ZnO纳米线阵列的制备及其在DSSC电池中的应用
|
摘要
染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC)作为一种新型光电化学太阳能电池,以其制作工艺简单、成本低、理论上很大的电池总效率提升空间,且对环境良性,而具有很好的应用前景。目前,以TiO2薄膜作光阳极的DSSC电池的光电转化效率最高可达11%。但是纳米晶多孔TiO2薄膜中大量表面态的存在,使DSSC电池转换效率降低。ZnO作为有望取代TiO2的氧化物之一,近年来,以阵列ZnO纳米线、棒、片作光阳极的DSSC电池研究取得了较大的发展。在这些电池中引入的直线电子传输理论认为:电子在垂直于导电基底的单晶阵列结构中传输具有极高的传输速率和最低损耗。在相同条件下,与TiO2纳米粒子相比较,用ZnO纳米线阵列制备的光阳极具有更好的光电转换效率。单晶半导体纳米线阵列的引入,可以有效地降低电子传输的晶界势垒和传输损耗,提高电荷传输能力,从而提高光电转换的效率,它已成为染料敏化电池光阳极新的研究方向。
本文探讨了应用于DSSC电池的ZnO纳米线制备工艺,在优化工艺条件下制备得到呈现阵列排列特性的ZnO纳米线,并以此作为染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极材料。主要研究内容为:
(1)采用低温化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备ZnO纳米线阵列,讨论了衬底、催化层、温度条件和载气氩气的气氛条件对ZnO纳米线阵列的影响。材料微结构表征和分析表明,制备ZnO纳米线阵列的优化工艺条件为:在AZO膜上,以铬作为催化剂,ZnO源最高分解温度为1350℃,衬底温度最高在450℃-500℃之间,氩气在源温到达最高时通入,流量保持35sccm不变,通气40min后,开始降低源分解温度至1100℃,整个氩气通气时间为1小时,也就是纳米线的生长时间为1小时;
(2)将优化工艺条件下制备得到的ZnO纳米线阵列应用于DSSC电池,得到电池开路电压350mV,短路电流0.68mA/cm2,填充因子为32.8%,总效率为0.078%。
Dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cell is a new type of photoelectric chemical solar cell, which has become an arresting point of academy in the world due to its qualities such as simpleness of preparation, low cost, large potential for improvement considering the theoretical photoelectric conversion efficiency and friendly environment action. At present, the photoconversion efficiency of DSSCs with TiO2 thin film photoanodes had the best performance of 11%, but it is precisely because the existence of a large number of surface states in porous nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films, the conversion efficiency of DSSCs decline. ZnO as the one to replace TiO2, in recent years, the research in ZnO nanowires, rods and films have made great development. In these cells the introduction of linear electron transfer theory thought of that E-perpendicular has a very high transmission rate and the minimum loss in the conductive substrate with crystal arrays structure. Under the same conditions, the photoconversion efficiency of DSSCs with well-aligned ZnO nanowire arrays photoanodes performance better compared with the TiO2 nanoparticles. Therefore, in electronic transmission the introduction of single-crystal structure semiconductor with nanowire arrays can effectively reduce the grain boundary barrier and the transmission loss, so to improve the capacity of charge transmission and enhance the photoconversion efficiency, for that it has become a new research direction in dye-sensitized cell photoanodes.
In this paper, the preparation craft of ZnO nanowires which were applied for DSSCs was investigated, well-aligned ZnO nanowire arrays were synthesized under optimize craft, and then it was introduced to apply for the DSSCs’s photoanodes,the primary results are shown as follow:
(1)The ZnO nanowire arrays were synthesized via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method,the preparation craft parameters such as substrate, catalyst, temperature and the Argon gas were found to greatly affect the ZnO nanowire arrays. The results by materials microstructure show that it is the optimize craft of the ZnO nanowire arrays: Al-doped ZnO transparent conductive films (AZO) was selected to use for the substrate, Chromium was chosen for catalyst, when the highest reaction temperature of source came to 1350℃, the highest substrate temperature maintained about 450℃-500℃, and the Argon gas flow rate was 35 sccm,40 minutes later,the reaction temperature of source began to drop to 1100℃,in the process, the growth time of ZnO nanowires maintained for 1 hour.
