沙棘木蠹蛾环境协调性控制技术的初步研究
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摘要
沙棘木蠹蛾Holcocerus hippophaecolus是沙棘的一种钻蛀性害虫，主要在寄主主干及根茎内蛀食进行为害。近年来，沙棘木蠹蛾在我国辽宁、内蒙古、山西等省区暴发成灾，造成大面积人工沙棘林枯死，严重削减了沙棘作为水土保持树种所应发挥的生态效应，同时也给沙棘产业造成了很大的经济损失。
本文对沙棘木蠹蛾的生物生态学特性进行了详细的观察研究，以期为今后制定更加有效的防治措施打基础。并在目前已掌握的生物生态学特性基础上，开展了沙棘木蠹蛾环境协调性控制技术，特别是化学防治和生物防治的研究。
试验结果表明，由于环境条件等因素限制，化学药剂喷干杀卵、灌根防杀沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫均效果不佳，幼虫死亡率均低于20％。而采用根部施用磷化铝丸剂进行熏蒸的方法，可使沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫的校正死亡率达到98.95％；更由于其施药方法简便易行，成本低廉，因此在集约经营的沙棘林中有推广价值。
同时，也进行了小卷蛾斯氏线虫Beijing品系室内侵染及野外防治试验。试验结果表明，室内恒温27℃、线虫剂量为每头400条的情况下，最高死亡率可达92.5％；野外防治试验中，由于受环境温湿度及旌药方法等因素的影响，最高虫口减退率仅为13.22％。
在试验过程中还首次发现了自然寄生沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫的真菌，并进行了分离培养，初步确定其中一种分离培养物为轮枝孢属Verticillium的一个种。室内初步侵染试验中，沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫校正死亡率最高可达46.67％。
室内侵染试验的结果充分说明，利用线虫和真菌防治沙棘木蠹蛾具有较好前景。
Seabuckthorn carpenter worm (Holcocerus hippophaecolus Hua, Chou, Fang et Chen) is one of the borers attacking seabuckthorn, which mainly harms the roots and stems of hosts. In recent years, the outbreaks of this pest in Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Ningxia provinces made lots of seabuckthorn trees dead and reduced their ability to conserve soil and water, furthermore, this caused a serious economic loss for seabuckthorn industry.
In this article, biological and ecological characteristics of seabuckthorn capenter were expatiated and a lot of field and indoor experiments were done based on the characteristics mastered to determine the effective way of controlling the worm. Chemical control and biological control were involved in the environment-harmonizing control techniques.
The results showed that some methods, including chemical spray and chemical irrigating, are invalid. The mortality rate in corresponding experiment was no more than 20%. While fumigating with aluminium phosphide is much more effective and the highest mortality rate is 98.95%. Fumigating is proved to be a simple, convenient and low cost control method, especially in the intensively managed forest.
Simultaneously, experiments with Steinernema carpocapsae were done. The indoor experiments got the highest mortality rate of 92.5%, but the field experiment didn't get a satisfying result because of the impact of natural temperature, humidity and the way in which we did the experiment. Further study is needed to show how to make better conditions for Steinernema carpocapsae to fully exert its control ability.
We also found some dead larvae parasitized by a kind of fungus which we identified to be Verticillium sp.. Laboratorial experiment with this fungus got a mortality rate of 46.67%.
The indoor experiment result predicted a prosperous future for controlling seabuckthorn carpenter with nematodes and fungi.
本文对沙棘木蠹蛾的生物生态学特性进行了详细的观察研究，以期为今后制定更加有效的防治措施打基础。并在目前已掌握的生物生态学特性基础上，开展了沙棘木蠹蛾环境协调性控制技术，特别是化学防治和生物防治的研究。
试验结果表明，由于环境条件等因素限制，化学药剂喷干杀卵、灌根防杀沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫均效果不佳，幼虫死亡率均低于20％。而采用根部施用磷化铝丸剂进行熏蒸的方法，可使沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫的校正死亡率达到98.95％；更由于其施药方法简便易行，成本低廉，因此在集约经营的沙棘林中有推广价值。
同时，也进行了小卷蛾斯氏线虫Beijing品系室内侵染及野外防治试验。试验结果表明，室内恒温27℃、线虫剂量为每头400条的情况下，最高死亡率可达92.5％；野外防治试验中，由于受环境温湿度及旌药方法等因素的影响，最高虫口减退率仅为13.22％。
在试验过程中还首次发现了自然寄生沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫的真菌，并进行了分离培养，初步确定其中一种分离培养物为轮枝孢属Verticillium的一个种。室内初步侵染试验中，沙棘木蠹蛾幼虫校正死亡率最高可达46.67％。
室内侵染试验的结果充分说明，利用线虫和真菌防治沙棘木蠹蛾具有较好前景。
Seabuckthorn carpenter worm (Holcocerus hippophaecolus Hua, Chou, Fang et Chen) is one of the borers attacking seabuckthorn, which mainly harms the roots and stems of hosts. In recent years, the outbreaks of this pest in Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Ningxia provinces made lots of seabuckthorn trees dead and reduced their ability to conserve soil and water, furthermore, this caused a serious economic loss for seabuckthorn industry.
In this article, biological and ecological characteristics of seabuckthorn capenter were expatiated and a lot of field and indoor experiments were done based on the characteristics mastered to determine the effective way of controlling the worm. Chemical control and biological control were involved in the environment-harmonizing control techniques.
The results showed that some methods, including chemical spray and chemical irrigating, are invalid. The mortality rate in corresponding experiment was no more than 20%. While fumigating with aluminium phosphide is much more effective and the highest mortality rate is 98.95%. Fumigating is proved to be a simple, convenient and low cost control method, especially in the intensively managed forest.
Simultaneously, experiments with Steinernema carpocapsae were done. The indoor experiments got the highest mortality rate of 92.5%, but the field experiment didn't get a satisfying result because of the impact of natural temperature, humidity and the way in which we did the experiment. Further study is needed to show how to make better conditions for Steinernema carpocapsae to fully exert its control ability.
We also found some dead larvae parasitized by a kind of fungus which we identified to be Verticillium sp.. Laboratorial experiment with this fungus got a mortality rate of 46.67%.
The indoor experiment result predicted a prosperous future for controlling seabuckthorn carpenter with nematodes and fungi.
引文
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2．王淑芳．沙棘——水土保持的先锋树种．绿化与生活．2003，2：32～33．
3．王瑞珍．芳香木蠹蛾东方亚种及其防治．内蒙古林业．1995，(3)：24～25．
4．丘玲．应用管氏肿腿蜂防治粗鞘双条杉天牛．中国生物防治．1999，15(1)8～11．
5．卢顺光，孙振华，穆桂清．抓住机遇加速沙棘事业的发展．沙棘．1994，7(1)：1～3．
6．叶伟军，曾重惠，周祖基等．杉棕天牛生物学特性及防治措施研究．四川林业科技．1997，18(3)：41～44．
7．田润民，唐蒙昌．沙棘木蠹蛾生物学特性的初步研究．内蒙古林业科技．1997，(1)：36～38．
8．刘丽珍，关庆义，朱立新等．应用芜菁夜蛾线虫防治小木蠹蛾的研究．昆虫知识．1994，31 (6)：360～362
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