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应用虫生真菌防治松墨天牛技术的研究
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摘要
为了更好的应用虫生真菌对松材线虫的传播媒介松墨天牛的防治,本研究利用球孢白僵菌无纺布菌条在马鞍山市林场进行不同放菌方式放菌,以评价白僵菌无纺布条对松墨天牛的防治效果。在进行大规模野外防治的同时,在室内也进行对松墨天牛生物测定的研究。
     通过紫外诱变,胞外蛋白酶,产胞量比较及毒力生物测定,获得一株高毒力、抗紫外线的菌株RCEF16,其特点是产孢量高,对松墨天牛的毒力强,且较原出发株抗紫外线。用此菌株制成的无纺布菌条,其上的孢子比出发株菌条上的孢子在林间存活时间长。
     通过在野外进行不同规模的放菌:连续三年放菌、一年一次放菌及同样剂量一年两次放菌。与不放菌的对照相比,这三种放菌方式无论是虫口还是死树率都显著性降低;三种放菌方式间差异不显著,其中以连续三年放菌区的虫口及死树率最低。连续三年放菌区土壤中白僵菌的宿存时间最长。说明连续放菌有利于害虫的持续控制。在一年两次放菌区,其空气中孢子宿存时间最长,这表明小剂量多频度的放菌更有利于天牛的持续控制。
     结果表明,各个放菌区诱捕回来的松墨天牛成虫的死亡率比对照区高,且有僵虫出现,感染率在20%左右。可见,林间放菌增加了天牛感菌的机会。在各处理区挂笼,放菌区天牛的死亡率及感染率显著高于对照区。在林间放菌后天牛感染真菌而死亡。各放菌区观察点内都有虫尸出现,各放菌区间效果差异不显著而与对照之间差异都显著。经过室内保湿培养,僵虫率达到60%左右,而对照区则没发现虫尸及僵虫。这些都说明放菌对松墨天牛成虫的防治是有作用的
     出发株与林间僵虫上分离的白僵菌菌体的酯酶同工酶酶谱的比较,可将10个菌株分为3类。出发株RCEF16、分离菌株02725-1、02725-2、02725-3、02725-4、02725-5、02725-6为第一类;分离株02725-7为第二类;分离株02725-8、02725-9为第三类。在第一类中各分离株亲缘关系非常近且其在总分离株中所占比例为66.7%。因此,可以认为林间天牛被感染主要是当年放菌所致。
     防治效果终期调查了4个处理区的死树率及标准木的刻槽数,侵入孔数及幼虫数等,结果表明各个不同的放菌区之间差异不显著,但与对照区之间差异均显著。从各区内的平均死树率来看,以三年连续放菌区最低,其次是一年两次放菌区。从平均每
    
    棵标准木上的刻槽数、平均每棵标准木上的侵入孔数、平均每棵标准木上的幼虫数等
    指标来看结果与上述结果类似。从刻槽数/侵入孔数的比值来看,其以三年连续放菌区
    内该指标的比值最大,但与其它两个放菌区差异不明显,与对照区差异较大(a=
    0.01人这说明天牛侵入树体的效率不高,放菌是有效果的。从侵入孔数/幼虫数这个
    指标来看,该比值越大可能说明幼虫进入树体后死亡率较高。放菌各区的比值仍高于
    对照区。说明幼虫进入树体后死亡率较高。结合前面结果来看,连续几年放菌和一年
    两次或以上放菌方式有助于病原物的宿存和对天牛的持续控制。
     经过不同菌株处理的天牛幼虫,均表现出死亡数增多、化蛹率降低、羽化数减少,
    平均羽化时间缩短,多不能正常完成生活史。
     松墨天牛成虫虫体几个不同部位与无纺布菌条的接触感染试验表明,从触角、口
    器到足与腹,其感染率依次升高,致死中时依次下降。
     在不同菌株对松墨天牛成虫的毒力测定中。几株虫生真菌对松墨天牛成虫的表现
    出不同的毒力,其中以金龟子绿僵菌Ma83菌株的毒力最强,天牛的死亡率及校正死
    亡分别达100%,其感染率也最高,达到79%;致死中时最短为5.24天。其次为既、
    RCEF16和 Ma09。经测定 Ma83对松墨天牛成虫的 LC。。为 1.38 X 10’抱子/ml。然而在模
    拟野外条件下,天牛的死亡率及感染率比室内生物测定条件下低,但显著高于对照,。
     关于不同诱捕技术对松墨天牛的诱捕效果的研究表明MAZK05引诱剂的效果最好;
    在诱芯的选择方面,采取对引诱剂释放速度适中的果陈杯作诱捕效果较好。至于诱捕
    器,宣州森防站制造的诱捕器诱集效果比仿日式诱捕器效果好。
In the present study, non-woven fabric bands impregnated with Beauveria bassiana, an important entomogenous fungus, was used in different ways in Maanshan Forest Farm, Southern Anhui, to better control the pine sawyer, Monochamus alternates, an important vector of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus zylophilus.
