控制性增温和施氮对荒漠草原植物群落和土壤的影响
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摘要
本研究以内蒙古高原短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)+冷蒿(Artemisia frigida)+无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)的荒漠草原为研究对象,在野外自然条件下进行生态系统控制性增温与施氮肥实验。在模拟全球气候变暖的条件下,研究温度和氮素的增加对荒漠草原植物群落和土壤可能产生的影响,探讨荒漠草原生态系统对全球气候变化的响应机制,为我国全球变化与陆地生态系统关系提供长期的研究平台。
实验期间内(2006年6月24日至2007年10月11日),增温处理样地0cm,7.5cm,15cm,30cm和50cm土壤平均温度与对照样地相比,平均增加了1.32 oC,0.92 oC,0.88 oC,0.80 oC,0.74 oC,土壤温度呈现出上层变异性大于下层的规律,不同土层土壤温度显著增加(P<0.05)。
控制性增温和施氮肥对荒漠草原植物群落和土壤都产生了一定的影响,同时,各项测定指标对增温和施氮的响应程度不同。土壤温度的增加虽然使0-30cm土壤湿度有所提高,但变化差异不显著,模拟增温没有改变土壤水分固有的季节变化规律;增温和施氮的互作效应使土壤全氮含量显著高于单一的增温处理和施氮处理以及对照(P<0.05),增温和施氮的交互作用也使土壤全磷、全钾含量增加,但差异不显著;铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NH_3~--N)与不同土壤深度的土壤温度均成正相关关系,增温使土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量增加,铵态氮含量的变化差异达到显著水平,0-30cm土壤中硝态氮含量在增温和施氮互作效应下的变化差异也达到显著水平(P<0.05);虽然增温和对照样地不同深度的土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率均呈正相关关系,但无论是季节还是日变化上,增温作用没有增加土壤的呼吸速率,施氮作用也没有使土壤呼吸作用明显加强。
荒漠草原土壤温室气体(CO_2、CH_4、N_2O)的通量变化表现出对CO_2和N_2O排放,对CH_4吸收;CO_2、CH_4浓度和排放通量具有明显的季节变化规律,而各季节N_2O浓度差异不大,一年中N_2O排放通量峰值总是波动出现;增温作用对CO_2、CH_4、N_2O浓度和排放通量没有显著的影响;人为施氮肥使各个季节的N_2O排放通量均增加,夏季CO_2排放通量降低,CH_4排放通量没有明显变化。
模拟增温使荒漠草原部分植物春季返青提前,植物总物候持续天数延长,增温作用不仅增加了植物营养生长的时间,而且使花期延长;增温和施用氮肥没有明显的改变植物群落组成,建群种、优势种和主要伴生种在群落中的地位和作用也没有因为温度和养分的突变而发生明显的改变;增温使荒漠草原植物群落的均匀度增加,但并没有提高草地植物的丰富度和物种多样性,施肥作用提高了物种Margalef丰富度指数,而Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-wiener多样性指数降低。
对于地上生物量,生长初期,增温促进了植物生长,植物群落地上生物量高于对照,而生长盛期和末期,温度升高并没有使地上生物量增加;从植物功能群上来看,多年生禾草和多年生杂类草组成稳定,受温度影响较小,相对生物量变化不大;半灌木、小半灌木和一、二年生植物的组成和数量都不稳定,地上生物量有较大差异。施用氮肥的效果在植物生长后期才明显的表现出来,施氮样地地上生物量明显提高;增温和施氮作用使地下生物量发生了一定变化,但无显著差异;通过多元逐步回归发现,影响植物群落地上生物量和地下生物量最显著的因子是10-20cm土层的土壤湿度。
增温和对照样地的功能群多样性与地上生物量均呈显著的负二次函数关系(P<0.05),说明,一定范围内的温度增加,虽然使功能群多样性与地上生物量之间的负二次函数关系的拟合性表现的更好,但并不会使它们之间相互关系的形式(即单峰曲线形式)发生显著性的改变。对于地表凋落物和种子雨的变化,两年的增温和施氮并不起主要作用。
冷蒿对于温度的增加表现出明显差异,增温作用不仅没有延长冷蒿生长季,反而在2007年的9月上旬增温样地的冷蒿就出现枯黄现象,并且增温样地冷蒿的综合优势比(SDR_3)都显著的低于对照,相比其它植物,冷蒿的物候特征和营养生长对温度增加表现的更敏感。
We examined the effect of experimental warming and nitrogen addition in a desert steppe, in which the constructive species is Stipa breviflora and some companion species is Artemisia frigida, Cleistogenes songorica. Infrared heaters were employed to increase soil surface throughout the May, 2006, nitrogen fertilizer (NH_4NO_3,nitrogen contents is 33%～35%) was applied in rain season early July. Soil temperatures at depths of 0 cm , 7.5 cm , 15 cm , 30 cm and 50 cm increased by 1.32℃, 0.92℃, 0.88℃, 0.80℃and 0.74℃in the warmed plots, respectively. There was significant difference (P﹤0.05) between warmed and control plots on the soil temperature. The result showed obvious effects on soil temperature and an increase in ambrent air temperature.
