松嫩草地退化指示植物
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摘要
本研究在筛选出植被和土壤方面的敏感指标后,对松嫩平原不同退化程度的草地进行评价,确定与退化程度呈正相关的指示植物,研究该指示植物对盐碱环境的响应。运用室内控制和野外试验相结合的方法,调查和测定在不同土壤盐碱条件、不同季节里,主要元素Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)在植物体内吸收、运输和分布的变化状况;研究不同土壤离子浓度下,指示植物体内渗透调节物质——脯氨酸和糖类、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等指标的变化响应情况;研究不同盐碱梯度下,植物个体、种群、群落的特征;系统的从生理生态角度探讨指示植物对盐碱环境的响应:
(1)植被特征指标:裸地指数(BPIc)、生物量、多年生植物覆盖率;羊草生长状况指标:土壤有机质含量、pH可作为松嫩平原退化评价的指标。应用上述指标,采用聚类分析方法,将研究样地分为4类:健康草地生态系统、轻度退化草地生态系统、中度退化草地生态系统和严重退化草地生态系统。马蔺的出现指示着草场出现了中度退化,而当其成为优势种时,指示着草场已严重退化,马蔺是一种中度、严重退化的指示物种。
(2)马蔺经中性盐NaCl、碱性盐Na2CO3及二者混合液(Mix)三种处理,均可导致植物体内Na~+、脯氨酸含量增加,酶活性提高,K~+和根中的Mg~(2+)含量下降。在生长基质中高浓度Na~+下,Ca~(2+)下降,膜透性加大,最终导致马蔺的生物量降低。在相同Na~+浓度的生长基质中,NaCl处理组的马蔺最大Na~+累积显著低于Na2CO3处理组,对细胞膜的损伤程度及对生物量的影响也低于Na2CO3处理组,脯氨酸、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)累积和SOD酶活性高于Na2CO3处理组,而混合胁迫处理组的各项指标处于NaCl处理组和Na2CO3处理组之间。碱性盐对植物的损伤大于中性盐对植物的损伤,碱性盐处理下的马蔺体内Ca~(2+)含量较低是其毒性大于中性盐的原因之一。
(3)马蔺体内阳离子含量在不同月份变动很大。在6月前,随着马蔺的生长, Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)四种离子在植物体内累积量逐渐增加。根中Ca~(2+)、Na~+含量的峰值出现在7月,分别为2.30%和0.51%;K~+、Mg~(2+)含量的峰值分别出现在9、10月,为0.27%和0.28%。叶片中Na~+含量在7月达到最大值0.57%;K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)在8月分别达到最大值1.30%、2.69%和0.47%。7、8月时,与Na~+相比,马蔺对K~+的选择吸收能力较低,但转运能力较强。马蔺不同部位对离子的利用和累积能力不同,马蔺对各阳离子的累积主要集中在地上30 cm到地下40 cm区间范围内。马蔺地上部分平均单株K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)质量分别是地下部分的9.11、4.07、0.98、2.27倍。
(4)pH和电导率与马蔺叶片K~+含量呈显著的负相关;与马蔺叶片Na~+含量呈显著的正相关;与马蔺叶片Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量、Ca~(2+)/Na~+比率相关关系不显著。随着pH和电导率的增高,马蔺叶片K~+/Na~+比率有下降的趋势,pH和电导率与马蔺叶片K~+/Na~+比率呈指数关系。高盐伴随着高碱环境更有利于Na~+对+K的竞争,高pH加剧了Na~+盐对植j物的毒性。叶片中K~+含量、K~+/Na~+比率与土壤中Na~+、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-、含水量显著负相关,而土壤中Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)/Na~+、K~+/Na~+比率呈显著正相关;叶片中Na~+含量与土壤中Na~+、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-、含水量呈显著正相关,与土壤中K~+/Na~+比率呈显著负相关;叶片中Ca~(2+)含量与土壤各指标均没有显著的相关关系;Mg~(2+)含量除与K~+/Na~+有显著正相关外,与其他土壤指标均没有显著的相关关系;提高土壤中K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+比率比单纯提高土壤中Ca~(2+)含量更有利于提高植物的耐盐碱性。
(5)马蔺叶片中可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量均随着土壤pH和EC的增加,有显著的正相关关系。可溶性糖、脯氨酸均是盐碱环境下,马蔺的渗透调节物质。土壤中Na~+、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-和土壤含水量与脯氨酸和糖类累积呈显著正相关,是产生渗透胁迫的主要因素。Ca~(2+)、Ca~(2+)/Na~+、K~+/Na~+比率和有机质含量在一定程度上能消除上述离子带来的胁迫效应。
(6)SOD、POD、CAT活性随着马蔺生长的进行,有下降的趋势。酶活性最大值出现在5月、6月、5月份,最小值分别出现在8月、9月、8月。随着pH和电导率的增加,SOD、POD、CAT活性有增加的趋势。pH与三种酶的关系呈直线型关系,而电导率与三种酶的关系呈对数型关系。SOD、POD、CAT活性均与土壤中Na~+、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-、土壤含水量呈显著的正相关,SOD活性与土壤Ca~(2+)、有机质含量、K~+/Na~+比率呈显著的负相关;POD活性与土壤Ca~(2+)、土壤有机质含量、Ca~(2+)/Na~+、K~+/Na~+比率呈显著的负相关;CAT活性与土壤Ca~(2+)/Na~+、K~+/Na~+比率呈显著的负相关。
