制度视域下的草地资源利用和管理研究
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摘要
中国北方天然草地是国家重要的畜牧业生产基地和生态屏障,二十世纪六十年代后期北方草地出现大面积的退化。同时随着草原保护措施的实施,以畜牧业为主的草地经济系统进入发展瓶颈,牧民的生计压力增大,草原处于生态环境恶化、经济发展受限、牧民增收困难的多维困境。草地退化的主要驱动力被认为是过度放牧和滥垦、滥采等不合理的资源利用方式,然而根源性的问题则是不适当的制度措施导致草地资源的无序管理和投机性利用。从制度视域探讨草地资源的利用问题和管理策略,能够为合理利用草地资源及适应性管理措施的制定或边际调整提出切实建议。
本文选择内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟白音锡勒牧场为研究区,以家庭牧场为基本单元,从草地适应性管理的迫切性、草地资源利用行为分异机制、草地资源利用影响三个层次探讨了现有制度格局下家庭牧场草地资源利用和管理问题,以实证研究为草地资源管理的制度创新提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：
1基于草业系统C界面(草畜--经营管理界面)的草地适应性管理迫切性
对研究区进行牧户调查和统计资料分析,通过对草畜平衡管理下牧区草畜产品价格波动及其对畜牧业生产、家庭牧场收益影响的实证研究,指出草业系统C界面的草地适应性管理的迫切性。研究发现,草畜平衡管理加剧了头数畜牧业的内在矛盾；受载畜量限定,牧民面对畜产品价格上涨难以做出生产调节,生产系统数量管理以核定载畜量为重要参照,牧户的生产期望与现实差距大、增收难度大；在草畜产品价格上涨过程中,由于成本涨幅更大,单位牲畜收益下降,经济领域的压力使得草畜平衡管理压力增大,迫切需要以适应性管理政策调整来缓解草地生态管理的压力。
2家庭牧场草地资源利用行为分异机制及管理策略研究
依据牧户调查样本数据及统计资料,研究家庭牧场草地资源利用行为分异机制及管理策略。结果表明,因牲畜规模不同,家庭牧场在融资、草场流转、超载经营等方面表现出差异性；分大户组和小户组对家庭牧场面板数据(Panel Data)生产函数模型回归,发现规模报酬和要素弹性存在分组差异。可见,家庭牧场草地资源利用行为分异的内在机制是以牲畜特殊资产性质为基础的家庭牧场融资能力——生产经营行为——草地资源利用行为的关联性差异,外部驱动条件则是市场化经营和草畜平衡管理制度。现行草原制度管理政策与家庭牧场差异性行为存在矛盾,建议设立草场流转补贴,以改善当前草场流转不畅的局面；考虑家庭牧场超载差异,减轻违规超载处罚力度,重视合法超载限额管理；加强牧业技能培训和非牧就业培训等,发展现代生态畜牧业。
3基于NDVI值与畜产量指标的家庭牧场草地资源利用影响研究
采用Modis产品数据,以家庭牧场为尺度分析NDVI值与畜产量指标及其关系,并分析家庭牧场规模差异对草地资源的分异性影响。结果表明,研究区在2000—2010年家庭牧场NDVI值呈先增加后减少的趋势,2004年是转折期；生产规模大的家庭牧场其草场NDVI值相应高,生产规模小的家庭牧场其草场NDVI值相应低；在研究期内样本家庭牧场NDVI均值与年产量均值横截面数据序列相关,NDVI均值与单位面积产量呈反向趋势。提出几项讨论性建议：完善草原牧区产权制度体系；引导家庭牧场规模化生产和管理模式,避免差异规模形成的分布性过牧情况；草畜平衡管理制度要考虑对家庭牧场单位面积产量的控制；以区域研究和实证方法建立草原研究不同领域不同界面联系,支撑草原牧区适应性管理创新。
The natural grassland in Northern China is the important national animal husbandry production base and ecological barrier. In the late1960s, large areas of grassland in Northern China started degenerating. In the meantime, with the implementation of grassland protection measures, the animal husbandry-based grassland economic system entered the development bottleneck. As the herdsmen's living pressure increased, the grassland was in the multidimensional dilemmas, including ecological environment deterioration, limited economic development, and difficulty in herdsmen's income increase. Unreasonableresource utilization patterns such as over grazing, estrepement, coyoting, etc. were regarded as the major driving force of grassland deterioration. However, the fundamental problem relied on the disordered management and speculative use caused by improper institutional measures. Probing into the utilization problem and management strategy of grassland resources from the perspective of institution can make practical proposals for reasonable grassland resources utilization, adaptive management measures establishment, and marginal adjustment.