(2)Based on this DSSCs with the ZnO nanowire arrays Photoanodes which were synthesized under optimize craft, the open circuit voltage of 350mV, short circuit 0.68mA/cm2, fill factor of 38.2% and the total efficiency of 0.078% were obtained.
本文探讨了应用于DSSC电池的ZnO纳米线制备工艺,在优化工艺条件下制备得到呈现阵列排列特性的ZnO纳米线,并以此作为染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极材料。主要研究内容为:
(1)采用低温化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备ZnO纳米线阵列,讨论了衬底、催化层、温度条件和载气氩气的气氛条件对ZnO纳米线阵列的影响。材料微结构表征和分析表明,制备ZnO纳米线阵列的优化工艺条件为:在AZO膜上,以铬作为催化剂,ZnO源最高分解温度为1350℃,衬底温度最高在450℃-500℃之间,氩气在源温到达最高时通入,流量保持35sccm不变,通气40min后,开始降低源分解温度至1100℃,整个氩气通气时间为1小时,也就是纳米线的生长时间为1小时;
(2)将优化工艺条件下制备得到的ZnO纳米线阵列应用于DSSC电池,得到电池开路电压350mV,短路电流0.68mA/cm2,填充因子为32.8%,总效率为0.078%。
Dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cell is a new type of photoelectric chemical solar cell, which has become an arresting point of academy in the world due to its qualities such as simpleness of preparation, low cost, large potential for improvement considering the theoretical photoelectric conversion efficiency and friendly environment action. At present, the photoconversion efficiency of DSSCs with TiO2 thin film photoanodes had the best performance of 11%, but it is precisely because the existence of a large number of surface states in porous nanocrystalline TiO2 thin films, the conversion efficiency of DSSCs decline. ZnO as the one to replace TiO2, in recent years, the research in ZnO nanowires, rods and films have made great development. In these cells the introduction of linear electron transfer theory thought of that E-perpendicular has a very high transmission rate and the minimum loss in the conductive substrate with crystal arrays structure. Under the same conditions, the photoconversion efficiency of DSSCs with well-aligned ZnO nanowire arrays photoanodes performance better compared with the TiO2 nanoparticles. Therefore, in electronic transmission the introduction of single-crystal structure semiconductor with nanowire arrays can effectively reduce the grain boundary barrier and the transmission loss, so to improve the capacity of charge transmission and enhance the photoconversion efficiency, for that it has become a new research direction in dye-sensitized cell photoanodes.
In this paper, the preparation craft of ZnO nanowires which were applied for DSSCs was investigated, well-aligned ZnO nanowire arrays were synthesized under optimize craft, and then it was introduced to apply for the DSSCs’s photoanodes,the primary results are shown as follow:
(1)The ZnO nanowire arrays were synthesized via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method,the preparation craft parameters such as substrate, catalyst, temperature and the Argon gas were found to greatly affect the ZnO nanowire arrays. The results by materials microstructure show that it is the optimize craft of the ZnO nanowire arrays: Al-doped ZnO transparent conductive films (AZO) was selected to use for the substrate, Chromium was chosen for catalyst, when the highest reaction temperature of source came to 1350℃, the highest substrate temperature maintained about 450℃-500℃, and the Argon gas flow rate was 35 sccm,40 minutes later,the reaction temperature of source began to drop to 1100℃,in the process, the growth time of ZnO nanowires maintained for 1 hour.
(2)Based on this DSSCs with the ZnO nanowire arrays Photoanodes which were synthesized under optimize craft, the open circuit voltage of 350mV, short circuit 0.68mA/cm2, fill factor of 38.2% and the total efficiency of 0.078% were obtained.
引文
[1]赵争鸣,刘建政.太阳能光伏发电及其应用.科学出版社.2005:1-18
[2]李长升,张成亮,付瑞鹏.TiO2纳米晶多孔薄膜太阳能电池.山东陶瓷.2004,27(3):9-12
[3]姚伟.太阳能利用与可持续发展.中国能源,2005,27(2):46-47.
