无线信道去极化效应分析与研究
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摘要
未来无线通信宽带化发展趋势使得传统时域、频域、空域及码域通信资源紧缺成为制约无线通信发展的瓶颈问题。无线信号极化状态作为区别于信号时间、频率、空间、码特性的电磁波矢量特性逐渐引起人们的重视。然而,无线信道针对信号的极化特性呈.现复杂的去极化效应,这在很大程度上制约了无线信号极化域信号处理的发展。因此,针对无线信道去极化效应的分析与研究是目前急需攻克的难点。本论文是在参加国家自然科学基金项目(极化域频谱感知理论与技术研究,项目编号：60902047)的过程中,对无线极化信道建模和去极化效应进行分析和研究的一些成果。
论文内容包括如下：
(1)对现有无线极化信道建模方法和去极化效应进行分类,梳理并分析指出无线极化信道建模存在的不足和去极化效应分析的局限性,为展开本论文的研究工作指明方向。
(2)针对无线信道窄带去极化效应分析的需要,根据几何去极化理论,建立了一种基于散射体极化特性的窄带理论极化信道模型。依据该模型全面分析了极化功率不平衡和极化相关性与散射体空域特性的关系。通过与已有实测和理论成果进行比对,验证了建模方法的可行性和研究成果的有效性
(3)针对进一步分析无线信道宽带去极化效应分析的需要,引入极化功率不平衡和极化相关性.提出了完全表征宽带信道极化特性的宽带理论极化信道模型。侬据该模型：采用数值仿真和曲线拟合相结合的方法,首次理论研究了极化模式扩散和极化相关损耗的概率统计特性。全面分析了它们与功率角谱、时延功率谱、极化功率不平衡和极化相关性的关系。
With the broadband orientation of future wireless communications, the shortage of wireless communication resources in traditional time, frequency, spatial, and code domain has become the bottleneck of the development of wireless communications. Different from signal's characteristics in time, frequency, spatial and code domain, polarization state of wireless signal which represents signal's electro-magnetic vector characteristic has gradually attracted researchers' attention. However, practical wireless polarized channel displays complex and intricate depolarization effects which restrict the development of polarization signal processing in a large extent. Therefore, analysis and research on wireless polarized channel's depolarization effects turns out to be the most emergent difficulty.
This dissertation is part of results of the project "Spectrum Sensing Theory and Technology Research in Polarization Domain" sponsored by Chinese National Science Foundation (Grant No.60902047). The main issues of this paper are:
(1) Classify recent research on wireless polarized channel modeling and analysis of depolarization effects, point out the insufficiency of previous wireless polarized channel modeling and the limitation of the analysis of depolarization effects, and indicate the direction of this research.
(2) In order to analyze narrowband wireless channel's depolarization effect, this dissertation proposes narrowband theoretical polarized channel model based on scatterer's polarization characteristics using geometrical depolarization theory. According to this model, this dissertation fully analyzes the relationship between polarization power imbalance, polarization correlation and the spatial characteristics of scatterers. Correctness of the modeling method and effectiveness of the research results are validated by comparison with previous experimental and theoretical results.
(3) In order to analyze wideband wireless channel's depolarization effect, this dissertation proposes comprehensive wideband theoretical polarized channel with the introduction of polarization power imbalance and polarization correlation. According to this model and with the combination of numerical simulation and curve fitting method, chapter4characterizes the statistics of polarization mode dispersion and polarization dependent loss for the first time. This dissertation further analyzes their relationship with power angular spectra, power delay spectra, polarization power imbalance, and polarization correlation.
