九寨沟地区水文地质条件及成兰铁路对地下水环境影响研究
摘要
成都-兰州铁路位于四川省和甘肃省境内,起于成都,经九寨沟,延伸至兰州-重庆铁路的哈达铺站,两线路共同构成国家铁路网中西北西南区际间的客货主通道。成兰铁路建设即有利于少数民族经济欠发达地区的发展需求,也兼顾了区域旅游资源的开发利用。为了尽可能减少对地表植被的影响,保留岷山北段大熊猫等珍稀野生动物的迁徙通道,成兰铁路在途径九寨沟地区时,大多选择隧道方式穿越山岭。区内线路从黄龙景区、九寨沟景区、岷江源自然保护区和神仙池景区西侧通过,该段长80.038km,其中隧道8座,隧道总长为45.768km,占拟建铁路的57.2%。
九寨沟地区属于我国西部典型的山地生态脆弱区,拥有以世界自然遗产九寨沟风景名胜区为核心的一批自然景观。为了有效保护和改善景观,提升生态系统的景观价值,促进社会经济可持续发展,景区制定了严格的管理条例,如以九寨沟沟口为中心7km范围内严禁大型土木工程的建设。然而,隧道工程建设会对地下水环境也产生了一定的负面影响,可能造成部分地段河水断流,积水面积缩小或干涸,沼泽地消失,破坏原生自然景观,使得鸟类、鱼类等野生动物失去繁衍场所,进而影响区域支柱产业——旅游业的发展。
本论文以川西北高原北部九寨沟地区为研究背景,在收集前人研究成果的基础上,结合野外地质-水文地质调查,探讨了研究区水文地质条件,划分研究区地下水系统,分析隧址区与核心景区地下水系统有无水力联系,并进行了隧道工程对地下水环境的负效应评价。通过综合分析,得出主要成果和认识如下:
(1)研究区出露地层属昆仑秦岭地层区,为志留系-三叠系及第三系、第四
系,缺失侏罗系和白垩系,各系发育程度及分布不一。以荷叶断裂、岷江断裂和雪山断裂为界,分为西秦岭地层分区摩天岭小区和马尔康地层分区金川小区。其中成兰铁路穿越区地层属于金川小区,主要岩性为砂岩、板岩和千枚岩,岩溶不发育,主要构造有岷江断裂带的主干断裂跨石台-香蜡台断裂、牟尼沟-羊洞河-热摩柯断裂和垮石台-香腊台-热尖复背斜。
(2)根据区内岩性特征、地下水动力特征以及储水空间类型,研究区地下水可划分为第四系松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水以及碳酸盐岩类岩溶水三种类型。成兰铁路位于区域西部,隧址区主要地下水类型为基岩裂隙水,主要赋存于基岩风化层孔隙、裂隙及断裂构造破碎带,富水性较弱。(3)研究区天然水矿化度较小,基本都小于1g/L,水化学类型以HCO_3~-
Ca型水为主,其次为HCO_3~-Ca·Mg型水;同位素δD-δ18O值均落在全球大气降水线上或附近,另外同位素估算的水样补给高程差异较大,表明区域水体来源于大气降水和地下深部循环水。隧址区天然水主要为HCO_3~-Ca型水,对隧道施工使用的混凝土侵蚀性较小。隧址区水体主要接受大气降水补给。
(4)研究区划分为2个一级地下水系统,即岷江水系统和嘉陵江地下水系统;12个二级地下水系统,即半当沟、夏日柯、神仙池、嘎哇沟、热摩柯、九寨沟、羊洞河、岷江源、漳腊河、涪江、岷江(川主寺-十里乡)和黄龙地下水系统。成兰铁路穿越了岷江和嘉陵江分水岭,经过岷江(川主寺-十里乡)、羊洞河、热摩柯、嘎哇沟、半当沟地下水系统。经分析,隧道穿越区与核心景区地下水系统没有水力联系,隧道施工不会对核心景区地下水环境产生影响。
(5)依据隧址区地质环境和水文地质条件,进行隧道涌水量预测,利用隧道施工中地下水环境负效应评价指标体系进行分析,由评价结果可知,成兰铁路红桥关-亚隆纳日段隧道施工对隧址区地下水环境影响处在很弱到中等区间。据此推断,隧道施工对隧址区地下水环境产生较小影响,对当地自然生态系统影响也较小,工程选线方案较优。
The Railway from Chengdu to Lanzhou, starts in Chengdu, traverses the Jiuzhaigou, and extends to the hadapu station of the Railway which is from Chongqing to Lanzhou, and further, the two railways constitute the passenger and freight’s main channel, which would form the national railway network in the Northwest and Southwest Regional.That the ChengLan railway is constructed is both conducive to the needs of economic development in developed regions, and improves the efficiency of development and utilization of regional tourism resources. To minimize the impact on vegetation of the surface, and to retain the rare wild animal’s ecological corridors in the northern region of Minshan,such as giant pandas, the construction of the Chenglan railway in Jiuzhaigou will most use tunnel through the mountain.The Chenglan railroad traverses the Huanglong scenic area, Jiuzhaigou ditch scenic area, the Minjiang River source water protectorate and the west of ShenXianchi scenic area, and the distance is 80.038km, which have 8 tunnels in the section,moreover,the 8 tunnels’total length is 45.768km, accounts for 57.2% of the planning to construct railroad.
