考虑河谷场地效应的拱坝—地基地震响应分析方法研究
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摘要
河谷地形对场地地震响应有很大影响，但一般进行拱坝-地基体系动力分析时为方便计算，常常将三维拱坝-地基模型的河谷四周侧边界简化为水平成层半空间来求解自由场(本文称为自由场近似解)，这与拱坝-地基体系实际受到的地震作用差别是显而易见的。在拱坝-地基动力相互作用地震反应分析中，包括自由场在内的波动输入处理的合理与否，将直接影响到计算结果的精度和可信度。本文以小湾拱坝为例，进行了有关不规则河谷场地数值模拟方法、河谷场地对拱坝结构地震响应的影响、拱坝-地基体系时程分析的地震动输入等一系列工作，主要成果如下：
第一，给出了三维不规则场地的自由场计算方法。采用有限元结合透射边界求解二维不规则场地地震响应(本文称为自由场有限元解)，并以此作为三维计算模型的自由场输入。通过对小湾拱坝坝址三维河谷场地的地震响应模拟，比较了侧边界自由场的有限元解和近似解，以及它们对河谷内部场点地震响应的影响，结果表明：河谷地形的自由场有限元解和近似解对场地地震响应有显著影响。
第二，提出了考虑河谷场地效应的三维拱坝-地基体系的地震响应分析方法。分别以考虑河谷地形的自由场有限元解和简化为水平单一介质的自由场近似解作为输入，比较了三维拱坝-地基体系的地震响应。结果表明：考虑河谷地形影响计算的拱坝-地基地震响应与近似方法的计算结果存在很大差异，拱坝及坝基位移响应变化不大，但是应力响应出现大幅度的增大。
第三，提出了地震波倾斜入射情形下考虑河谷场地效应的三维拱坝-地基体系的地震响应分析方法。采用有限元结合人工透射边界的方法，求解地震波倾斜入射情形下河谷地形侧边界的自由场，并以此作为三维拱坝-地基模型地震波的输入，求解拱坝-地基体系在地震波倾斜入射条件下三维地震响应。计算结果表明：地震波倾斜入射对拱坝坝体和坝基的应力响应影响显著。
第四，提出了双向地震波不同振动方向输入情形下，考虑河谷场地效应的自由场简化计算方法。并以此作为三维拱坝-地基模型地震波的输入，求解拱坝-地基体系在入射地震波不同振动方向时三维地震响应。计算结果表明：在单向地震波输入情形下拱坝-地基最大地震响应一般发生在横河向或顺河向，但在双向地震波输入情形下拱坝及坝基的最大位移、应力响应振动方向与输入地震波相关。
最后，对全文工作进行总结，并对今后的工作作出展望。
Valley topography has a great influence on the seismic responses of the vallysite, but for the convenience of calculation, the lateral boundary of thethree-dimensional dam-foundation model is usually simplified as level layered halfspace for solving the free field (In this paper, be called the approximate solution offree field). The actual earthquake input of the arch dam-foundation system isdifferent to the approximate soulution obviously. Consequently, in the seismicresponse analysis of arch dam-foundation dynamic interaction, the accuracy andreliability of calculation results are decided by the reasonability of the earthquakewave input. And then in this paper Xiaowan arch dam is selected as a3D elementmodel, the following series work: the simulation method of irregular landform, theeffects of vally site on arch dam’s seismic response, and the input ground motion intime domain anlysis of arch dam-foundation system are performed in this paper. Themain results are as follows:
Firstly, the free field’s calculation method of3D irregular site is put forward inthis paper. The finite element method and artificial transmitting boundary areadopted to solve the seismic response of two-dimensional irregular site(In this paper,be called the finite-element solution of free field), and take the calculating results asthe free field input of three-dimensional calculation model. Then, the seismicresponse simulation of3D Valley site of Xiaowan Arch Dam is performed. Thefinite-element and approximate free field’s solutions of the lateral boundary and theeffects of valley topography on internal site’s seismic response are compared andanalysed. The results show that: large differences occur between the finite-elementfree field’s solutions and the approximate free field’s solutions. The differentsolving methods of free field have obvious influence on the seismic responses of thevally site.
Secondly, the seismic response analysis method of3D arch dam-foundationmodel is put forward under the condition of considering the effects of vally site. Thefinite-element and approximate solutions of free field are taken as the earthquakeinput of the3D model, then comparing the seismic response of3D archdam-foundation model under the condition of different earthquake input. The resultsshow that: Great differences occur between the finite-element method and theapproximate method. Although the displacement response of arch dam andfoundation have little changes, but the stress responses of arch dam increases greatlywhen adopting the finite-element solution of free field.