论文内容包括如下：
(1)对现有无线极化信道建模方法和去极化效应进行分类,梳理并分析指出无线极化信道建模存在的不足和去极化效应分析的局限性,为展开本论文的研究工作指明方向。
(2)针对无线信道窄带去极化效应分析的需要,根据几何去极化理论,建立了一种基于散射体极化特性的窄带理论极化信道模型。依据该模型全面分析了极化功率不平衡和极化相关性与散射体空域特性的关系。通过与已有实测和理论成果进行比对,验证了建模方法的可行性和研究成果的有效性
(3)针对进一步分析无线信道宽带去极化效应分析的需要,引入极化功率不平衡和极化相关性.提出了完全表征宽带信道极化特性的宽带理论极化信道模型。侬据该模型：采用数值仿真和曲线拟合相结合的方法,首次理论研究了极化模式扩散和极化相关损耗的概率统计特性。全面分析了它们与功率角谱、时延功率谱、极化功率不平衡和极化相关性的关系。
With the broadband orientation of future wireless communications, the shortage of wireless communication resources in traditional time, frequency, spatial, and code domain has become the bottleneck of the development of wireless communications. Different from signal's characteristics in time, frequency, spatial and code domain, polarization state of wireless signal which represents signal's electro-magnetic vector characteristic has gradually attracted researchers' attention. However, practical wireless polarized channel displays complex and intricate depolarization effects which restrict the development of polarization signal processing in a large extent. Therefore, analysis and research on wireless polarized channel's depolarization effects turns out to be the most emergent difficulty.
This dissertation is part of results of the project "Spectrum Sensing Theory and Technology Research in Polarization Domain" sponsored by Chinese National Science Foundation (Grant No.60902047). The main issues of this paper are:
(1) Classify recent research on wireless polarized channel modeling and analysis of depolarization effects, point out the insufficiency of previous wireless polarized channel modeling and the limitation of the analysis of depolarization effects, and indicate the direction of this research.
(2) In order to analyze narrowband wireless channel's depolarization effect, this dissertation proposes narrowband theoretical polarized channel model based on scatterer's polarization characteristics using geometrical depolarization theory. According to this model, this dissertation fully analyzes the relationship between polarization power imbalance, polarization correlation and the spatial characteristics of scatterers. Correctness of the modeling method and effectiveness of the research results are validated by comparison with previous experimental and theoretical results.
(3) In order to analyze wideband wireless channel's depolarization effect, this dissertation proposes comprehensive wideband theoretical polarized channel with the introduction of polarization power imbalance and polarization correlation. According to this model and with the combination of numerical simulation and curve fitting method, chapter4characterizes the statistics of polarization mode dispersion and polarization dependent loss for the first time. This dissertation further analyzes their relationship with power angular spectra, power delay spectra, polarization power imbalance, and polarization correlation.
引文
[1]Zhuang Zhao-wen, Xiao Shun-ping, Wang Xue-Song, "Radar Polarization Information Processing and Application." Press of National Defense Industry, 1999.
[2]C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005.
[3]A. Dunand and J. M. Conrat, "Polarization behaviour in urban macrocell environments at 2.2GHz," Antennas and Propagation,2007.
[4]M. Hajian, H. Nikookar, F. v. der. Zwan and L. P. Ligthart, "Branch correlation measurements and analysis in an indoor Rayleigh fading channel for polarization diversity using a dual polarized patch antenna," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. vol.15, no.9, pp.555-557, Sep.2005.
[5]W. A. T. Kotterman, G. Sommerkorn, R. S. Thoma, "Cross-correlation Values for Dual-polarised Indoor MIMO Links and Realistic Antenna Elements", in Proc. IEEE ICWCS,2006.
[6]H. Asplund and J. Berg and J. Medboo and M. Riback, "Propagation characteristics of polarized radio waves in cellular communications," in Proc. IEEE VTC 2007.
[7]F. Quitin, C. Oestges, F. Horlin and P. D. Doncker, "Channel Correlation and Cross-Polar Ratio in Multi-Polarized MIMO Channels:Analytical Derivation and Experimental Validation," in Proc. IEEE VTC,2008.
[8]Y. Konishi and L. Materum and J. I. Takada and I. Ida and Y. Oishi, "Cluster Polarization Behavior of a MIMO System:Measurement, Modeling and Statistical Validation of the Correlation of its Channel Parameters," In Proc. IEEE PIMRC,2009.