Jiuzhaigou area is typical Mountainous Fragile Eco-regions in western China, which have the group of the natural landscape which give priority to Jiuzhaigou Scenic Area which is World Heritage Site. In order to effectively protect and improve the landscape and enhance the landscape value of the ecosystem, and promote social and economic sustainable development, it is formulated strict regulations in scenic area, such as engineering construction is prohibited in the areas within a 7 km distance from Jiuzhaigou scenic area. However,The tunnel construction will produce a certain negative effects to groundwater environment, which may make the river dry up, or make the area of pools zone reduce, or make the wetlands disappear, or make the native landscape be destroyed, or make the birds, fish and other wild animals lose the breeding sites, thereby affecting the development of the regional pillar industrie which is tourism.
In this thesis, I take Jiuzhaigou area in the north plateau of the Western Sichuan as the research background, according to the research results of the predecessor and the geology﹠ hydrology geological investigation in the field, I will discusse hydrogeological conditions of the research area, and divide aqueous system of the research area, and analyze the hydraulic connection between the tunnel area and the core of the scenic area,and evaluate the negative effect of groundwater environment from the tunnel engineering.
Through the generalized analysis, the main conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
(1)Appearing stratum in Jiuzhaigou area is the Qinling stratum area of Kunlun Mountains, is from Silurian system to Triassic system and Tertiary system、Quaternary system,but have the lacuna of Jurassic system and Cretaceous system. According to the Heye rift system, the Minjiang River rift system and the snowy mountain rift system, Jiuzhaigou area is divided into Motianling district of the western Qinling stratum district and Jinchuan district of the Maerkang stratum district. However,the stratum in the area where the Chenglan railway traverses belongs to the Jinchuan area,whose main lithology is sandstone, slate and phyllite, and whose karst is not developed.
(2)According to the local lithological characteristics, the groundwater hydrodynamic characteristics and the type of storage space, the groundwater in Jiuzhaigou may be divided into the loose Quaternary rock pore water, the bedrock fissure water and the carbonate rocks karst water. The Chenglan railway lies to the west of the survey region,whose main lithology is sandstone, slate and phyllite,and whose groundwater is bedrock fissure water.
(3)The main hydrochemistry type of groundwater in Jiuzhaigou is HCO_3~-Ca, and next is HCO_3~-Ca·Mg and HCO_3~-Mg·Ca. The natural water's isotope analysis in the entire district indicates that the surface water and groundwater originates from the mospheric water. The hydrochemistry type of groundwater in the tunnel area is HCO_3~-Ca.
(4)JiuZhaigou area should be divided into two first-level groundwater systems, for instance, Minjiang River water system and Jialing River water system, and 12 second-level groundwater systems, for instance, BanDanggou water system, XiaRike water system, ShenXianchi water system, GaWagou water systema, ReMoke water system, Jiuzhaigou water system, YangDonghe water system, Minjiangyuan water system, Zhanna River water system ,Fujiang River water system ,Minjiang River water system(from Chuanzhushi to Shilixiang) and Huanglong water system. The Chenglan railway passes through the Minjiang River and Jialing River watershed, and refers to Minjiang River water system(from Chuanzhushi to Shilixiang), YangDonghe water system, ReMoke water system, GaWagou water system, BanDanggou water system. Whether or not there is the hydraulic connection between the tunnel area and water system in the core of the scenic area, it don’t have no impact on the core of the scenic area from tunnel construction.