[4]中国可再生能源发展项目办公室,中国光伏产业发展研究报告,2006.
[5]梁宗存,沈辉,李戬洪.太阳能电池及材料研究.材料导报.2000,14(8):38-40
[6]席珍强,陈君,杨德仁.太阳能电池发展现状及展望.新能源.2000,22(12):100-102
[7]倪萌,Leung M K,Sumathy K.太阳能电池研究新进展.可再生能源.2004,114(2):9-11
[8]施敏.现代半导体器件物理.科学出版社.2001:46-52
[9]P.Wang,S.M.Zakeeruddin,I.Exnar,etal. High Efficiency Dye Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells Based on Ionic Liquid Polymer Gel Electrolyte.Chem.Commun.,2002,(24):2972–2973
[10]K.Mohammad,N.P.Pechy,T.Renouard etal. Engineering of Efficient Panchromatic Sensitizers for Nanocrystalline TiO2-Based Solar Cells[J].J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2001,123(8):1613-1624
[11]Fettere S, Gregg B A. Large increases in photo-currents and solar conversion efficiencies by UV illumination of dye-sensitized solar cells . Physical Chemisty B, 2001, 105: 7602
[12] Kumara G R A , O kuyaM , M urakam i K, et al . Dye-sensitized so lid state solar cells made f rom magnesium oxide coated nanocrystalline titanium dioxide films: enhancement of the eff iciency. Chem istry, 2004: 164-183
[13] Ito S, N goc- L e C H, Rothenberger G, et al . High-eff iciency (7.2% ) f lexible dye-sensitized solar cells with T i- metal substrate for nanocrystallineTiO2 photoanode. Chem ical Communicati -ons, 2006 (38) : 4004-4006
[14] Nazeeruddin M K, Angelis F D, Fantacci S, et al . Combined experimental and DFT -TDDFT computational study of photoelectrchemical cell ruthenium sensitizers. Journal of the American Chem ical Society, 2005, 127 (48) :6835-16847
[15]杨术明.染料敏化纳米晶太阳能电池.郑州:郑州大学出版社, 2007 ..
[16] Giuseppe Calogero, Gaetano Di Marco. Red Sicilian orange and purple eggplant fruits as natural sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2008 (92) : 1341-1346.
[17] Wang Z S, Sayama K, Sugihara H. Eff icient eosin Y dye-sensitized solar cell containing B r-/B r2 elect rolyte . Journal of Physical Chem istry B, 2005, 109 (47) : 22449-22455
[18] Bergeron B V , Marton A , Oskam G, et al . Dye- sensitized SnO2 electrodes with iodide and p seudo halide redox mediators. Journal of Physical Chem istry B, 2005, 2 (109) : 937-943
[19]魏月琳,黄昀防,吴季怀等.聚丙烯酸电解质准固态染料敏化TiO2太阳能电池.人工晶体学报, 2005, 34 (3) : 412-416
[20] Wang M Q , Wang X G. P3HT/ ZnO bulk- hetero junction solar cell sensitized by a perylene derivative . Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2008, 92 : 766-771
[21]B.O’Regan,M.Gratzel,A Low-cost High-efficient Solar Cell Based on Dye-sensitized Colloidal TiO2 Films.Nature.1991,353:737-740
[22]K.Kalyanasundaram,M.Gratzel. Application of functionalized transition metal complexes in photonic and optoelectronic devices. Coordination Chemistry Reviews.1998,177(1):347-414
[23]M.Gratzel. Photoelectrochemical Cells.Nature.2001,414:338-344
[24]黄春晖,李富友,黄岩谊.光电功能超薄膜.北京大学出版社.2001.2-35
[25]A.J.EcEvoy,M.Gratzel. Sensitization in photochemistry and photovoltaics. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 1994.32(3):221-227.