[9]V. D. Esposti, V. M. Kolmonen, E. M. Vitucci, P. Vainikainen, "Analysis and Modeling on co- and Cross-Polarized Urban Radio Propagation for Dual-Polarized MIMO Wireless Systems," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.59, no.11, pp.4247-4256, Nov.2011.
[10]Oestges and B. Clerckx and L. Raynaud and D. V. Janvier, "Deterministic channel modeling and performance simulation of microcellular wideband communiacation systems," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.51, no.6, pp. 1422-1430, Oct.2002.
[11]C. Oestges, V. Erceg, A. J. Paulraj, "Propagation Modeling of MIMO Multipolarized Fixed Wireless Channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.53, no. 3, pp.644-654, May.2004.
[12]V. Erceg, P. Soma, D. S. Baum, S. Catreux, "Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Fixed Wireless Radio Channel Measurements and Modeling Using Dual-Polarized Antennas at 2.5 GHz," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.3, no. 6, pp.2288-2298, Nov.2004.
[13]M. Shafi, M. Zhang, A. L. Moustakas, P. J. Smith, A. F. Molisch, F. Tufvesson, S. H. Simon, "Polarized MIMO Channels in 3-D:Models, Measurements and Mutual Information," IEEE J. Sel. Commun., vol.24, no.3, pp.514-527, Mar. 2006.
[14]F. Quitin and C. Oestges, "A New Double-Directional Channel Model Including Antenna Patterns, Array Orientation, and Depolarization," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.59, no.5, pp.2219-2231, Jun.2010.
[15]F. Quitin and C. Oestges, "A Polarized Clustered Channel Model for Indoor Multiantenna Systems at 3.6 GHz," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.59, no.8, pp.3685-3693, Oct.2010.
[16]C. Oestges, B. Clerckx, M. Guillaud, M. Debbah, "Dual-Polarized Wireless Communications:From Propagation Models to System Performance Evaluation," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.7, no.10, pp.4019-4031, Oct.2008.
[17]A. M. D. Turkmani, A. A. Arowojolu, P. A. Jefford, C. J. Kellett, "Two-Branch Space and Polarization Diversity Schemes at 1800 MHz," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.44, no.2, pp.318-326, May.1995.
[18]F. Lotse and J. Berg, "Base Station Polarization Diversity Reception in Marocellular Sstems at 1800 MHz," in Proc. IEEE VTC 1996.
[19]J. F. V. Valdes, M. A. G. Fernandez, A. M. M. Gonzalez, D. A. S. Hernandez, "Evaluation of True Polarization Diversity for MIMO Systems", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.57, no.9, pp.2746-2755, Sep.2009.
[20]T. Pratt, S. Nguyen and B. T. Walkenhorst, "Dual-polarized architectures for sensing with wireless communications signals," in Proc. IEEE MILCOM 2008.
[21]L. Lin, C. Guo, C. Feng and X. Wu "Degree of polarization spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radios," in Proc. IEEE WPMC,2012.
[22]L. Lin, C. Guo, C. Feng, X. Wu, "A Dual-polarized Antenna Based Sensing Algorithm for OFDM Signals in LTE-Advanced Systems," in Workshop IEEE GlobeCom,2012.
[23]C. Guo, X. Wu, C. Feng, Z. Zeng, "Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radios Based on Directional Statistics of Polarization Vectors," IEEE J. Sel. Commun., Mar. 2013, accepted for publication.
[24]D. Wei, C. Feng, C. Guo, "A Polarization-Amplitude-Phase Modulation Scheme for the Power Amplifier Energy Efficiency Enhancement," in Proc. IEEE WPMC, 2012.
[25]B. Cao, Q. Y. Zhang, D. Liang, S. M. Wen, L. Jin, Y. Q. Xhang, "Blind Adaptive Polarization Filtering Based on Oblique Projection," in Proc. IEEE ICC,2010.
