稀土上转换发光纳米材料的制备及其在生物医学成像中的应用
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摘要
稀土上转换发光材料拥有许多优点,例如低毒性、高化学稳定性、优异的光稳定性、窄带发射、长的发光寿命;另外近红外激光作为其激发光源带来了许多优势,例如较深的光穿透深度,对生物组织几乎无损伤、生物组织不会发光(无背景荧光)等;这些特征使它们可望成为新一代生物发光标记。稀土上转换发光纳米材料(UCNPs)生物应用的前提是制备水溶性的、表面有活性基团(例如-COOH,-NH_2或者-SH)的UCNPs。
本论文的研究内容包括两部分,第一部分是运用水热法制备了多种形貌、不同尺度、多种基质和不同掺杂离子的稀土上转换发光纳米材料。第二部分是将制备的油溶性稀土上转换发光纳米材料进行表面改性,包括发展了表面配体环氧化方法和二氧化硅包覆方法制备了水溶性稀土上转换发光纳米材料,并用于活细胞成像。
Ⅰ.稀土上转换纳米材料制备及其发光性质的研究
1)水热法合成六方相Yb/Er,Yb/Ho掺杂的LaF_3上转换发光纳米盘
我们采用水热法在较低的温度(160℃)下制备了Yb/Er或Yb/Ho掺杂的纯六方相LaF_3纳米盘,其形貌规则、粒径均一、上转换发光强。制备的纳米材料能很好的分散在非极性溶剂(如氯仿,环己烷)中,经980 nm连续激光激发后可以发出强的可见光,并研究其上转换发光机理,发现LaF_3:20%Yb,1%Ho纳米晶的Ho~(3+)的绿色上转换发光约为1.5个光子吸收过程,而LaF_3:12%Yb,3%Er纳米晶的Er~(3+)离子的绿色和红色上转换发光为两光子吸收过程。
2)通过控制晶型和形貌制备上转换多色发射的NaYF_4:Yb,Er纳米晶
我们在无水乙醇/水/油酸/油酸钠/氟化钠体系中,通过控制无水乙醇/水的比例和量以及改变氟源的量制备不同形貌的纳米粒子和纳米(微米)棒结构。通过实验条件的优化制备了立方相的纳米球和纳米立方块,同时还获得了形貌规则、表面光滑、纯六方相且结晶度较高、长径比(3.25～21)的棒状结构,绿(514～560 nm)红(635～680 nm)光强度比例从0.44到2.51可调,实现了不同形貌同种材料的多色上转换发射。
3)多种形貌NaYF_4:Yb,Er纳米晶的可控合成及其上转换发光性质
在第二部分的基础上,通过控制无水乙醇/水的比例和量,改变稀土离子浓度和反应温度,成功制备出形貌规则、纯六方相且结晶度较高、表面雪花状花纹明显的纳米片状二维结构。并探讨了雪花状纳米片的生长过程和可能机理。
Ⅱ.稀土上转换发光纳米材料的表面改性及其在生物成像中的应用
1)表面配体环氧化法制备两亲性UCNPs及其在生物成像中的应用
利用间氯过氧化苯甲酸作为环氧化试剂,将表面含有碳碳双键的油酸配体氧化为三元环氧化合物,然后在温和条件下与含有活性官能团的有机分子(如mPEG-OH)发生开环反应,在油酸分子上嫁接亲水性分子,使得UCNPs具有两亲性。改性后mPEG-UCNPs的上转换发光在不同的pH值条件下具有较好的稳定性、而且具有较好的生物相容性,并成功用于细胞标记上转换发光成像。
2)多模式发光的核壳结构纳米复合材料用于肿瘤细胞的靶向成像
我们将上转换发光的稀土纳米粒子和下转换发光的有机染料整合于一个纳米粒子中,制备成核壳结构的多模式发光的纳米复合粒子[UCNP@SiO_2(FITC)-NH_2],该纳米粒子粒径均一,具有很好的分散性和水溶性。由于二氧化硅层的包覆,成功的在表面修饰出氨基官能团,并进一步与生物靶向分子叶酸偶联,共聚焦成像实验和流式细胞仪的测试结果表明其可以用于高表达叶酸受体的肿瘤细胞的靶向成像和定量分析。
Rear-earth upconverting luminescent phosphors(UCPs) have many advantages, such as low toxicity,high chemical stability and optical stability,sharp emission lines, long emission lifetimes;In addition,under continuous-wave(CW) NIR excitation at 980 nm have advantages also,such as deeper light-penetration depth,no photodamage to living organisms and avoid background fluorescence effectively.All these favorable properties have indicated great potential for UCPs be a new kind of biological luminescent labels.A prerequisite for rear-earth upconverting luminescent nanophosphors(UCNPs) biological applications is to gain access to water-soluble nanoparticles bearing appropriate functional groups(such as -COOH,-NH_2 or -SH) on their surface.
There are two parts in this thesis.One is the preparation of UCNPs with different morphologies,size and host matrix doped with different exciting ions using modified hydrothermal conditions.Another is the surface modification of UCNPs,surface ligand epoxidation and silica coating strategies have been developed that convert the hydrophobic UCNPs to hydrophilic ones,and the modified UCNPs have been used for bio-imaging.
Ⅰ.Synthesis of UCNPs and their upconverting luminescent properties
1) Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hexagonal Lanthanide-doped LaF_3 Nanoplates with Bright Upconversion Luminescence
We have synthesized hexagonal Yb/Er and Yb/Ho co-doped LaF_3 nanoplates with uniform morphology and size and bright upconverting luminescence by mild temperature hydrothermal process.The hexagonal nanoplates can be easily dissolved in nonpolar solvents such as chloroform and cyclohexane.Under CW excitation at 980 nm,the Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+) and Yb~(3+)/Ho~(3+) co-doped LaF_3 nanocrystals emit bright orange (a combination of green and red,1.5 photon absorb process) and green(2.0 photon absorb process)upconversion luminescence,respectively.
2) Synthesis of Bright Multicolor Upconverting emission of NaYF_4:Yb,Er Nanocrystals by Changing Crystalgraphic and Morphology
Different morphologies of NaYF_4:Yb,Er naoparticles and nano-(micro-)rods have been prepared by changing the ratio of ethanol to water,mount of NaF in our ethanol/water/oleic acid/sodium oleate/NaF reaction systems.Under different experiment conditions,monodisperseα-NaYF_4:Yb,Er naonspheres and nanocubic,β-NaYF_4:Yb,Er nanorod with controlled slenderness ratio(ratio of length to radiometer from 3.25 to21) has been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal route. Mulitcolor upcoverting luminescence can been realized by the different morphologies of NaYF_4:Yb,Er micro-rods,the intensity ratio of green(514～560 nm) to red(635 680 nm) emission(f_(g/r)) can be tuned from 0.44 to 2.51.
3) Shape-Controlled Synthesis and Upcoverting Luminescent Properties of Hexagonal NaYF_4:Yb,Er Nanocrystals With Multi-Morphologies
Based on the second section,by changing the ratio of ethanol to water, concentration of rare-earth ions and temperature in our ethanol/water/oleic acid/sodium oleate/NaF reaction systems,hexagonal snowflake likeβ-NaYF_4:Yb,Er 2D structure with good crystalgraphic have been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal mute.The possible formation mechanisms for the products with various architectures are presented.
Ⅱ.UCNPs' surface modification and for bio-imaging applications
1) Facile Epoxidation Strategy for Producing Amphiphilic Up-Converting Rare-Earth Nanophosphors as Biological Labels
Herein,3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid was used to epoxidate the surface oleic acid (OA)ligand to ternary-ring epoxidation compound,and further coupling with polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether(mPEG-OH),which making the hydrophobic UCNPs to amphiphilic ones.The amphiphilic mPEG/UCNPs have good optical and chemical stability at different pH values,and been used as bioimaging probes.
2) Multimodal Luminescence Core-shell Nanocomposites for Targeted Imaging of Tumor Cells
The organic dye incorporated silica coated UCNP nanocomposites as synthesized are well dispersed and have a uniform shape and size distribution,water-soluble and biocompatibility.The UCNP@SiO_2(FITC)-NH_2 nanocomposites readily conjugated with folic acid.By use of confocal microscopy and flow cytometry,we demonstrated that the receptor-mediated delivery of FA conjugated nanocomposites targeting FR(+) cancer cells by qualitative bioimaging and quantitative analysis.
本论文的研究内容包括两部分,第一部分是运用水热法制备了多种形貌、不同尺度、多种基质和不同掺杂离子的稀土上转换发光纳米材料。第二部分是将制备的油溶性稀土上转换发光纳米材料进行表面改性,包括发展了表面配体环氧化方法和二氧化硅包覆方法制备了水溶性稀土上转换发光纳米材料,并用于活细胞成像。
Ⅰ.稀土上转换纳米材料制备及其发光性质的研究
1)水热法合成六方相Yb/Er,Yb/Ho掺杂的LaF_3上转换发光纳米盘
我们采用水热法在较低的温度(160℃)下制备了Yb/Er或Yb/Ho掺杂的纯六方相LaF_3纳米盘,其形貌规则、粒径均一、上转换发光强。制备的纳米材料能很好的分散在非极性溶剂(如氯仿,环己烷)中,经980 nm连续激光激发后可以发出强的可见光,并研究其上转换发光机理,发现LaF_3:20%Yb,1%Ho纳米晶的Ho~(3+)的绿色上转换发光约为1.5个光子吸收过程,而LaF_3:12%Yb,3%Er纳米晶的Er~(3+)离子的绿色和红色上转换发光为两光子吸收过程。
2)通过控制晶型和形貌制备上转换多色发射的NaYF_4:Yb,Er纳米晶
我们在无水乙醇/水/油酸/油酸钠/氟化钠体系中,通过控制无水乙醇/水的比例和量以及改变氟源的量制备不同形貌的纳米粒子和纳米(微米)棒结构。通过实验条件的优化制备了立方相的纳米球和纳米立方块,同时还获得了形貌规则、表面光滑、纯六方相且结晶度较高、长径比(3.25～21)的棒状结构,绿(514～560 nm)红(635～680 nm)光强度比例从0.44到2.51可调,实现了不同形貌同种材料的多色上转换发射。
3)多种形貌NaYF_4:Yb,Er纳米晶的可控合成及其上转换发光性质
在第二部分的基础上,通过控制无水乙醇/水的比例和量,改变稀土离子浓度和反应温度,成功制备出形貌规则、纯六方相且结晶度较高、表面雪花状花纹明显的纳米片状二维结构。并探讨了雪花状纳米片的生长过程和可能机理。
Ⅱ.稀土上转换发光纳米材料的表面改性及其在生物成像中的应用
1)表面配体环氧化法制备两亲性UCNPs及其在生物成像中的应用
利用间氯过氧化苯甲酸作为环氧化试剂,将表面含有碳碳双键的油酸配体氧化为三元环氧化合物,然后在温和条件下与含有活性官能团的有机分子(如mPEG-OH)发生开环反应,在油酸分子上嫁接亲水性分子,使得UCNPs具有两亲性。改性后mPEG-UCNPs的上转换发光在不同的pH值条件下具有较好的稳定性、而且具有较好的生物相容性,并成功用于细胞标记上转换发光成像。
2)多模式发光的核壳结构纳米复合材料用于肿瘤细胞的靶向成像
我们将上转换发光的稀土纳米粒子和下转换发光的有机染料整合于一个纳米粒子中,制备成核壳结构的多模式发光的纳米复合粒子[UCNP@SiO_2(FITC)-NH_2],该纳米粒子粒径均一,具有很好的分散性和水溶性。由于二氧化硅层的包覆,成功的在表面修饰出氨基官能团,并进一步与生物靶向分子叶酸偶联,共聚焦成像实验和流式细胞仪的测试结果表明其可以用于高表达叶酸受体的肿瘤细胞的靶向成像和定量分析。
Rear-earth upconverting luminescent phosphors(UCPs) have many advantages, such as low toxicity,high chemical stability and optical stability,sharp emission lines, long emission lifetimes;In addition,under continuous-wave(CW) NIR excitation at 980 nm have advantages also,such as deeper light-penetration depth,no photodamage to living organisms and avoid background fluorescence effectively.All these favorable properties have indicated great potential for UCPs be a new kind of biological luminescent labels.A prerequisite for rear-earth upconverting luminescent nanophosphors(UCNPs) biological applications is to gain access to water-soluble nanoparticles bearing appropriate functional groups(such as -COOH,-NH_2 or -SH) on their surface.