[26]王瑞斌,戴松元,王孔嘉等.纳米TiO2对染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳能电池的影响.中国科学院研究生院学报.2001.18(l):28-30
[27]Hagfeldtt A,Gratzel M. Light-induced redox reactions in nanocrystalline systems. Chem. Rev.1995,95:49-68
[28]Duffy N W,Peter L M, Rajapakse R M G,et al. Investigation of the kinetics of the back reaction of electrons with tri-iodide in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline photovoltaic cells. Journal of Physical Chemistry B.2000,104:8916-8919
[29]戴松元.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池的研究.[博士学位论文].中国科学院等离子体物理研究所.2000.
[30]Wang.Z.S.Kawauchi,H.Arakawa,H.,et al. Photoelectrode morphology on the energy conversion efficiency of N719 dye-sensitized solar cell, Coord.Chem.Rev.,2004,248:1381-1389
[31]盛显良,赵勇,翟锦.基于ZnO光阳极的染料敏化太阳电池.化学进展.2007,19(1):59-65
[32]Chappel S.,Chen S.G.,Zaban A.,TiO2-coated nanoporous SnO2 electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells.Langmuir.2002,18:3336-3342
[33]李斌,邱勇,染料敏化纳米太阳能电池.感光科学与光化学.2000,18(4):336-347.
[34]D.Hector,A.Thomas,J.Meyer,et al. Reduction of Water to Hydrogen by Reduced Polypyridine Complexes of Ruthenium.Journal of the American Chemical Society,1979,101(22):6745-6746
[35]林琳.染料敏化太阳能电池中TiO2薄膜电极的制备及应用.[硕士学位论文].泉州:华侨大学,2007
[36]Konenkamp R,Dloczik L.,Ernst K.,et al., Nano-structures for solar cells with extremely thin absorbers. Physical Review E.2002,(14):219-223
[37]Kavan L.,Rathousky J.,Gratzel M.,et al.,Mesoporous thin film TiO2 electrodes. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials.2001,(44-45):653-659
[38]Lifeng Dong,Jun Jiao,David W. Tuggle,and Jeremy M. Petty,Znonanowires formed on tungsten substrates and their electron field emission properties,Appl Phys Lett,2003,82:1096-1098
[39]Seu YI Li,Pang Lin and ChiaYing Lee,Field emission and photofluorescent characteristics of zinc oxide nanowires synthesized by a metal catalyzed vapor-liqid-solid process.J.Appl.Phys., 2004,95:3711
[40] B.D.Yao,Y.F.Chan,and N.Wang. Formation of ZnO nanostructures by simple way of thermal evaporation.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,81:757
[41]M.H.Huang,S.Mao,H.Feick,et al.Room-Temperature Ultravilet Nanowire Nanolasers,Science, 2001,292:1897-1899
[42]Y.Li,G..W.Meng,L.D.Zhang,and F.Phillipp,Ordered semiconductor ZnO nanowire arrays and their photoluminescence properties,Appl.Phys.Lett.,2000,76:2011
[43]C.J.Lee,T.J.Lee,S.C.Lyu, et al. Field emission from well-aligned zinc oxide nanowires grown at low temperature,Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,81:36481.
[44]W.I..Park,D.H.Kim,S.W.Jung, et al. Metalogranic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of vertically well-alinged ZnO nanorods,Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,80:4232-4234.
[45]常铁军,祁欣.材料近代分析测试方法.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社
[46]王培铭,许乾慰.材料研究方法.北京:科学出版社,2005:125-204
[47]张有纲,张永祥,许恒生.电子材料现代分析概论.成都:电子科技大学出版社,1995:237-240
[48]Gratzel M.,Dye-sensitized solar cells.Photochemistry and Photobiology C:Photochemistry Reviews.2003,4:145-153
[49]Nogueira A.F.,Marco A.,Paoli D.,A dye sensitized TiO2 photovoltaic cell constructed with an elastomeric electrolyte..Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells.2000,61:135-141
[50]Chigurupati N.,Saiki L.,Charles G.J.,et al.,Evaluation of red cabbage dye as a potential natural color for pharmaceutical use.International Pharmaceutics.2002,241:293-299
[51]Gratzel M.,Conversion of sunlight to electric power by nanocrytalline dye-sensitized solarcells.Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry.2004,16:3-14
[52]Somani P R.,Dionigi C.,Murgia M.,Solid-state dye PV cells using inverse opal TiO2 films. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells.2005,87:513–519
[53]Musat V, Teixeira B, Fortunato E, et al. Al-doped ZnO thin films by sol–gel method. Surf Coatings Techno.2004,180: 659
[54]Lee J H, Park B O, Characteristics of Al-doped ZnO thin films obtained by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis: effects of Al doping and an annealing treatment. Mater. Sci.Eng.B.2004,106: 242–245.