[26]T. Pratt, B. Walkenhorst and S. Nguyen, "Adaptive polarization transmission of OFDM signals in channels with polarization mode dispersion and polarization-dependent loss," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.8, no.7, pp. 3354-3359, Jul.2009.
[27]B. Cao, Q. Y. Zhang, L. Jin, "Polarization Division Multiple Access with Polarization Modulation for LOS Wireless Communications," EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. and Networking,2011.
[28]L. E. Nelson and R. M. Jopson, "Introduction to polarization mode dispersion in optical systems," in Proc. VSS 2002.
[29]P. Lu, L. Chen and X. Bao, "Polarization mode dispersion and polarization dependent loss for a pulse in single-mode fibers", J. Lightwave Technol., vol.19, pp.856-860 2001.
[30]K. Mammasis and R. W. Stewart and J. S. Thompson, "Spatial Fading Correlation Model using Mixtures of Von Mises Fisher Distribution," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.8, no.4, pp.2046-2055, Apr.2009.
[31]L. Cirreua, "Mobile Broadband Multimedia Networks:Techniques, Models and Tools for 4G," New York:Academic,2006.
[32]3GPP TR 25.996-610. Spatial Channel Model for MIMO Simulations
[33]P. Kyosti and J. Meinila and L. Hentila and X. Zhao and T.Jams and C. Schneider and M. Narandzic and M. Milojevic and A. Hong and J. Ylitalo and V. M. Holappa and M. Alatossava and R. Bultitude and Y. de Jong and T. Rautianinen, IST-4-02-027756 Winner Ⅱ, D 1.1.2. V.I.1 Winner II Channel Models,2006.
[34]S. C. Kwon and G. L. Stuber, "Geometrical Theory of Channel Depolarization," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.60, no.8, pp.3542-3556, Oct.2011.
[35]E. Lichtman, "Limitations imposed by polarization-dependent gain and loss on all-optical ultralong communication systems," J. Lightwave Technol., vol.5, pp. 906-913 1995.
[36]R. H. Clarke, "A statistical theory of mobile-radio reception," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol.47, no.6, pp.957-1000, Jul./Aug.1968.
[37]K. Yu, M. Bengtsson, B. Ottersten, D. McNamara, P. Karlsson and M. Beach, "Modeling of wide-band MIMO radio channels based on NLoS indoor measurements," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.53, no.3, pp.655-665, May 2004.
[38]I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik, "Table of integrals, series, and products,7th ed." Elsevier Inc.,2007.
[39]C.-X. Wang, M. Ptzold and Q. Yao, "Stochastic modeling and simulation of frequency-correlated wideband fading channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 56, no.3, pp.1050-1063, May 2007.
[40]"Digital Land Mobile Radio Communications" Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,1989, Luxemburg. Final Report.
[41]A. Kainulainen, L. Vuokko, and P. Vainikainen, "Polarization behavior in different urban radio environments at 5.3 GHz," COST 273, Tech. Rep.05-018, Jan.2005.
[42]T. Neubauer and P. Eggers, "Simultaneous Characterization of polarization matrix components in pico cells," in Proc. IEEE VTC,1999.
[43]K. V. Mardia and P. E. Jupp, "Directional Statistics," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
[2]C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory Analysis and Design. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2005.
[3]A. Dunand and J. M. Conrat, "Polarization behaviour in urban macrocell environments at 2.2GHz," Antennas and Propagation,2007.
[4]M. Hajian, H. Nikookar, F. v. der. Zwan and L. P. Ligthart, "Branch correlation measurements and analysis in an indoor Rayleigh fading channel for polarization diversity using a dual polarized patch antenna," IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett. vol.15, no.9, pp.555-557, Sep.2005.
[5]W. A. T. Kotterman, G. Sommerkorn, R. S. Thoma, "Cross-correlation Values for Dual-polarised Indoor MIMO Links and Realistic Antenna Elements", in Proc. IEEE ICWCS,2006.