    Through UV mutation, comparison of extracellular proteases production and sporulation, and Bioassay of virulence on the sawyer, RCEF16, a highly virulent and resistant to UV, was obtained. The conidia of B. bassiana on the bands made from the strain survived longer in forests.
    Field trail included 3 application ways: successive one release for 3 years, once release in one year and 2 releases of half dose in one year. As compared to either population size or mortality of pines in the control pine plantation, those of the 3 treatments decreased significantly, and among them, successive one releases for 3 years resulted in the lowest sawyer population and lowest tree mortality, although the differences between the treatments were not significant. In addition, the B. bassiana inoculum in soil in this treatment survived the longest.
    An trapping test in a pine plantation with some attractants showed that all trapped adult sawyers from the treated areas died more than from the control area, with infection at around 20%, suggesting that the release of the fungus increased significantly the chance of the infection. In a cage test, mortality and the infection rates of the sawyers in the cages of all the treated areas were significantly higher than in the control area. In addition, the sawyer cadavers infected by B. bassiana were found and collected in all the treated areas. The cadaver numbers of the treatments were not significantly different although they were all significantly higher than that of the control. All these indicated the band application in the pine plantations did suppressed the pine sawyers substantially.
    Esterase isozyme profiles were tested for the released isolate and the isolates resulted from the collected cadavers were compared. They could be divided into 3 groups. Group 1 included No. 16, the released isolate and those isolates from cadaver No 1-6, group 2 included the isolate from cadaver 7, and Group 3 included those from cadaver 8 and 9. In group 1, the isolates had very close isozyme profiles, and they accounted for 66.7% of all
    
    
    the isolates from the cadavers collected, indicating that the infection of the sawyers were caused mostly by the isolate released in the same year.
    At the end of the experiment, the rates of dead trees, numbers of oviposition scar, invasion holes and larvae in pine trees were investigated finally. The result showed that all these estimates were not significantly different between the treatments, but significantly lower than those of the control. Among the treatments, the estimates of the treatment of successive one release for 3 years were the lowest, followed by those of 2 releases of half dose in one year. The ratio of oviposition scars to invasion holes of the treatment of successive one release for 3 years was the highest, suggesting the poorest invasion success and successful suppression of the sawyer by the fungus. The ratios of invasion holes to larvae of all the treatments were higher than that of the control, suggesting higher mortality of the larvae after entrance into the trees by mortality factors including the fungus. In consideration of ail the previous results, the release of lower dose and higher frequency contributed to survival of the
    fungus and sustainable control of the pine sawyer.
    Among the larvae of the sawyers treated with different isolates of B. bassiana, more deaths, lower pupation rate, poorer emergence and shortened emergence time occurred. Many did not complete their life cycle.
    Different exposure sites onto the fungal bands on the sawyers were tested for infection. The infection rose and medium lethal time declined in an order of antenna, mouth part, leg and abdomen.
    Virulence of different entomogenous fungi
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