西北太平洋环流及其与南海水交换研究
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摘要
西北太平洋是赤道太平洋和亚热带太平洋之间物质和热量交换的活跃区域,对全球气候变化起着重要作用。南海是西北太平洋最大的边缘海,两者之间的水交换不仅对南海的环流与热收支有重要作用,而且对西北太平洋的环流和生态也有很大影响。因此,对西北太平洋环流及其与南海水交换的研究具有重要的科学意义。本文在前人研究的基础上,主要利用2005年10-11月和2008年8-9月现场强化观测获得的高分辨率、大深度的CTD温盐资料和LADCP流速资料,对西北太平洋环流及南海与西北太平洋之间的水交换,尤其是对前人研究中还比较缺乏的中层及深层的环流结构和流态路径,进行了细致的分析研究,发现了一些新现象。
在2005年观测期间,西北太平洋的北赤道流(NEC)在菲律宾沿岸大约12°N的表层分叉为北向的黑潮(Kuroshio)和南向的棉兰老流(MC);NEC分叉点的纬度随着深度增加迅速北移,在1000米处移到20°N,但在1000米以下直到2000米分叉点的纬度几乎没有变化;吕宋潜流(LUC)在21°N的黑潮下面就已出现,沿吕宋岛沿岸向南流动中流速逐渐增强但深度变浅,在12°N左右LUC的上边界露出水面,一部分离开岸边向东流向海洋内区,另一部分与棉老岛流汇合继续向南流去;棉兰老流在棉兰老岛近岸可以达到2000米深度,深层的棉老岛流与跃层以下的气旋式环流有关;棉兰老潜流(MUC)在到达棉老岛沿岸后逐渐向东北方向偏移,最后在130°E,10°-12N之间汇入北赤道流下的东向潜流;与棉老岛潜流的流径相对应,来自南太平洋的南极中层水(AAIW)在北半球并没有直接沿着西边界向北入侵,而是转向东北,最远在130°E延伸到10°N。
结合2005年10月在吕宋海峡附近的流场结构和水团分布,第一次发现在吕宋海峡的中层(26.8-27.3σθ)大约500-900米深度上存在一个反气旋涡。这个反气旋涡的存在使得从吕宋海峡北部向东流出的盐度较高(34.4 利用2008年在吕宋海峡的密集观测,本文第一次给出了太平洋与南海深层水交换的具体路径以及深层水交换较为准确的定量结果。结果显示:太平洋深层水越过巴士海峡口的海槛,沿着巴士海峡通道主轴流向吕宋海沟,在吕宋海沟内经过比较复杂的环流,最后深层水都从吕宋海沟南端深水通道流出,由吕宋岛附近的深水开口流向南海海盆;在海峡通道中的深层流平均流速超过0.15 m s-1,最大流速可达0.3 m s-1,流速的垂向剖面具有明显的底边界层结构,即在深层流速先随深度增大,在离底百米左右处达到最大值,然后向海底迅速减小为零;通过巴士海峡的深层水(>27.64σθ)的水体通量为1.14 Sv,在吕宋海沟南端水体通量为1.44 Sv,在通向南海的开口处水体通量则为2.3 Sv;吕宋海沟西侧墙壁水深超过2000米的缺口处,存在东南向深层流,将大约0.1 Sv深层水从南海带入吕宋海沟。从西北太平洋经巴士海峡到吕宋海沟,深层水的密度及其垂向层结依次减弱,由此产生的水平压力梯度力是驱动深层流动的主要动力。同时,地形也是影响深层流场的重要因素。深层水在越过巴士海峡东端海槛时会发生水动力控制现象,该过程对巴士海峡深层流的流态以及深层水交换起到重要作用。
The western North Pacific Ocean is of major climate importance, where activemass, heat, and salinity exchange between the subtropical and equatorial oceansoccurs. The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea in the western PacificOcean. Effective water exchange between the SCS and the western North Pacific (NP)occurs through the Luzon Strait, which is important for both the circulation and heatbudget in the SCS and the circulation and biology in the western NP. Based on the in-situ intensive CTD and LADCP measurements during Oct.-Nov., 2005 and Aug.-Sep.,2008, this paper studies the circulation in the western NP and the water exchangesbetween the NP and the SCS, especially in the intermediate and deep layer whereprevious observations are limited. Some novel features are found.
During the period of observations in 2005, the North Equatorial Current (NEC)splits at about 12°N near the sea surface, feeding the northward Kuroshio and thesouthward Mindanao Current (MC); this bifurcation shifts northward with depth,reaching about 20°N at 1000m, and then it remains nearly unchanged to as deep as2000 m; The Luzon Undercurrent (LUC), emerging below the Kuroshio from about21°N, intensifies southward, with its upper boundary surfacing around 12°N; Fromthere, part of the LUC separates from the coast, while the rest continues southward tojoin the MC; The MC extends to 2000m near the coast, and appears to be closelyrelated to a subsurface, cyclonic circulation; the Mindanao Undercurrent (MUC) shiftseastward upon approaching the Mindanao coast, and eventually becomes part of theeastward undercurrent between 10°and 12°N at 130°E; The Antarctic IntermediateWater (AAIW) originating in the South Pacific is observed off Mindanao, but itsnorthward intrusion is confined primarily to the south of 10°N.