(5)According to the geological environment and the hydrogeological conditions, I predicte water inflow of the tunnel, and use groundwater environmental assessment indicator system of negative effect to analyze in the tunnel construction. According to the evaluation results,the effect from the tunnel construction which is from Hongqiaoguan to Yalongnari in the Chenglan railway to groundwater environment in the tunnel is between weak and moderate. It can be seen that it has less impact on the groundwater environment of the tunnel area and the local natural ecosystem when the tunnel is constructed.
九寨沟地区属于我国西部典型的山地生态脆弱区,拥有以世界自然遗产九寨沟风景名胜区为核心的一批自然景观。为了有效保护和改善景观,提升生态系统的景观价值,促进社会经济可持续发展,景区制定了严格的管理条例,如以九寨沟沟口为中心7km范围内严禁大型土木工程的建设。然而,隧道工程建设会对地下水环境也产生了一定的负面影响,可能造成部分地段河水断流,积水面积缩小或干涸,沼泽地消失,破坏原生自然景观,使得鸟类、鱼类等野生动物失去繁衍场所,进而影响区域支柱产业——旅游业的发展。
本论文以川西北高原北部九寨沟地区为研究背景,在收集前人研究成果的基础上,结合野外地质-水文地质调查,探讨了研究区水文地质条件,划分研究区地下水系统,分析隧址区与核心景区地下水系统有无水力联系,并进行了隧道工程对地下水环境的负效应评价。通过综合分析,得出主要成果和认识如下:
(1)研究区出露地层属昆仑秦岭地层区,为志留系-三叠系及第三系、第四
系,缺失侏罗系和白垩系,各系发育程度及分布不一。以荷叶断裂、岷江断裂和雪山断裂为界,分为西秦岭地层分区摩天岭小区和马尔康地层分区金川小区。其中成兰铁路穿越区地层属于金川小区,主要岩性为砂岩、板岩和千枚岩,岩溶不发育,主要构造有岷江断裂带的主干断裂跨石台-香蜡台断裂、牟尼沟-羊洞河-热摩柯断裂和垮石台-香腊台-热尖复背斜。
(2)根据区内岩性特征、地下水动力特征以及储水空间类型,研究区地下水可划分为第四系松散岩类孔隙水、基岩裂隙水以及碳酸盐岩类岩溶水三种类型。成兰铁路位于区域西部,隧址区主要地下水类型为基岩裂隙水,主要赋存于基岩风化层孔隙、裂隙及断裂构造破碎带,富水性较弱。(3)研究区天然水矿化度较小,基本都小于1g/L,水化学类型以HCO_3~-
Ca型水为主,其次为HCO_3~-Ca·Mg型水;同位素δD-δ18O值均落在全球大气降水线上或附近,另外同位素估算的水样补给高程差异较大,表明区域水体来源于大气降水和地下深部循环水。隧址区天然水主要为HCO_3~-Ca型水,对隧道施工使用的混凝土侵蚀性较小。隧址区水体主要接受大气降水补给。
(4)研究区划分为2个一级地下水系统,即岷江水系统和嘉陵江地下水系统;12个二级地下水系统,即半当沟、夏日柯、神仙池、嘎哇沟、热摩柯、九寨沟、羊洞河、岷江源、漳腊河、涪江、岷江(川主寺-十里乡)和黄龙地下水系统。成兰铁路穿越了岷江和嘉陵江分水岭,经过岷江(川主寺-十里乡)、羊洞河、热摩柯、嘎哇沟、半当沟地下水系统。经分析,隧道穿越区与核心景区地下水系统没有水力联系,隧道施工不会对核心景区地下水环境产生影响。
(5)依据隧址区地质环境和水文地质条件,进行隧道涌水量预测,利用隧道施工中地下水环境负效应评价指标体系进行分析,由评价结果可知,成兰铁路红桥关-亚隆纳日段隧道施工对隧址区地下水环境影响处在很弱到中等区间。据此推断,隧道施工对隧址区地下水环境产生较小影响,对当地自然生态系统影响也较小,工程选线方案较优。
The Railway from Chengdu to Lanzhou, starts in Chengdu, traverses the Jiuzhaigou, and extends to the hadapu station of the Railway which is from Chongqing to Lanzhou, and further, the two railways constitute the passenger and freight’s main channel, which would form the national railway network in the Northwest and Southwest Regional.That the ChengLan railway is constructed is both conducive to the needs of economic development in developed regions, and improves the efficiency of development and utilization of regional tourism resources. To minimize the impact on vegetation of the surface, and to retain the rare wild animal’s ecological corridors in the northern region of Minshan,such as giant pandas, the construction of the Chenglan railway in Jiuzhaigou will most use tunnel through the mountain.The Chenglan railroad traverses the Huanglong scenic area, Jiuzhaigou ditch scenic area, the Minjiang River source water protectorate and the west of ShenXianchi scenic area, and the distance is 80.038km, which have 8 tunnels in the section,moreover,the 8 tunnels’total length is 45.768km, accounts for 57.2% of the planning to construct railroad.