(7)马蔺叶片、根的热值随着生长的进行逐渐增加,9月达到最大值,10月有所下降。马蔺的不同器官热值含量不同,热值含量顺序为种子>叶>根>花。马蔺热值含量的季节变动主要是由于气象因素。马蔺地上部能量现存量主要集中在0～40cm,占地上总量的91.6%。地下部能量现存量随深度的增加而减小,能量主要集中在0～80cm的深度,占地下总能量现存量的88.6%。马蔺叶片热值与土壤pH、EC呈显著的正相关。随着盐碱度的增加,马蔺体内脯氨酸和糖类等相容性溶质随之增高,是马蔺叶片热值含量增加的原因之一。马蔺叶片热值与土壤含水量、有机质含量没有显著的相关关系,与土壤中含氮量的关系可以用y = -64358x2 + 8975.6x + 3663.2表达。马蔺根热值含量与土壤pH、EC、含水量、含氮量和有机质含量均没有显著相关关系。
(8)土壤pH与马蔺群落丰富度、多样性指数、平均株高、密度相关关系不显著,与马蔺单株生物量呈显著的负相关。马蔺最适宜生长的环境pH应在9.358到10.069范围内。土壤电导率、含氮量、有机质含量、含水量均与马蔺群落丰富度、多样性指数、平均株高、密度无显著相关关系。土壤电导率、含水量与马蔺单株生物量整体上呈显著的负相关。土壤有机质含量与马蔺单株生物量呈显著的正相关,而土壤含N量与单株生物量相关性不显著。土壤有机质丰富利于马蔺生长,含水量高不利于马蔺生长。
Vegetational and edaphic indicators were screened to assess different degree of degeneration of grassland in Songnen Plain. An indicator plant positive to degeneration was confirmed. In different degree of saline and alkali conditions controlled in lab or under field, contents as followed were determined: the absorption, transportation and distribution of major cations (Na~+, K~+, Ca~(2+)and Mg~(2+)) in indicator plant; organic solute (proline and soluble sugar), and antioxidase activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD); characteristics of individual, population and community of the plant. Responses of the indicator plant to environment from physiological to community aspects were systemically discussed in this document.
(1) Vegetional characteristics and edaphic indicators including bare patch index, dry biomass, percent cover by perennial plants, growth indicators of Leymus chinensis, soil organic matter and pH were sensitive to saline-alkali grassland degeneration. We also used the indicators screened to classify the study sites by the cluster analysis method and got four groups: health, light degeneration, middle degeneration and severe degeneration grassland. Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis Koidz was present in the grassland of middle degeneration. I. lactea was the dominant species in grassland of severe degeneration. I. lactea was the indicator plant of grassland of middle and severe degeneration.
(2) Treatments of NaCl, Na2CO3 and the mixture of the two salts caused increases in Na~+ concentration, proline content and Electrolyte leakage rate (REL) and decreases in root Mg~(2+) and K~+ content. Increased Ca~(2+) and antioxidase activities were observed at lower external Na~+ concentrations. However, at higher external Na~+ levels, decreased Ca~(2+) and antioxidase activities were detected. Alkaline salt resulted in more damage to I. lactea than neutral salt, including lower SOD, POD and CAT activities and decreased proline content relative to neutral salt. High Na~+ and low K~+ in I. lactea intensified ion toxicity under alkaline condition. Alkaline salt caused greater harm to plants than neutral salt, the primary reason of which might be the lower Ca~(2+) content in the plant under alkaline salt stress.