Soil moisture had similar seasonal fluctuation in warmed and control plots; although soil moisture content of 0 -30cm in warmed plot was higher than control, soil moisture content under warming had no obvious change with the control (P>0.05). Warming and nitrogen additon influenced soil nitrogen obviously, interactions of experimental warming and nitrogen addition significantly increased the total nitrogen (N) content of soil (P﹤0.05), and the total phosphorus (P) content and potassium (K) content of soil were also higher in warming and nitrogen addition plots than in control , but no siginificant difference between control and treatments. Contents of NH_4~+-N and NH_3~--N showed increases under the experimental warming, especially NH_4~+-N contents. NH_3~--N content of 0-30cm had great increase under interactions between experimental warming and nitrogen addition. Not only experimental warming but also nitrogen addition, soil respiration rate did not significantly increase, although soil temperature with depths had positive correlation with soil respiration rate.
Soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of CO_2, CH_4 and N_2O in a Desert Steppe showed the CO_2 and N_2O emission fluxes, CH_4 sink. Warming had no effect on greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations or emissions in a xeric Desert Steppe environment. Here, the primary influence on GHG's was associated with season. Nitrogen addition advanced the N_2O emission fluxes in all seasons, CO_2 emission fluxes deceased in summer and CH_4 sink had no obvious change.
Experimental warming made reviving in advance and lasting days of phenological periods prolong in warmed plots. All treatments expressed similar compositions primarily, as the constructive species and some companion species, warming and N addition did not significantly influence those in plant community. Experimental warming improved the evenness of plant community, but the richness and species diversity reduced. The Margalef richness index (Ma) increased and the Pielou evenness (JP) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) of plant community decreased under nitrogen addition plot. Experimental warming increased aboveground biomass in the early growth stage and decreased it in faster growing and latter stages. Seen from the functional group, perennial grasses and forbs had stable compositions, but compositions and number of shrubs, half shrubs, small half shrubs, annuals and biennials were unsteadiness, where aboveground biomass in warmed plots was much difference with control. Nitrogen addition may enhance aboveground biomass obviously from latter growth stages. Underground biomass were no significant difference whether experimental warming or nitrogen addition. The main factor was soil moisture content of 10-20cm depth that affected aboveground and underground biomass. The relationship between aboveground biomass and functional group diversity was of a unimodal pattern irrespective of air temperature treatment in some degree. Change of plant litter and seed rain was not significantly correlated with temperature and nitrogen addition.
Artemisia frigida had significant response to warming; the lengths of phenological growth periods for Artemisia frigida did not show an increasing trend in warmed plots, even disappeared in early September. Summed dominance ratio (SDR_3) of Artemisia frigida was lower (P0.05) in the warmed plot than in the control plot, Artemisia frigida is more sensitive to temperature changes than other species.
实验期间内(2006年6月24日至2007年10月11日),增温处理样地0cm,7.5cm,15cm,30cm和50cm土壤平均温度与对照样地相比,平均增加了1.32 oC,0.92 oC,0.88 oC,0.80 oC,0.74 oC,土壤温度呈现出上层变异性大于下层的规律,不同土层土壤温度显著增加(P<0.05)。
控制性增温和施氮肥对荒漠草原植物群落和土壤都产生了一定的影响,同时,各项测定指标对增温和施氮的响应程度不同。土壤温度的增加虽然使0-30cm土壤湿度有所提高,但变化差异不显著,模拟增温没有改变土壤水分固有的季节变化规律;增温和施氮的互作效应使土壤全氮含量显著高于单一的增温处理和施氮处理以及对照(P<0.05),增温和施氮的交互作用也使土壤全磷、全钾含量增加,但差异不显著;铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NH_3~--N)与不同土壤深度的土壤温度均成正相关关系,增温使土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量增加,铵态氮含量的变化差异达到显著水平,0-30cm土壤中硝态氮含量在增温和施氮互作效应下的变化差异也达到显著水平(P<0.05);虽然增温和对照样地不同深度的土壤温度与土壤呼吸速率均呈正相关关系,但无论是季节还是日变化上,增温作用没有增加土壤的呼吸速率,施氮作用也没有使土壤呼吸作用明显加强。
荒漠草原土壤温室气体(CO_2、CH_4、N_2O)的通量变化表现出对CO_2和N_2O排放,对CH_4吸收;CO_2、CH_4浓度和排放通量具有明显的季节变化规律,而各季节N_2O浓度差异不大,一年中N_2O排放通量峰值总是波动出现;增温作用对CO_2、CH_4、N_2O浓度和排放通量没有显著的影响;人为施氮肥使各个季节的N_2O排放通量均增加,夏季CO_2排放通量降低,CH_4排放通量没有明显变化。
模拟增温使荒漠草原部分植物春季返青提前,植物总物候持续天数延长,增温作用不仅增加了植物营养生长的时间,而且使花期延长;增温和施用氮肥没有明显的改变植物群落组成,建群种、优势种和主要伴生种在群落中的地位和作用也没有因为温度和养分的突变而发生明显的改变;增温使荒漠草原植物群落的均匀度增加,但并没有提高草地植物的丰富度和物种多样性,施肥作用提高了物种Margalef丰富度指数,而Pielou均匀度指数和Shannon-wiener多样性指数降低。
对于地上生物量,生长初期,增温促进了植物生长,植物群落地上生物量高于对照,而生长盛期和末期,温度升高并没有使地上生物量增加;从植物功能群上来看,多年生禾草和多年生杂类草组成稳定,受温度影响较小,相对生物量变化不大;半灌木、小半灌木和一、二年生植物的组成和数量都不稳定,地上生物量有较大差异。施用氮肥的效果在植物生长后期才明显的表现出来,施氮样地地上生物量明显提高;增温和施氮作用使地下生物量发生了一定变化,但无显著差异;通过多元逐步回归发现,影响植物群落地上生物量和地下生物量最显著的因子是10-20cm土层的土壤湿度。