Jiuzhaigou area is typical Mountainous Fragile Eco-regions in western China, which have the group of the natural landscape which give priority to Jiuzhaigou Scenic Area which is World Heritage Site. In order to effectively protect and improve the landscape and enhance the landscape value of the ecosystem, and promote social and economic sustainable development, it is formulated strict regulations in scenic area, such as engineering construction is prohibited in the areas within a 7 km distance from Jiuzhaigou scenic area. However,The tunnel construction will produce a certain negative effects to groundwater environment, which may make the river dry up, or make the area of pools zone reduce, or make the wetlands disappear, or make the native landscape be destroyed, or make the birds, fish and other wild animals lose the breeding sites, thereby affecting the development of the regional pillar industrie which is tourism.
In this thesis, I take Jiuzhaigou area in the north plateau of the Western Sichuan as the research background, according to the research results of the predecessor and the geology﹠ hydrology geological investigation in the field, I will discusse hydrogeological conditions of the research area, and divide aqueous system of the research area, and analyze the hydraulic connection between the tunnel area and the core of the scenic area,and evaluate the negative effect of groundwater environment from the tunnel engineering.
Through the generalized analysis, the main conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
(1)Appearing stratum in Jiuzhaigou area is the Qinling stratum area of Kunlun Mountains, is from Silurian system to Triassic system and Tertiary system、Quaternary system,but have the lacuna of Jurassic system and Cretaceous system. According to the Heye rift system, the Minjiang River rift system and the snowy mountain rift system, Jiuzhaigou area is divided into Motianling district of the western Qinling stratum district and Jinchuan district of the Maerkang stratum district. However,the stratum in the area where the Chenglan railway traverses belongs to the Jinchuan area,whose main lithology is sandstone, slate and phyllite, and whose karst is not developed.
(2)According to the local lithological characteristics, the groundwater hydrodynamic characteristics and the type of storage space, the groundwater in Jiuzhaigou may be divided into the loose Quaternary rock pore water, the bedrock fissure water and the carbonate rocks karst water. The Chenglan railway lies to the west of the survey region,whose main lithology is sandstone, slate and phyllite,and whose groundwater is bedrock fissure water.
(3)The main hydrochemistry type of groundwater in Jiuzhaigou is HCO_3~-Ca, and next is HCO_3~-Ca·Mg and HCO_3~-Mg·Ca. The natural water's isotope analysis in the entire district indicates that the surface water and groundwater originates from the mospheric water. The hydrochemistry type of groundwater in the tunnel area is HCO_3~-Ca.
(4)JiuZhaigou area should be divided into two first-level groundwater systems, for instance, Minjiang River water system and Jialing River water system, and 12 second-level groundwater systems, for instance, BanDanggou water system, XiaRike water system, ShenXianchi water system, GaWagou water systema, ReMoke water system, Jiuzhaigou water system, YangDonghe water system, Minjiangyuan water system, Zhanna River water system ,Fujiang River water system ,Minjiang River water system(from Chuanzhushi to Shilixiang) and Huanglong water system. The Chenglan railway passes through the Minjiang River and Jialing River watershed, and refers to Minjiang River water system(from Chuanzhushi to Shilixiang), YangDonghe water system, ReMoke water system, GaWagou water system, BanDanggou water system. Whether or not there is the hydraulic connection between the tunnel area and water system in the core of the scenic area, it don’t have no impact on the core of the scenic area from tunnel construction.
(5)According to the geological environment and the hydrogeological conditions, I predicte water inflow of the tunnel, and use groundwater environmental assessment indicator system of negative effect to analyze in the tunnel construction. According to the evaluation results,the effect from the tunnel construction which is from Hongqiaoguan to Yalongnari in the Chenglan railway to groundwater environment in the tunnel is between weak and moderate. It can be seen that it has less impact on the groundwater environment of the tunnel area and the local natural ecosystem when the tunnel is constructed.
引文
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