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魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜用于龙眼常温保鲜的研究
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摘要
龙眼是我国南方主要种植的水果之一,主要成熟于高温、高湿的夏季(8~9月份),采后呼吸代谢旺盛,鲜果易变色、变质,常温下贮藏3~4天就全部褐变,严重限制了龙眼的贮运与销售,并影响到龙眼的商品率和销售价格。因此,龙眼采后技术研究成为龙眼生产的关键问题。本文研究了魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜、复合涂膜(魔芋葡甘聚糖、壳聚糖、蔗糖脂肪酸脂)、魔芋葡甘聚糖复合涂膜固定保鲜剂等处理方法对“福眼”龙眼常温贮藏好果率、褐变率、呼吸强度、MDA含量、类黄酮含量、叶绿素含量、总酚含量、酶活性(PPO、POD、SOD)等指标变化、以及对龙眼果皮结构的影响,以获得涂膜保鲜龙眼的机理及龙眼常温涂膜保鲜的有效方法。研究得出以下结论;
     (1)通过观察龙眼果皮的表面和横切面显微结构。可以观察到涂膜后龙眼果皮表面形成一层白色、连续的半透膜,覆盖了龙眼果皮表面上的蜂窝状细孔,并部分渗透到龙眼的中果皮,大大地减少龙眼外果皮的孔隙。因此与对照相比,涂膜可以显著降低龙眼贮藏期间的失水率和呼吸强度,降低果皮细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量;并通过隔氧抑制果皮多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,降低总酚的消耗,从而在一定的程度上抑制了龙眼的褐变。但是涂膜浓度太高,会导致龙眼的无氧呼吸,反而加快龙眼的腐烂。试验得出,采用2.0g/L的魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜能有效降低龙眼贮藏期间的生理生化活动,又能避免龙眼的无氧呼吸,具有较好的保鲜效果。
     (2)从“福眼”龙眼常温贮藏腐烂的果粒中分离出三种优势霉菌,经初步鉴定,三种优势霉菌分别为毛霉、赤霉和青霉。采用复合涂膜能固定保鲜剂,能有效抑制龙眼果皮毛霉和赤霉的生长,基本能避免龙眼常温贮藏霉菌的侵染。与单独采用2.0g/L的魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜对比,复合涂膜能在龙眼果皮形成一层更加致密的白色半透膜,能渗透到龙眼外果皮的微裂孔和维管束中,完全覆盖龙眼果皮表面的细孔。
     (3)通过正交试验得出最佳的涂膜配方为A_2B_3_C_2,即魔芋葡甘聚糖浓度为2.0g/L,壳聚糖为4.0g/L,蔗糖脂肪酸脂为1.5g/L。经过重复性试验,采用该组配方涂膜能有效减少“福眼”在贮藏期间的失水率和褐变率,降低龙眼果皮的PPO酶活性和丙二醛含量,在常温下贮藏7天好果率为82%。
     (4)复合涂膜+硫脲处理明显降低了龙眼果皮PPO酶活性和POD酶活性,减缓了SOD酶活性的下降,处理后的龙眼具有比较高的总酚含量和类黄酮含量,并降低了龙眼贮藏期间的褐变率,显著提高了龙眼的好果率,在29~33℃下贮藏9天,好果率达94%。与复合涂膜+硫脲处理相对比,复合涂膜+抑酶剂可以明显延缓龙眼果皮细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量的升高,保留了龙眼的主要营养成分,与对照相比,显著提高龙眼的好果率,在29~33℃下,贮藏8天,好果率85%。
     复合涂膜+抑酶荆、复合涂膜+硫脲处理可以明显降低失水率,降低果皮pH值,具有比较高的叶绿素和花色素苷含量和比较低的类胡萝卜素含量,使龙眼能在比较长的时间内保持黄绿色,具有比较高的商品色泽(插图5-1)。
Longan(Dimocarpus Longan Lour.) is a famous fruit species and is planted mainly in south China. Since Longan fruit mature in the hot and humid condition from August to September in China, the fruit deteriorate rapidly due to its vehemence respiration. Pericarp will brown completely after storaged 3~4 days at room temperature. The short postharvest period limits its storage, transportation and marketing. It affects its marketability and price at the same time. Therefore, postharvest research has become a key problem in the development of Longan production. In order to get the mechanism of the konjac coating in Longan storage and the viable method of Longan storage at room temperature, the changes of healthy fruit rate, pericarp browing index, respiration, the MDA contents, flavonoid contents, chlorophyll contents, anthocyanin contents total phenolics contents, and the PPO activity, POD activity, SOD activity et al, were studied in this paper. The results are showed as follows:
    (1) Through observing the Longan pericarp surface ultrastructure and transverse section ultrastructure by scanning electron microscope, a white-continual transparent coating was formed on the longan exocarp. It overlaied exocarp surface lenticels and permeates mesocarp partly, which reduced the area of cell interstics significantly. Therefore, compared with the control, coating could significantly reduce water loss rate, membrane permeability, the loss of total phenolics contents and inhibit respiration, the PPO activity by partitioning O2. So the coating could inhibit Longan pericarp browing to some extent. On the contrary, with a high concentration, Longan fruit deteriorated quickly. After analysised from experiment, a conclusion could be obtained that 2.0g/L Konjac coating could reduce the physiologic activity, avoid aerobatil and could prolong the Longan storage.
    (2) Three dominant strain fungis were seperated from "Fuyan" Longan fruit which was deteriorated at room temperature. Through authenticating, three fungi were Mucro,Gibberella SP. and Penicillium respectively. Using coating fixing antiseptic agent could inhibit the Mucro, Gibberella SP growth, so it could avoid Longan being infected by fungi at room temperature. Compared with 2.0g/L Konjac mannan coating, composite coating could form a layer white-continual tighter transparent coating. It overlaied exocarp lenticels significantly and' penetrated mesocarp. Therefore, composite coating could reduce Longan fruit's water loss more effectively and had a longer storage than 2.0g/L Konjac mannan coating.
    
    
    (3) Through the orthogonal experiment, the best coating formation was got, which was 2.0g/L Konjac mannan, 4.0g/L Chitosan, 1.5 g/L sucrose ester. By repetitious experiments, composite coating could reduce water loss rate the index pericarp browing the MDA contents, and inhibit PPO activity significantly. The healthy fruit was 82% for 7 days at room temperature.
    (4) Composite coating added thiourea, could significantly reduce the pericarp browing index, inhibit the PPO, POD activity, decelerate the descent of SOD activity, reserve more total phenolics contents, flavonoid contents and improve Longan heathy rate.Under the condition of 29~33 , the healthy rate was 94% for 9 days.
    Compared with composite coating with thiourea, Composite coating with enzyme inhibitor could significantly postpone the increase of cell membrane permeability and MDA contents. Composite coating could also reserve the most of the nutrition effectively. Compared with control, the healthy rates were improved significantly by composite coating adding enzyme inhibition Under the condition of 29~33, the healthy rates was 85% for 8 days.
    Compared with control, composite coating adding thiourea, composite coating with inhibiting enzyme could significantly reserve more water contents, chlorphyll contents, flavonoid contents, lower carotenoid pigment contents,and had a lower pH of pericarp. Therefore, Longan could retain the original color (yellow-green color) for a longer time and had
引文
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