(3) The cation contents in I. lactea varied in different months. Contents of the four cations increased with growth of I. lactea before June. Ca~(2+) and Na~+ contents in roots were highest in July with the value of 2.30% and 0.51%, respectively. K~+ and Mg~(2+) in roots were highest in September (0.27%) and October (0.28%), respectively. The Leaf Na~+ content in July was highest with the value of 0.57%.The highest values of K~+, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) in leaves were 1.30%, 2.69% and 0.47%, respectively, which all presented in August. In July and August, the selective absorption (SA) by I. lactea for K~+ over Na~+ was higher, while the selective transport (ST) was lower. The cation contents in I. lactea were significantly higher than those in soil, which indicated that I. lactea had high accumulation capacity of these cations. The accumulation of cations by I. lactea was mainly distributed from 40cm underground to 30cm aboveground. The distributions of Na~+, K~+, Ca~(2+)and Mg~(2+) in the individual of I. lactea aboveground were 9.11, 4.07, 0.98 and 2.27 times of those in the underground, respectively.
(4) Electric conductivity (EC) and pH had negative relation with K~+ content, positive relation with Na~+ content, and no significant relation with Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) and Ca~(2+)/Na~+ ratio in I. lactea. K~+/Na~+ in I. lactea decreased with increasing of EC and pH, which showed exponential relationship. Conditions with higher saline and alkali levels were favourable to competition of Na~+ for K~+. High pH enhanced poison of Na~+ for plants. K~+, K~+/Na~+ ratio in leaves were significantly negative to soil Na~+, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- and moisture, and significantly positive to soil Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+)/Na~+ and K~+/Na~+ ratio. Na~+ contents in leaves were significantly negative to soil K~+/Na~+ ration, and significantly positive to soil Na~+, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- and moisture. Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) content in leaves had no significant relationship with all the ions in soil, except that Mg~(2+) was significantly positive to soil K~+/Na~+. Enhancing K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+ in soil was better for increasing tolerance to saline-alkali environment than only increasing Ca~(2+) content.
(5) Soluble sugar (SS) and proline in leaves increased with pH and EC, they are both compatible solutes for I. lactea. Soil Na~+, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- contents and moisture were significantly positive to the contents of SS and proline in leaves, and were main stress factors for plants. Ca~(2+), Ca~(2+)/Na~+, K~+/Na~+ ratio and organic matter could possibly eliminate stress effects by ions stated above.
(6) SOD, POD and CAT activities had decreasing trend in the growing season. The highest activities of SOD, POD and CAT were present in May, June and May, respectively. The lowest value of SOD, POD and CAT was present in August, September and August, respectively. EC and pH had linear and exponent curve, respectively. SOD, POD and CAT activities were significantly positive to soil Na~+, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- and moisture. SOD activities were significantly negative to soil Ca~(2+), organic matter and K~+/Na~+ ratio; POD activities were significantly negative to soil Ca~(2+), organic matter, Ca~(2+)/Na~+ and K~+/Na~+ ratio. CAT activities were significantly negative to soil Ca~(2+)/Na~+ and K~+/Na~+ ratio. (7) Caloric value of leaves and roots in I. lactea increased gradually with growth and reached the highest in September, then decreased. The caloric value of different organs was different. The order of caloric value of organs was seed >leaf >root >flower. Seasonal dynamics of caloric value was mainly because climatic factors. The energy stored by I. lactea aboveground was mainly distributed from 0 to 40cm underground, with occupied 91.6% of the total energy aboveground. The energy stored by I. lactea underground was mainly distributed from 0 to 80cm underground, with occupied 88.6% of the total energy underground. The caloric value of leaves was significant positively to soil pH and EC, which was perhaps due to the increase of soluble sugar and proline with soil pH and EC. The caloric value of leaves had no significant relationship with soil moisture and organic matter, however it showed quadraticy curve(y = -64358x2 + 8975.6x + 3663.2) with soil N content. The caloric value of roots had no significant relationship with soil moisture, pH, EC, N, and organic matter.
(8) Soil pH had no significant relationship with abundance, biodiversity index, average height and density in I. lactea community, but had significantly negative to biomass per unit of I. lactea. Soil pH from 9.358 to 10.069 was most suitable for I. lactea growth. The relationships with soil EC, N content, organic matter and moisture and abundance, biodiversity index, average height and density in I. lactea community were not significant. Soil EC and moisture had negative effects on I. lactea growth. Soil N content had no significant effects on the biomass per unit of I. lactea.
(1)植被特征指标:裸地指数(BPIc)、生物量、多年生植物覆盖率;羊草生长状况指标:土壤有机质含量、pH可作为松嫩平原退化评价的指标。应用上述指标,采用聚类分析方法,将研究样地分为4类:健康草地生态系统、轻度退化草地生态系统、中度退化草地生态系统和严重退化草地生态系统。马蔺的出现指示着草场出现了中度退化,而当其成为优势种时,指示着草场已严重退化,马蔺是一种中度、严重退化的指示物种。
(2)马蔺经中性盐NaCl、碱性盐Na2CO3及二者混合液(Mix)三种处理,均可导致植物体内Na~+、脯氨酸含量增加,酶活性提高,K~+和根中的Mg~(2+)含量下降。在生长基质中高浓度Na~+下,Ca~(2+)下降,膜透性加大,最终导致马蔺的生物量降低。在相同Na~+浓度的生长基质中,NaCl处理组的马蔺最大Na~+累积显著低于Na2CO3处理组,对细胞膜的损伤程度及对生物量的影响也低于Na2CO3处理组,脯氨酸、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)累积和SOD酶活性高于Na2CO3处理组,而混合胁迫处理组的各项指标处于NaCl处理组和Na2CO3处理组之间。碱性盐对植物的损伤大于中性盐对植物的损伤,碱性盐处理下的马蔺体内Ca~(2+)含量较低是其毒性大于中性盐的原因之一。
(3)马蔺体内阳离子含量在不同月份变动很大。在6月前,随着马蔺的生长, Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)四种离子在植物体内累积量逐渐增加。根中Ca~(2+)、Na~+含量的峰值出现在7月,分别为2.30%和0.51%;K~+、Mg~(2+)含量的峰值分别出现在9、10月,为0.27%和0.28%。叶片中Na~+含量在7月达到最大值0.57%;K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)在8月分别达到最大值1.30%、2.69%和0.47%。7、8月时,与Na~+相比,马蔺对K~+的选择吸收能力较低,但转运能力较强。马蔺不同部位对离子的利用和累积能力不同,马蔺对各阳离子的累积主要集中在地上30 cm到地下40 cm区间范围内。马蔺地上部分平均单株K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)质量分别是地下部分的9.11、4.07、0.98、2.27倍。
(4)pH和电导率与马蔺叶片K~+含量呈显著的负相关;与马蔺叶片Na~+含量呈显著的正相关;与马蔺叶片Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量、Ca~(2+)/Na~+比率相关关系不显著。随着pH和电导率的增高,马蔺叶片K~+/Na~+比率有下降的趋势,pH和电导率与马蔺叶片K~+/Na~+比率呈指数关系。高盐伴随着高碱环境更有利于Na~+对+K的竞争,高pH加剧了Na~+盐对植j物的毒性。叶片中K~+含量、K~+/Na~+比率与土壤中Na~+、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-、含水量显著负相关,而土壤中Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)/Na~+、K~+/Na~+比率呈显著正相关;叶片中Na~+含量与土壤中Na~+、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-、含水量呈显著正相关,与土壤中K~+/Na~+比率呈显著负相关;叶片中Ca~(2+)含量与土壤各指标均没有显著的相关关系;Mg~(2+)含量除与K~+/Na~+有显著正相关外,与其他土壤指标均没有显著的相关关系;提高土壤中K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+比率比单纯提高土壤中Ca~(2+)含量更有利于提高植物的耐盐碱性。
(5)马蔺叶片中可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量均随着土壤pH和EC的增加,有显著的正相关关系。可溶性糖、脯氨酸均是盐碱环境下,马蔺的渗透调节物质。土壤中Na~+、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-和土壤含水量与脯氨酸和糖类累积呈显著正相关,是产生渗透胁迫的主要因素。Ca~(2+)、Ca~(2+)/Na~+、K~+/Na~+比率和有机质含量在一定程度上能消除上述离子带来的胁迫效应。
(6)SOD、POD、CAT活性随着马蔺生长的进行,有下降的趋势。酶活性最大值出现在5月、6月、5月份,最小值分别出现在8月、9月、8月。随着pH和电导率的增加,SOD、POD、CAT活性有增加的趋势。pH与三种酶的关系呈直线型关系,而电导率与三种酶的关系呈对数型关系。SOD、POD、CAT活性均与土壤中Na~+、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-、土壤含水量呈显著的正相关,SOD活性与土壤Ca~(2+)、有机质含量、K~+/Na~+比率呈显著的负相关;POD活性与土壤Ca~(2+)、土壤有机质含量、Ca~(2+)/Na~+、K~+/Na~+比率呈显著的负相关;CAT活性与土壤Ca~(2+)/Na~+、K~+/Na~+比率呈显著的负相关。