This paper takes BaiYin tin le pasture of Xilin Gol League in Inner MongoliaAutonomous Region as the study area and takes family ranch as the basic unit, to analyze the resources utilization and management problem of family ranches under the existing institutional pattern from three perspectives such as the urgency of grassland adaptive management, the ethological differentiation mechanism of grassland resources utilization, and the influence of grassland utilization, so as to provide scientific evidence for the institutional innovation of grassland resources management with empirical research.
1. Urgency of The Grassland Adaptive Management Based on The C Interfaces within Pratacultural System——The Fluctuation and Influence of Market Prices of Grass and livestock Products in Pastoral Area
By means of making a empirical study on the price fluctuation of grass and Livestock products as well as on its influence on the production and benefit of household ranch in the pastoral area under forage and animal balance management, this paper provides new evidence for the grassland adaptive management of the C interface within pratacultural system through selecting typical areas to make investigation on households and statistical data analysis.Research finds that forage and animal balance management intensifies the inner contradictions of animal number managed husbandry. Due to the limited carrying capacity, herdsman cannot make a decision when livestock products price was rising. Besides, as the quantitative management of production system views the ratified carrying capacity as important reference, there is not only a wide gap between the production expectation of the households and reality, but also a huge difficulty in the increase of benefit. In the markup process of grass and livestock product price, greater pressure has been posed on forage and animal balance management due to larger increase of cost, reduction of individual animal profit. Therefore, adjustment of adaptive management policy is urgently required to relieve the pressure on the grassland ecological management.
2. The behavior differentiation mechanism of grassland resources utilization and management Strategy of householdsin typical steppe region
According to the sample data and statistical information of the investigation on herdsmen, this paper researches the behavior differentiationmechanism and management strategies of grassland resources utilization among households. The results show that, due to the different scales of livestock, there are differences in financing, pasture transference, and overload operation of households; when carrying out regression about the panel data production function model of households via dividing into large-households group and small-households group, grouping differences exist in returns to scale and the elasticity of production factors. The quantitative analysis of households productionbehavior indicates that, the immanent mechanism of households behavioral difference in grassland resources utilization refers to the difference in relevanceamong households financing capacity, production behavior, and grassland resource utilization behavior based on the special asset properties of livestock, and external driving conditions refer to the market-featured management and the grass-livestock balance management. As contradiction exists between present grassland system management policy and households different behaviors, this paper puts forward several targeted policy recommendations:establish the pasture transference allowance systemto improve the current situation; consider households overload behavior difference, mitigate the punishment of illegaloverload, and focus on the management of legal overload limitation; develop modern ecological animal husbandry, strengthen skill training of animal husbandry and employment training of non-animal husbandry, etc.
3. Influence of grassland resources utilization of households Based on the NDVI Value and Livestock Production Index
By taking the typical grassland of Xilinguole League in Inner Mongolia as the research region, this paper researches the NDVI value and livestock production index as well as their relations based on household ranch, it also analyzes the different influence of grassland resources ranch on the households variation pasture scale. The results show that, the NDVI value of household pasture during2000to2010presented a tendency of climbing up first and then declining, and2004was the turning point; the NDVI value with large scaled production was relatively higher, and that with small scaled production was relatively lower; during the study period, the mean NDVI of sample households was related to cross-section data sequence of mean annual production, and the mean NDVI showed a reverse trend with the production per square kilometer. At last, the paper makes the following proposals:improve the property rights system of prairie pastoral area; guide households ranches for large-scaled production and management mode, to avoid distributive overgrazing formed by scale differentiation; the grass-livestock balance management should consider the control of the production per square kilometer of household ranch; establish the correlation among different fields and different interfaces based on regional study and empirical approach, to make tangibleadaptive management proposals for the grazing production system with the household unit.