[55]Greg S.,Carlo B.,Zoberto A.,Testing of dye sensitized Ti02 solar cells I:Experimental photocurrent output and conversion efficiencies. Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells.1994,32:259
[56]Nazeruddin M.K.,Kay A.,Radicio I.,et al.,Conversion of light to eceltricity by cis-X2Bis (2,2’-bipyridy[-4,4-dicarboxylate]ruthenium(Ⅱ)charge-transfer sensitizers(X=Cl-,Br-,CN-,and SCN-)on nanacrystalline TiO2 electrodes.The Amereian Chemistry Society.1993,115:6382
[57]J.Yu,M.Zhou,B.Cheng, et al. Ultrasonic Preparation of Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystalline Photocatalysts and Evaluation of Photocatalytic Activity. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A.2005,227:75-80.
[58]郝三存,吴季怀,林建明.铂修饰光阴极及其在纳晶太阳能电池中的应用.感光科学与光化学.2004,22(3):175~181
[59]G.Q.Wang,R.F.Lin.A Novel High-Performance Counter Electrode for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. Electrochimica Acta.2005,50:5546~5552
[60]Minna Toivola,Fredrik Ahlskog,Peter Lund. Industrial sheet metals for nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cell structures.Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells.2006,90:2881-2893
[61]王文佳.染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极光阳极材料的研究:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:黑龙江大学
[2]李长升,张成亮,付瑞鹏.TiO2纳米晶多孔薄膜太阳能电池.山东陶瓷.2004,27(3):9-12
[3]姚伟.太阳能利用与可持续发展.中国能源,2005,27(2):46-47.
[4]中国可再生能源发展项目办公室,中国光伏产业发展研究报告,2006.
[5]梁宗存,沈辉,李戬洪.太阳能电池及材料研究.材料导报.2000,14(8):38-40
[6]席珍强,陈君,杨德仁.太阳能电池发展现状及展望.新能源.2000,22(12):100-102
[7]倪萌,Leung M K,Sumathy K.太阳能电池研究新进展.可再生能源.2004,114(2):9-11
[8]施敏.现代半导体器件物理.科学出版社.2001:46-52
[9]P.Wang,S.M.Zakeeruddin,I.Exnar,etal. High Efficiency Dye Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells Based on Ionic Liquid Polymer Gel Electrolyte.Chem.Commun.,2002,(24):2972–2973
[10]K.Mohammad,N.P.Pechy,T.Renouard etal. Engineering of Efficient Panchromatic Sensitizers for Nanocrystalline TiO2-Based Solar Cells[J].J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2001,123(8):1613-1624
[11]Fettere S, Gregg B A. Large increases in photo-currents and solar conversion efficiencies by UV illumination of dye-sensitized solar cells . Physical Chemisty B, 2001, 105: 7602
[12] Kumara G R A , O kuyaM , M urakam i K, et al . Dye-sensitized so lid state solar cells made f rom magnesium oxide coated nanocrystalline titanium dioxide films: enhancement of the eff iciency. Chem istry, 2004: 164-183
[13] Ito S, N goc- L e C H, Rothenberger G, et al . High-eff iciency (7.2% ) f lexible dye-sensitized solar cells with T i- metal substrate for nanocrystallineTiO2 photoanode. Chem ical Communicati -ons, 2006 (38) : 4004-4006
[14] Nazeeruddin M K, Angelis F D, Fantacci S, et al . Combined experimental and DFT -TDDFT computational study of photoelectrchemical cell ruthenium sensitizers. Journal of the American Chem ical Society, 2005, 127 (48) :6835-16847
[15]杨术明.染料敏化纳米晶太阳能电池.郑州:郑州大学出版社, 2007 ..