There are two parts in this thesis.One is the preparation of UCNPs with different morphologies,size and host matrix doped with different exciting ions using modified hydrothermal conditions.Another is the surface modification of UCNPs,surface ligand epoxidation and silica coating strategies have been developed that convert the hydrophobic UCNPs to hydrophilic ones,and the modified UCNPs have been used for bio-imaging.
Ⅰ.Synthesis of UCNPs and their upconverting luminescent properties
1) Hydrothermal Synthesis of Hexagonal Lanthanide-doped LaF_3 Nanoplates with Bright Upconversion Luminescence
We have synthesized hexagonal Yb/Er and Yb/Ho co-doped LaF_3 nanoplates with uniform morphology and size and bright upconverting luminescence by mild temperature hydrothermal process.The hexagonal nanoplates can be easily dissolved in nonpolar solvents such as chloroform and cyclohexane.Under CW excitation at 980 nm,the Yb~(3+)/Er~(3+) and Yb~(3+)/Ho~(3+) co-doped LaF_3 nanocrystals emit bright orange (a combination of green and red,1.5 photon absorb process) and green(2.0 photon absorb process)upconversion luminescence,respectively.
2) Synthesis of Bright Multicolor Upconverting emission of NaYF_4:Yb,Er Nanocrystals by Changing Crystalgraphic and Morphology
Different morphologies of NaYF_4:Yb,Er naoparticles and nano-(micro-)rods have been prepared by changing the ratio of ethanol to water,mount of NaF in our ethanol/water/oleic acid/sodium oleate/NaF reaction systems.Under different experiment conditions,monodisperseα-NaYF_4:Yb,Er naonspheres and nanocubic,β-NaYF_4:Yb,Er nanorod with controlled slenderness ratio(ratio of length to radiometer from 3.25 to21) has been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal route. Mulitcolor upcoverting luminescence can been realized by the different morphologies of NaYF_4:Yb,Er micro-rods,the intensity ratio of green(514～560 nm) to red(635 680 nm) emission(f_(g/r)) can be tuned from 0.44 to 2.51.
3) Shape-Controlled Synthesis and Upcoverting Luminescent Properties of Hexagonal NaYF_4:Yb,Er Nanocrystals With Multi-Morphologies
Based on the second section,by changing the ratio of ethanol to water, concentration of rare-earth ions and temperature in our ethanol/water/oleic acid/sodium oleate/NaF reaction systems,hexagonal snowflake likeβ-NaYF_4:Yb,Er 2D structure with good crystalgraphic have been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal mute.The possible formation mechanisms for the products with various architectures are presented.
Ⅱ.UCNPs' surface modification and for bio-imaging applications
1) Facile Epoxidation Strategy for Producing Amphiphilic Up-Converting Rare-Earth Nanophosphors as Biological Labels
Herein,3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid was used to epoxidate the surface oleic acid (OA)ligand to ternary-ring epoxidation compound,and further coupling with polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether(mPEG-OH),which making the hydrophobic UCNPs to amphiphilic ones.The amphiphilic mPEG/UCNPs have good optical and chemical stability at different pH values,and been used as bioimaging probes.
2) Multimodal Luminescence Core-shell Nanocomposites for Targeted Imaging of Tumor Cells
The organic dye incorporated silica coated UCNP nanocomposites as synthesized are well dispersed and have a uniform shape and size distribution,water-soluble and biocompatibility.The UCNP@SiO_2(FITC)-NH_2 nanocomposites readily conjugated with folic acid.By use of confocal microscopy and flow cytometry,we demonstrated that the receptor-mediated delivery of FA conjugated nanocomposites targeting FR(+) cancer cells by qualitative bioimaging and quantitative analysis.
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