本文选择内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟白音锡勒牧场为研究区,以家庭牧场为基本单元,从草地适应性管理的迫切性、草地资源利用行为分异机制、草地资源利用影响三个层次探讨了现有制度格局下家庭牧场草地资源利用和管理问题,以实证研究为草地资源管理的制度创新提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下：
1基于草业系统C界面(草畜--经营管理界面)的草地适应性管理迫切性
对研究区进行牧户调查和统计资料分析,通过对草畜平衡管理下牧区草畜产品价格波动及其对畜牧业生产、家庭牧场收益影响的实证研究,指出草业系统C界面的草地适应性管理的迫切性。研究发现,草畜平衡管理加剧了头数畜牧业的内在矛盾；受载畜量限定,牧民面对畜产品价格上涨难以做出生产调节,生产系统数量管理以核定载畜量为重要参照,牧户的生产期望与现实差距大、增收难度大；在草畜产品价格上涨过程中,由于成本涨幅更大,单位牲畜收益下降,经济领域的压力使得草畜平衡管理压力增大,迫切需要以适应性管理政策调整来缓解草地生态管理的压力。
2家庭牧场草地资源利用行为分异机制及管理策略研究
依据牧户调查样本数据及统计资料,研究家庭牧场草地资源利用行为分异机制及管理策略。结果表明,因牲畜规模不同,家庭牧场在融资、草场流转、超载经营等方面表现出差异性；分大户组和小户组对家庭牧场面板数据(Panel Data)生产函数模型回归,发现规模报酬和要素弹性存在分组差异。可见,家庭牧场草地资源利用行为分异的内在机制是以牲畜特殊资产性质为基础的家庭牧场融资能力——生产经营行为——草地资源利用行为的关联性差异,外部驱动条件则是市场化经营和草畜平衡管理制度。现行草原制度管理政策与家庭牧场差异性行为存在矛盾,建议设立草场流转补贴,以改善当前草场流转不畅的局面；考虑家庭牧场超载差异,减轻违规超载处罚力度,重视合法超载限额管理；加强牧业技能培训和非牧就业培训等,发展现代生态畜牧业。
3基于NDVI值与畜产量指标的家庭牧场草地资源利用影响研究
采用Modis产品数据,以家庭牧场为尺度分析NDVI值与畜产量指标及其关系,并分析家庭牧场规模差异对草地资源的分异性影响。结果表明,研究区在2000—2010年家庭牧场NDVI值呈先增加后减少的趋势,2004年是转折期；生产规模大的家庭牧场其草场NDVI值相应高,生产规模小的家庭牧场其草场NDVI值相应低；在研究期内样本家庭牧场NDVI均值与年产量均值横截面数据序列相关,NDVI均值与单位面积产量呈反向趋势。提出几项讨论性建议：完善草原牧区产权制度体系；引导家庭牧场规模化生产和管理模式,避免差异规模形成的分布性过牧情况；草畜平衡管理制度要考虑对家庭牧场单位面积产量的控制；以区域研究和实证方法建立草原研究不同领域不同界面联系,支撑草原牧区适应性管理创新。
The natural grassland in Northern China is the important national animal husbandry production base and ecological barrier. In the late1960s, large areas of grassland in Northern China started degenerating. In the meantime, with the implementation of grassland protection measures, the animal husbandry-based grassland economic system entered the development bottleneck. As the herdsmen's living pressure increased, the grassland was in the multidimensional dilemmas, including ecological environment deterioration, limited economic development, and difficulty in herdsmen's income increase. Unreasonableresource utilization patterns such as over grazing, estrepement, coyoting, etc. were regarded as the major driving force of grassland deterioration. However, the fundamental problem relied on the disordered management and speculative use caused by improper institutional measures. Probing into the utilization problem and management strategy of grassland resources from the perspective of institution can make practical proposals for reasonable grassland resources utilization, adaptive management measures establishment, and marginal adjustment.
This paper takes BaiYin tin le pasture of Xilin Gol League in Inner MongoliaAutonomous Region as the study area and takes family ranch as the basic unit, to analyze the resources utilization and management problem of family ranches under the existing institutional pattern from three perspectives such as the urgency of grassland adaptive management, the ethological differentiation mechanism of grassland resources utilization, and the influence of grassland utilization, so as to provide scientific evidence for the institutional innovation of grassland resources management with empirical research.
1. Urgency of The Grassland Adaptive Management Based on The C Interfaces within Pratacultural System——The Fluctuation and Influence of Market Prices of Grass and livestock Products in Pastoral Area
By means of making a empirical study on the price fluctuation of grass and Livestock products as well as on its influence on the production and benefit of household ranch in the pastoral area under forage and animal balance management, this paper provides new evidence for the grassland adaptive management of the C interface within pratacultural system through selecting typical areas to make investigation on households and statistical data analysis.Research finds that forage and animal balance management intensifies the inner contradictions of animal number managed husbandry. Due to the limited carrying capacity, herdsman cannot make a decision when livestock products price was rising. Besides, as the quantitative management of production system views the ratified carrying capacity as important reference, there is not only a wide gap between the production expectation of the households and reality, but also a huge difficulty in the increase of benefit. In the markup process of grass and livestock product price, greater pressure has been posed on forage and animal balance management due to larger increase of cost, reduction of individual animal profit. Therefore, adjustment of adaptive management policy is urgently required to relieve the pressure on the grassland ecological management.
2. The behavior differentiation mechanism of grassland resources utilization and management Strategy of householdsin typical steppe region
According to the sample data and statistical information of the investigation on herdsmen, this paper researches the behavior differentiationmechanism and management strategies of grassland resources utilization among households. The results show that, due to the different scales of livestock, there are differences in financing, pasture transference, and overload operation of households; when carrying out regression about the panel data production function model of households via dividing into large-households group and small-households group, grouping differences exist in returns to scale and the elasticity of production factors. The quantitative analysis of households productionbehavior indicates that, the immanent mechanism of households behavioral difference in grassland resources utilization refers to the difference in relevanceamong households financing capacity, production behavior, and grassland resource utilization behavior based on the special asset properties of livestock, and external driving conditions refer to the market-featured management and the grass-livestock balance management. As contradiction exists between present grassland system management policy and households different behaviors, this paper puts forward several targeted policy recommendations:establish the pasture transference allowance systemto improve the current situation; consider households overload behavior difference, mitigate the punishment of illegaloverload, and focus on the management of legal overload limitation; develop modern ecological animal husbandry, strengthen skill training of animal husbandry and employment training of non-animal husbandry, etc.
3. Influence of grassland resources utilization of households Based on the NDVI Value and Livestock Production Index
By taking the typical grassland of Xilinguole League in Inner Mongolia as the research region, this paper researches the NDVI value and livestock production index as well as their relations based on household ranch, it also analyzes the different influence of grassland resources ranch on the households variation pasture scale. The results show that, the NDVI value of household pasture during2000to2010presented a tendency of climbing up first and then declining, and2004was the turning point; the NDVI value with large scaled production was relatively higher, and that with small scaled production was relatively lower; during the study period, the mean NDVI of sample households was related to cross-section data sequence of mean annual production, and the mean NDVI showed a reverse trend with the production per square kilometer. At last, the paper makes the following proposals:improve the property rights system of prairie pastoral area; guide households ranches for large-scaled production and management mode, to avoid distributive overgrazing formed by scale differentiation; the grass-livestock balance management should consider the control of the production per square kilometer of household ranch; establish the correlation among different fields and different interfaces based on regional study and empirical approach, to make tangibleadaptive management proposals for the grazing production system with the household unit.
引文
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* 参见《国务院关于加强草原保护与建设的若干意见》(国发[2002]19号)。
* 《草畜平衡管理办法》根据《中华人民共和国草原法》制定,2005年1月19日中华人民共和国农业部令第48号公布。《办法》共18条,自2005年3月1日起施行。
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* 参见《国务院关于加强草原保护与建设的若干意见》(国发[2002]19号)。
* 《草畜平衡管理办法》根据《中华人民共和国草原法》制定,2005年1月19日中华人民共和国农业部令第48号公布。《办法》共18条,自2005年3月1日起施行。