[16] Giuseppe Calogero, Gaetano Di Marco. Red Sicilian orange and purple eggplant fruits as natural sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2008 (92) : 1341-1346.
[17] Wang Z S, Sayama K, Sugihara H. Eff icient eosin Y dye-sensitized solar cell containing B r-/B r2 elect rolyte . Journal of Physical Chem istry B, 2005, 109 (47) : 22449-22455
[18] Bergeron B V , Marton A , Oskam G, et al . Dye- sensitized SnO2 electrodes with iodide and p seudo halide redox mediators. Journal of Physical Chem istry B, 2005, 2 (109) : 937-943
[19]魏月琳,黄昀防,吴季怀等.聚丙烯酸电解质准固态染料敏化TiO2太阳能电池.人工晶体学报, 2005, 34 (3) : 412-416
[20] Wang M Q , Wang X G. P3HT/ ZnO bulk- hetero junction solar cell sensitized by a perylene derivative . Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 2008, 92 : 766-771
[21]B.O’Regan,M.Gratzel,A Low-cost High-efficient Solar Cell Based on Dye-sensitized Colloidal TiO2 Films.Nature.1991,353:737-740
[22]K.Kalyanasundaram,M.Gratzel. Application of functionalized transition metal complexes in photonic and optoelectronic devices. Coordination Chemistry Reviews.1998,177(1):347-414
[23]M.Gratzel. Photoelectrochemical Cells.Nature.2001,414:338-344
[24]黄春晖,李富友,黄岩谊.光电功能超薄膜.北京大学出版社.2001.2-35
[25]A.J.EcEvoy,M.Gratzel. Sensitization in photochemistry and photovoltaics. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. 1994.32(3):221-227.
[26]王瑞斌,戴松元,王孔嘉等.纳米TiO2对染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳能电池的影响.中国科学院研究生院学报.2001.18(l):28-30
[27]Hagfeldtt A,Gratzel M. Light-induced redox reactions in nanocrystalline systems. Chem. Rev.1995,95:49-68
[28]Duffy N W,Peter L M, Rajapakse R M G,et al. Investigation of the kinetics of the back reaction of electrons with tri-iodide in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline photovoltaic cells. Journal of Physical Chemistry B.2000,104:8916-8919
[29]戴松元.染料敏化纳米薄膜太阳电池的研究.[博士学位论文].中国科学院等离子体物理研究所.2000.
[30]Wang.Z.S.Kawauchi,H.Arakawa,H.,et al. Photoelectrode morphology on the energy conversion efficiency of N719 dye-sensitized solar cell, Coord.Chem.Rev.,2004,248:1381-1389
[31]盛显良,赵勇,翟锦.基于ZnO光阳极的染料敏化太阳电池.化学进展.2007,19(1):59-65
[32]Chappel S.,Chen S.G.,Zaban A.,TiO2-coated nanoporous SnO2 electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells.Langmuir.2002,18:3336-3342
[33]李斌,邱勇,染料敏化纳米太阳能电池.感光科学与光化学.2000,18(4):336-347.