[6]H. Asplund and J. Berg and J. Medboo and M. Riback, "Propagation characteristics of polarized radio waves in cellular communications," in Proc. IEEE VTC 2007.
[7]F. Quitin, C. Oestges, F. Horlin and P. D. Doncker, "Channel Correlation and Cross-Polar Ratio in Multi-Polarized MIMO Channels:Analytical Derivation and Experimental Validation," in Proc. IEEE VTC,2008.
[8]Y. Konishi and L. Materum and J. I. Takada and I. Ida and Y. Oishi, "Cluster Polarization Behavior of a MIMO System:Measurement, Modeling and Statistical Validation of the Correlation of its Channel Parameters," In Proc. IEEE PIMRC,2009.
[9]V. D. Esposti, V. M. Kolmonen, E. M. Vitucci, P. Vainikainen, "Analysis and Modeling on co- and Cross-Polarized Urban Radio Propagation for Dual-Polarized MIMO Wireless Systems," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.59, no.11, pp.4247-4256, Nov.2011.
[10]Oestges and B. Clerckx and L. Raynaud and D. V. Janvier, "Deterministic channel modeling and performance simulation of microcellular wideband communiacation systems," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.51, no.6, pp. 1422-1430, Oct.2002.
[11]C. Oestges, V. Erceg, A. J. Paulraj, "Propagation Modeling of MIMO Multipolarized Fixed Wireless Channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.53, no. 3, pp.644-654, May.2004.
[12]V. Erceg, P. Soma, D. S. Baum, S. Catreux, "Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Fixed Wireless Radio Channel Measurements and Modeling Using Dual-Polarized Antennas at 2.5 GHz," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.3, no. 6, pp.2288-2298, Nov.2004.
[13]M. Shafi, M. Zhang, A. L. Moustakas, P. J. Smith, A. F. Molisch, F. Tufvesson, S. H. Simon, "Polarized MIMO Channels in 3-D:Models, Measurements and Mutual Information," IEEE J. Sel. Commun., vol.24, no.3, pp.514-527, Mar. 2006.
[14]F. Quitin and C. Oestges, "A New Double-Directional Channel Model Including Antenna Patterns, Array Orientation, and Depolarization," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.59, no.5, pp.2219-2231, Jun.2010.
[15]F. Quitin and C. Oestges, "A Polarized Clustered Channel Model for Indoor Multiantenna Systems at 3.6 GHz," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.59, no.8, pp.3685-3693, Oct.2010.
[16]C. Oestges, B. Clerckx, M. Guillaud, M. Debbah, "Dual-Polarized Wireless Communications:From Propagation Models to System Performance Evaluation," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.7, no.10, pp.4019-4031, Oct.2008.
[17]A. M. D. Turkmani, A. A. Arowojolu, P. A. Jefford, C. J. Kellett, "Two-Branch Space and Polarization Diversity Schemes at 1800 MHz," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.44, no.2, pp.318-326, May.1995.
[18]F. Lotse and J. Berg, "Base Station Polarization Diversity Reception in Marocellular Sstems at 1800 MHz," in Proc. IEEE VTC 1996.
[19]J. F. V. Valdes, M. A. G. Fernandez, A. M. M. Gonzalez, D. A. S. Hernandez, "Evaluation of True Polarization Diversity for MIMO Systems", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.57, no.9, pp.2746-2755, Sep.2009.
[20]T. Pratt, S. Nguyen and B. T. Walkenhorst, "Dual-polarized architectures for sensing with wireless communications signals," in Proc. IEEE MILCOM 2008.
[21]L. Lin, C. Guo, C. Feng and X. Wu "Degree of polarization spectrum sensing algorithm for cognitive radios," in Proc. IEEE WPMC,2012.
[22]L. Lin, C. Guo, C. Feng, X. Wu, "A Dual-polarized Antenna Based Sensing Algorithm for OFDM Signals in LTE-Advanced Systems," in Workshop IEEE GlobeCom,2012.