(7)马蔺叶片、根的热值随着生长的进行逐渐增加,9月达到最大值,10月有所下降。马蔺的不同器官热值含量不同,热值含量顺序为种子>叶>根>花。马蔺热值含量的季节变动主要是由于气象因素。马蔺地上部能量现存量主要集中在0～40cm,占地上总量的91.6%。地下部能量现存量随深度的增加而减小,能量主要集中在0～80cm的深度,占地下总能量现存量的88.6%。马蔺叶片热值与土壤pH、EC呈显著的正相关。随着盐碱度的增加,马蔺体内脯氨酸和糖类等相容性溶质随之增高,是马蔺叶片热值含量增加的原因之一。马蔺叶片热值与土壤含水量、有机质含量没有显著的相关关系,与土壤中含氮量的关系可以用y = -64358x2 + 8975.6x + 3663.2表达。马蔺根热值含量与土壤pH、EC、含水量、含氮量和有机质含量均没有显著相关关系。
(8)土壤pH与马蔺群落丰富度、多样性指数、平均株高、密度相关关系不显著,与马蔺单株生物量呈显著的负相关。马蔺最适宜生长的环境pH应在9.358到10.069范围内。土壤电导率、含氮量、有机质含量、含水量均与马蔺群落丰富度、多样性指数、平均株高、密度无显著相关关系。土壤电导率、含水量与马蔺单株生物量整体上呈显著的负相关。土壤有机质含量与马蔺单株生物量呈显著的正相关,而土壤含N量与单株生物量相关性不显著。土壤有机质丰富利于马蔺生长,含水量高不利于马蔺生长。
Vegetational and edaphic indicators were screened to assess different degree of degeneration of grassland in Songnen Plain. An indicator plant positive to degeneration was confirmed. In different degree of saline and alkali conditions controlled in lab or under field, contents as followed were determined: the absorption, transportation and distribution of major cations (Na~+, K~+, Ca~(2+)and Mg~(2+)) in indicator plant; organic solute (proline and soluble sugar), and antioxidase activities, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD); characteristics of individual, population and community of the plant. Responses of the indicator plant to environment from physiological to community aspects were systemically discussed in this document.
(1) Vegetional characteristics and edaphic indicators including bare patch index, dry biomass, percent cover by perennial plants, growth indicators of Leymus chinensis, soil organic matter and pH were sensitive to saline-alkali grassland degeneration. We also used the indicators screened to classify the study sites by the cluster analysis method and got four groups: health, light degeneration, middle degeneration and severe degeneration grassland. Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis Koidz was present in the grassland of middle degeneration. I. lactea was the dominant species in grassland of severe degeneration. I. lactea was the indicator plant of grassland of middle and severe degeneration.
(2) Treatments of NaCl, Na2CO3 and the mixture of the two salts caused increases in Na~+ concentration, proline content and Electrolyte leakage rate (REL) and decreases in root Mg~(2+) and K~+ content. Increased Ca~(2+) and antioxidase activities were observed at lower external Na~+ concentrations. However, at higher external Na~+ levels, decreased Ca~(2+) and antioxidase activities were detected. Alkaline salt resulted in more damage to I. lactea than neutral salt, including lower SOD, POD and CAT activities and decreased proline content relative to neutral salt. High Na~+ and low K~+ in I. lactea intensified ion toxicity under alkaline condition. Alkaline salt caused greater harm to plants than neutral salt, the primary reason of which might be the lower Ca~(2+) content in the plant under alkaline salt stress.