[34]D.Hector,A.Thomas,J.Meyer,et al. Reduction of Water to Hydrogen by Reduced Polypyridine Complexes of Ruthenium.Journal of the American Chemical Society,1979,101(22):6745-6746
[35]林琳.染料敏化太阳能电池中TiO2薄膜电极的制备及应用.[硕士学位论文].泉州:华侨大学,2007
[36]Konenkamp R,Dloczik L.,Ernst K.,et al., Nano-structures for solar cells with extremely thin absorbers. Physical Review E.2002,(14):219-223
[37]Kavan L.,Rathousky J.,Gratzel M.,et al.,Mesoporous thin film TiO2 electrodes. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials.2001,(44-45):653-659
[38]Lifeng Dong,Jun Jiao,David W. Tuggle,and Jeremy M. Petty,Znonanowires formed on tungsten substrates and their electron field emission properties,Appl Phys Lett,2003,82:1096-1098
[39]Seu YI Li,Pang Lin and ChiaYing Lee,Field emission and photofluorescent characteristics of zinc oxide nanowires synthesized by a metal catalyzed vapor-liqid-solid process.J.Appl.Phys., 2004,95:3711
[40] B.D.Yao,Y.F.Chan,and N.Wang. Formation of ZnO nanostructures by simple way of thermal evaporation.Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,81:757
[41]M.H.Huang,S.Mao,H.Feick,et al.Room-Temperature Ultravilet Nanowire Nanolasers,Science, 2001,292:1897-1899
[42]Y.Li,G..W.Meng,L.D.Zhang,and F.Phillipp,Ordered semiconductor ZnO nanowire arrays and their photoluminescence properties,Appl.Phys.Lett.,2000,76:2011
[43]C.J.Lee,T.J.Lee,S.C.Lyu, et al. Field emission from well-aligned zinc oxide nanowires grown at low temperature,Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,81:36481.
[44]W.I..Park,D.H.Kim,S.W.Jung, et al. Metalogranic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of vertically well-alinged ZnO nanorods,Appl.Phys.Lett.,2002,80:4232-4234.
[45]常铁军,祁欣.材料近代分析测试方法.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社
[46]王培铭,许乾慰.材料研究方法.北京:科学出版社,2005:125-204
[47]张有纲,张永祥,许恒生.电子材料现代分析概论.成都:电子科技大学出版社,1995:237-240
[48]Gratzel M.,Dye-sensitized solar cells.Photochemistry and Photobiology C:Photochemistry Reviews.2003,4:145-153
[49]Nogueira A.F.,Marco A.,Paoli D.,A dye sensitized TiO2 photovoltaic cell constructed with an elastomeric electrolyte..Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells.2000,61:135-141
[50]Chigurupati N.,Saiki L.,Charles G.J.,et al.,Evaluation of red cabbage dye as a potential natural color for pharmaceutical use.International Pharmaceutics.2002,241:293-299
[51]Gratzel M.,Conversion of sunlight to electric power by nanocrytalline dye-sensitized solarcells.Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry.2004,16:3-14
[52]Somani P R.,Dionigi C.,Murgia M.,Solid-state dye PV cells using inverse opal TiO2 films. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells.2005,87:513–519
[53]Musat V, Teixeira B, Fortunato E, et al. Al-doped ZnO thin films by sol–gel method. Surf Coatings Techno.2004,180: 659
[54]Lee J H, Park B O, Characteristics of Al-doped ZnO thin films obtained by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis: effects of Al doping and an annealing treatment. Mater. Sci.Eng.B.2004,106: 242–245.
[55]Greg S.,Carlo B.,Zoberto A.,Testing of dye sensitized Ti02 solar cells I:Experimental photocurrent output and conversion efficiencies. Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells.1994,32:259
[56]Nazeruddin M.K.,Kay A.,Radicio I.,et al.,Conversion of light to eceltricity by cis-X2Bis (2,2’-bipyridy[-4,4-dicarboxylate]ruthenium(Ⅱ)charge-transfer sensitizers(X=Cl-,Br-,CN-,and SCN-)on nanacrystalline TiO2 electrodes.The Amereian Chemistry Society.1993,115:6382
[57]J.Yu,M.Zhou,B.Cheng, et al. Ultrasonic Preparation of Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide Nanocrystalline Photocatalysts and Evaluation of Photocatalytic Activity. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A.2005,227:75-80.
[58]郝三存,吴季怀,林建明.铂修饰光阴极及其在纳晶太阳能电池中的应用.感光科学与光化学.2004,22(3):175~181
[59]G.Q.Wang,R.F.Lin.A Novel High-Performance Counter Electrode for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells. Electrochimica Acta.2005,50:5546~5552
[60]Minna Toivola,Fredrik Ahlskog,Peter Lund. Industrial sheet metals for nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cell structures.Solar Energy Materials&Solar Cells.2006,90:2881-2893
[61]王文佳.染料敏化太阳能电池光阳极光阳极材料的研究:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:黑龙江大学
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |