiffusion, the spatial distribution of the auto electronics industry is affected by the price,government policies, living quality, communication, related firms, knowledge-producingorganizations and human resource. And the difference between the sub-industries lies in theconsideration of policies and communication.
The innovative points of the paper are as follows:
1．This paper firstly combines the innovation diffusion and spatial distribution into oneframework and studies their relation. The previous research focused on the influential factorsto the two variables and divided them into parts.
2．This paper firstly studies the spatial distribution of Chinese auto electronics industry.As for the spatial distribution of auto electronics industry, there are two views about it. Onebelieves that there is no innovation in this industry, so there is no distribution and the otherargues that the spatial distribution is not related to innovation diffusion. They all omitted theeffect of diffusion on spatial distribution.
3．The previous study believed that this industry is divided into three parts, and they areauto control, auto body and auto loading while Lin from Taiwan and Leask and Parker（2004）argued that design, manufacture and testing can show the difference and featuresof different stages. This paper, based on their points, use their opinion as the analytical baseand study the neighborhood and level effects of this industry and its sub-industry and get ameaningful results.
引文
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