[23]C. Guo, X. Wu, C. Feng, Z. Zeng, "Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radios Based on Directional Statistics of Polarization Vectors," IEEE J. Sel. Commun., Mar. 2013, accepted for publication.
[24]D. Wei, C. Feng, C. Guo, "A Polarization-Amplitude-Phase Modulation Scheme for the Power Amplifier Energy Efficiency Enhancement," in Proc. IEEE WPMC, 2012.
[25]B. Cao, Q. Y. Zhang, D. Liang, S. M. Wen, L. Jin, Y. Q. Xhang, "Blind Adaptive Polarization Filtering Based on Oblique Projection," in Proc. IEEE ICC,2010.
[26]T. Pratt, B. Walkenhorst and S. Nguyen, "Adaptive polarization transmission of OFDM signals in channels with polarization mode dispersion and polarization-dependent loss," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.8, no.7, pp. 3354-3359, Jul.2009.
[27]B. Cao, Q. Y. Zhang, L. Jin, "Polarization Division Multiple Access with Polarization Modulation for LOS Wireless Communications," EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. and Networking,2011.
[28]L. E. Nelson and R. M. Jopson, "Introduction to polarization mode dispersion in optical systems," in Proc. VSS 2002.
[29]P. Lu, L. Chen and X. Bao, "Polarization mode dispersion and polarization dependent loss for a pulse in single-mode fibers", J. Lightwave Technol., vol.19, pp.856-860 2001.
[30]K. Mammasis and R. W. Stewart and J. S. Thompson, "Spatial Fading Correlation Model using Mixtures of Von Mises Fisher Distribution," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol.8, no.4, pp.2046-2055, Apr.2009.
[31]L. Cirreua, "Mobile Broadband Multimedia Networks:Techniques, Models and Tools for 4G," New York:Academic,2006.
[32]3GPP TR 25.996-610. Spatial Channel Model for MIMO Simulations
[33]P. Kyosti and J. Meinila and L. Hentila and X. Zhao and T.Jams and C. Schneider and M. Narandzic and M. Milojevic and A. Hong and J. Ylitalo and V. M. Holappa and M. Alatossava and R. Bultitude and Y. de Jong and T. Rautianinen, IST-4-02-027756 Winner Ⅱ, D 1.1.2. V.I.1 Winner II Channel Models,2006.
[34]S. C. Kwon and G. L. Stuber, "Geometrical Theory of Channel Depolarization," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.60, no.8, pp.3542-3556, Oct.2011.
[35]E. Lichtman, "Limitations imposed by polarization-dependent gain and loss on all-optical ultralong communication systems," J. Lightwave Technol., vol.5, pp. 906-913 1995.
[36]R. H. Clarke, "A statistical theory of mobile-radio reception," Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol.47, no.6, pp.957-1000, Jul./Aug.1968.
[37]K. Yu, M. Bengtsson, B. Ottersten, D. McNamara, P. Karlsson and M. Beach, "Modeling of wide-band MIMO radio channels based on NLoS indoor measurements," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol.53, no.3, pp.655-665, May 2004.
[38]I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik, "Table of integrals, series, and products,7th ed." Elsevier Inc.,2007.
[39]C.-X. Wang, M. Ptzold and Q. Yao, "Stochastic modeling and simulation of frequency-correlated wideband fading channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 56, no.3, pp.1050-1063, May 2007.
[40]"Digital Land Mobile Radio Communications" Office for Official Publications of the European Communities,1989, Luxemburg. Final Report.
[41]A. Kainulainen, L. Vuokko, and P. Vainikainen, "Polarization behavior in different urban radio environments at 5.3 GHz," COST 273, Tech. Rep.05-018, Jan.2005.
[42]T. Neubauer and P. Eggers, "Simultaneous Characterization of polarization matrix components in pico cells," in Proc. IEEE VTC,1999.
[43]K. V. Mardia and P. E. Jupp, "Directional Statistics," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.