增温和对照样地的功能群多样性与地上生物量均呈显著的负二次函数关系(P<0.05),说明,一定范围内的温度增加,虽然使功能群多样性与地上生物量之间的负二次函数关系的拟合性表现的更好,但并不会使它们之间相互关系的形式(即单峰曲线形式)发生显著性的改变。对于地表凋落物和种子雨的变化,两年的增温和施氮并不起主要作用。
冷蒿对于温度的增加表现出明显差异,增温作用不仅没有延长冷蒿生长季,反而在2007年的9月上旬增温样地的冷蒿就出现枯黄现象,并且增温样地冷蒿的综合优势比(SDR_3)都显著的低于对照,相比其它植物,冷蒿的物候特征和营养生长对温度增加表现的更敏感。
We examined the effect of experimental warming and nitrogen addition in a desert steppe, in which the constructive species is Stipa breviflora and some companion species is Artemisia frigida, Cleistogenes songorica. Infrared heaters were employed to increase soil surface throughout the May, 2006, nitrogen fertilizer (NH_4NO_3,nitrogen contents is 33%～35%) was applied in rain season early July. Soil temperatures at depths of 0 cm , 7.5 cm , 15 cm , 30 cm and 50 cm increased by 1.32℃, 0.92℃, 0.88℃, 0.80℃and 0.74℃in the warmed plots, respectively. There was significant difference (P﹤0.05) between warmed and control plots on the soil temperature. The result showed obvious effects on soil temperature and an increase in ambrent air temperature.
Soil moisture had similar seasonal fluctuation in warmed and control plots; although soil moisture content of 0 -30cm in warmed plot was higher than control, soil moisture content under warming had no obvious change with the control (P>0.05). Warming and nitrogen additon influenced soil nitrogen obviously, interactions of experimental warming and nitrogen addition significantly increased the total nitrogen (N) content of soil (P﹤0.05), and the total phosphorus (P) content and potassium (K) content of soil were also higher in warming and nitrogen addition plots than in control , but no siginificant difference between control and treatments. Contents of NH_4~+-N and NH_3~--N showed increases under the experimental warming, especially NH_4~+-N contents. NH_3~--N content of 0-30cm had great increase under interactions between experimental warming and nitrogen addition. Not only experimental warming but also nitrogen addition, soil respiration rate did not significantly increase, although soil temperature with depths had positive correlation with soil respiration rate.
Soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes of CO_2, CH_4 and N_2O in a Desert Steppe showed the CO_2 and N_2O emission fluxes, CH_4 sink. Warming had no effect on greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations or emissions in a xeric Desert Steppe environment. Here, the primary influence on GHG's was associated with season. Nitrogen addition advanced the N_2O emission fluxes in all seasons, CO_2 emission fluxes deceased in summer and CH_4 sink had no obvious change.
Experimental warming made reviving in advance and lasting days of phenological periods prolong in warmed plots. All treatments expressed similar compositions primarily, as the constructive species and some companion species, warming and N addition did not significantly influence those in plant community. Experimental warming improved the evenness of plant community, but the richness and species diversity reduced. The Margalef richness index (Ma) increased and the Pielou evenness (JP) and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) of plant community decreased under nitrogen addition plot. Experimental warming increased aboveground biomass in the early growth stage and decreased it in faster growing and latter stages. Seen from the functional group, perennial grasses and forbs had stable compositions, but compositions and number of shrubs, half shrubs, small half shrubs, annuals and biennials were unsteadiness, where aboveground biomass in warmed plots was much difference with control. Nitrogen addition may enhance aboveground biomass obviously from latter growth stages. Underground biomass were no significant difference whether experimental warming or nitrogen addition. The main factor was soil moisture content of 10-20cm depth that affected aboveground and underground biomass. The relationship between aboveground biomass and functional group diversity was of a unimodal pattern irrespective of air temperature treatment in some degree. Change of plant litter and seed rain was not significantly correlated with temperature and nitrogen addition.
Artemisia frigida had significant response to warming; the lengths of phenological growth periods for Artemisia frigida did not show an increasing trend in warmed plots, even disappeared in early September. Summed dominance ratio (SDR_3) of Artemisia frigida was lower (P0.05) in the warmed plot than in the control plot, Artemisia frigida is more sensitive to temperature changes than other species.
引文
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