Through the analysis of the current structure and water mass distribution in the vicinity of the Luzon Strait in Oct. 2005, this study finds an anticyclonic eddy in theintermediate layer (26.8-27.3σθ, about 500-900 m) of the Luzon Strait. Due to theexistence of the eddy, part of the relatively high-salinity (34.4 Based on the intensive observations recently conducted in 2008, this study, forthe first time, shows the pathway and the accurate quantitive transports of the deepwater exchange between the NP and the SCS. The results show that the NP deep waterflows over the sill on the east side of the Bashi Channel, goes along the middle axis ofthe Bashi Channel to the deep Luzon Trough. Although the deep circulation in theTrough is complicated, the deep water should finally flow out through southern mouthof the Trough and goes into the deep basin of the SCS. The deep flow in the channelhas mean velocity exceeding 0.15 m s-1 and maximum velocity reaching 0.3 m s-1. Thevelocity in the deep layer increases with depth, reaches its maximum at ~100 metersabove the bottom, and then rapidly decrases to zero at bottom. The deep volumetransport (>27.64σθ) through the Bashi Channel is 1.14 Sv, increases to 1.44 Sv at thesouthern mouth of the Luzon Trough, and reacheas 2.3 Sv at the mouth to the SCS. Avolume flux of 0.1 Sv deep water flows southeastward from the SCS to the LuzonTrough at the gap along 121°E. Density decreases and stratification weakens from theNP to the Luzon Trough, thus ths pressure gradient drives the deep flow. Thetopography control is also important on the deep current structure. Hydraulic controloccurs when deep water flows over the sill in the Bashi Channel, and plays importantrole in the deep water exchange between the NP and the SCS.
在2005年观测期间,西北太平洋的北赤道流(NEC)在菲律宾沿岸大约12°N的表层分叉为北向的黑潮(Kuroshio)和南向的棉兰老流(MC);NEC分叉点的纬度随着深度增加迅速北移,在1000米处移到20°N,但在1000米以下直到2000米分叉点的纬度几乎没有变化;吕宋潜流(LUC)在21°N的黑潮下面就已出现,沿吕宋岛沿岸向南流动中流速逐渐增强但深度变浅,在12°N左右LUC的上边界露出水面,一部分离开岸边向东流向海洋内区,另一部分与棉老岛流汇合继续向南流去;棉兰老流在棉兰老岛近岸可以达到2000米深度,深层的棉老岛流与跃层以下的气旋式环流有关;棉兰老潜流(MUC)在到达棉老岛沿岸后逐渐向东北方向偏移,最后在130°E,10°-12N之间汇入北赤道流下的东向潜流;与棉老岛潜流的流径相对应,来自南太平洋的南极中层水(AAIW)在北半球并没有直接沿着西边界向北入侵,而是转向东北,最远在130°E延伸到10°N。
结合2005年10月在吕宋海峡附近的流场结构和水团分布,第一次发现在吕宋海峡的中层(26.8-27.3σθ)大约500-900米深度上存在一个反气旋涡。这个反气旋涡的存在使得从吕宋海峡北部向东流出的盐度较高(34.4
The western North Pacific Ocean is of major climate importance, where activemass, heat, and salinity exchange between the subtropical and equatorial oceansoccurs. The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea in the western PacificOcean. Effective water exchange between the SCS and the western North Pacific (NP)occurs through the Luzon Strait, which is important for both the circulation and heatbudget in the SCS and the circulation and biology in the western NP. Based on the in-situ intensive CTD and LADCP measurements during Oct.-Nov., 2005 and Aug.-Sep.,2008, this paper studies the circulation in the western NP and the water exchangesbetween the NP and the SCS, especially in the intermediate and deep layer whereprevious observations are limited. Some novel features are found.
During the period of observations in 2005, the North Equatorial Current (NEC)splits at about 12°N near the sea surface, feeding the northward Kuroshio and thesouthward Mindanao Current (MC); this bifurcation shifts northward with depth,reaching about 20°N at 1000m, and then it remains nearly unchanged to as deep as2000 m; The Luzon Undercurrent (LUC), emerging below the Kuroshio from about21°N, intensifies southward, with its upper boundary surfacing around 12°N; Fromthere, part of the LUC separates from the coast, while the rest continues southward tojoin the MC; The MC extends to 2000m near the coast, and appears to be closelyrelated to a subsurface, cyclonic circulation; the Mindanao Undercurrent (MUC) shiftseastward upon approaching the Mindanao coast, and eventually becomes part of theeastward undercurrent between 10°and 12°N at 130°E; The Antarctic IntermediateWater (AAIW) originating in the South Pacific is observed off Mindanao, but itsnorthward intrusion is confined primarily to the south of 10°N.
Through the analysis of the current structure and water mass distribution in the vicinity of the Luzon Strait in Oct. 2005, this study finds an anticyclonic eddy in theintermediate layer (26.8-27.3σθ, about 500-900 m) of the Luzon Strait. Due to theexistence of the eddy, part of the relatively high-salinity (34.4
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