(3) The cation contents in I. lactea varied in different months. Contents of the four cations increased with growth of I. lactea before June. Ca~(2+) and Na~+ contents in roots were highest in July with the value of 2.30% and 0.51%, respectively. K~+ and Mg~(2+) in roots were highest in September (0.27%) and October (0.28%), respectively. The Leaf Na~+ content in July was highest with the value of 0.57%.The highest values of K~+, Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) in leaves were 1.30%, 2.69% and 0.47%, respectively, which all presented in August. In July and August, the selective absorption (SA) by I. lactea for K~+ over Na~+ was higher, while the selective transport (ST) was lower. The cation contents in I. lactea were significantly higher than those in soil, which indicated that I. lactea had high accumulation capacity of these cations. The accumulation of cations by I. lactea was mainly distributed from 40cm underground to 30cm aboveground. The distributions of Na~+, K~+, Ca~(2+)and Mg~(2+) in the individual of I. lactea aboveground were 9.11, 4.07, 0.98 and 2.27 times of those in the underground, respectively.
(4) Electric conductivity (EC) and pH had negative relation with K~+ content, positive relation with Na~+ content, and no significant relation with Ca~(2+), Mg~(2+) and Ca~(2+)/Na~+ ratio in I. lactea. K~+/Na~+ in I. lactea decreased with increasing of EC and pH, which showed exponential relationship. Conditions with higher saline and alkali levels were favourable to competition of Na~+ for K~+. High pH enhanced poison of Na~+ for plants. K~+, K~+/Na~+ ratio in leaves were significantly negative to soil Na~+, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- and moisture, and significantly positive to soil Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+)/Na~+ and K~+/Na~+ ratio. Na~+ contents in leaves were significantly negative to soil K~+/Na~+ ration, and significantly positive to soil Na~+, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- and moisture. Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) content in leaves had no significant relationship with all the ions in soil, except that Mg~(2+) was significantly positive to soil K~+/Na~+. Enhancing K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+ in soil was better for increasing tolerance to saline-alkali environment than only increasing Ca~(2+) content.
(5) Soluble sugar (SS) and proline in leaves increased with pH and EC, they are both compatible solutes for I. lactea. Soil Na~+, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- contents and moisture were significantly positive to the contents of SS and proline in leaves, and were main stress factors for plants. Ca~(2+), Ca~(2+)/Na~+, K~+/Na~+ ratio and organic matter could possibly eliminate stress effects by ions stated above.
(6) SOD, POD and CAT activities had decreasing trend in the growing season. The highest activities of SOD, POD and CAT were present in May, June and May, respectively. The lowest value of SOD, POD and CAT was present in August, September and August, respectively. EC and pH had linear and exponent curve, respectively. SOD, POD and CAT activities were significantly positive to soil Na~+, CO32-, HCO3-, Cl- and moisture. SOD activities were significantly negative to soil Ca~(2+), organic matter and K~+/Na~+ ratio; POD activities were significantly negative to soil Ca~(2+), organic matter, Ca~(2+)/Na~+ and K~+/Na~+ ratio. CAT activities were significantly negative to soil Ca~(2+)/Na~+ and K~+/Na~+ ratio. (7) Caloric value of leaves and roots in I. lactea increased gradually with growth and reached the highest in September, then decreased. The caloric value of different organs was different. The order of caloric value of organs was seed >leaf >root >flower. Seasonal dynamics of caloric value was mainly because climatic factors. The energy stored by I. lactea aboveground was mainly distributed from 0 to 40cm underground, with occupied 91.6% of the total energy aboveground. The energy stored by I. lactea underground was mainly distributed from 0 to 80cm underground, with occupied 88.6% of the total energy underground. The caloric value of leaves was significant positively to soil pH and EC, which was perhaps due to the increase of soluble sugar and proline with soil pH and EC. The caloric value of leaves had no significant relationship with soil moisture and organic matter, however it showed quadraticy curve(y = -64358x2 + 8975.6x + 3663.2) with soil N content. The caloric value of roots had no significant relationship with soil moisture, pH, EC, N, and organic matter.
(8) Soil pH had no significant relationship with abundance, biodiversity index, average height and density in I. lactea community, but had significantly negative to biomass per unit of I. lactea. Soil pH from 9.358 to 10.069 was most suitable for I. lactea growth. The relationships with soil EC, N content, organic matter and moisture and abundance, biodiversity index, average height and density in I. lactea community were not significant. Soil EC and moisture had negative effects on I. lactea growth. Soil N content had no significant effects on the biomass per unit of I. lactea.
引文
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