Thirdly, the seismic response analysis method of3D arch dam-foundation modelunder the condition of inclined incident earthquake wave is put forward whenconsidering the the effects of vally site. The finite element method and artificial transmitting boundary are adopted to solve the free field of lateral boundary withvally topography under the condition of inclined incident earthquake wave. And thentake the calculating results as the free field input of three-dimensional calculationmodel, the seismic response of3D arch dam-foundation system under the conditionof inclined incident earthquake wave is resloved. The calculation results show that:The stress response of arch dam and foundation has great changes when theearthquake wave inclined incidence.
Fourthly, the calculation method of free field with valley topography is putforward under the bidirectional earthquake wave input case when considering thedifferent vibration direction of incident earthquake wave. Then the seismic responseof arch dam and foundation is simulated considering the different vibration directionof bidirectional incident earthquake wave. The results show that: in the case ofunidirectional earthquake wave input, the maximum seismic response of arch damand foundation occur when the vibration direction of input earthquake wave is acrossor along the river. But in the case of bidirectional earthquake wave input, themaximum displacement and strain responses of arch dam occur when the vibrationdirection isn’t across or along the river, the maximum responses are related to theinput earthquake wave.
Finally, the whole study work is summarized and the prospects on the futureprogress of the work are proposed.
第一，给出了三维不规则场地的自由场计算方法。采用有限元结合透射边界求解二维不规则场地地震响应(本文称为自由场有限元解)，并以此作为三维计算模型的自由场输入。通过对小湾拱坝坝址三维河谷场地的地震响应模拟，比较了侧边界自由场的有限元解和近似解，以及它们对河谷内部场点地震响应的影响，结果表明：河谷地形的自由场有限元解和近似解对场地地震响应有显著影响。
第二，提出了考虑河谷场地效应的三维拱坝-地基体系的地震响应分析方法。分别以考虑河谷地形的自由场有限元解和简化为水平单一介质的自由场近似解作为输入，比较了三维拱坝-地基体系的地震响应。结果表明：考虑河谷地形影响计算的拱坝-地基地震响应与近似方法的计算结果存在很大差异，拱坝及坝基位移响应变化不大，但是应力响应出现大幅度的增大。
第三，提出了地震波倾斜入射情形下考虑河谷场地效应的三维拱坝-地基体系的地震响应分析方法。采用有限元结合人工透射边界的方法，求解地震波倾斜入射情形下河谷地形侧边界的自由场，并以此作为三维拱坝-地基模型地震波的输入，求解拱坝-地基体系在地震波倾斜入射条件下三维地震响应。计算结果表明：地震波倾斜入射对拱坝坝体和坝基的应力响应影响显著。
第四，提出了双向地震波不同振动方向输入情形下，考虑河谷场地效应的自由场简化计算方法。并以此作为三维拱坝-地基模型地震波的输入，求解拱坝-地基体系在入射地震波不同振动方向时三维地震响应。计算结果表明：在单向地震波输入情形下拱坝-地基最大地震响应一般发生在横河向或顺河向，但在双向地震波输入情形下拱坝及坝基的最大位移、应力响应振动方向与输入地震波相关。
最后，对全文工作进行总结，并对今后的工作作出展望。
Valley topography has a great influence on the seismic responses of the vallysite, but for the convenience of calculation, the lateral boundary of thethree-dimensional dam-foundation model is usually simplified as level layered halfspace for solving the free field (In this paper, be called the approximate solution offree field). The actual earthquake input of the arch dam-foundation system isdifferent to the approximate soulution obviously. Consequently, in the seismicresponse analysis of arch dam-foundation dynamic interaction, the accuracy andreliability of calculation results are decided by the reasonability of the earthquakewave input. And then in this paper Xiaowan arch dam is selected as a3D elementmodel, the following series work: the simulation method of irregular landform, theeffects of vally site on arch dam’s seismic response, and the input ground motion intime domain anlysis of arch dam-foundation system are performed in this paper. Themain results are as follows:
Firstly, the free field’s calculation method of3D irregular site is put forward inthis paper. The finite element method and artificial transmitting boundary areadopted to solve the seismic response of two-dimensional irregular site(In this paper,be called the finite-element solution of free field), and take the calculating results asthe free field input of three-dimensional calculation model. Then, the seismicresponse simulation of3D Valley site of Xiaowan Arch Dam is performed. Thefinite-element and approximate free field’s solutions of the lateral boundary and theeffects of valley topography on internal site’s seismic response are compared andanalysed. The results show that: large differences occur between the finite-elementfree field’s solutions and the approximate free field’s solutions. The differentsolving methods of free field have obvious influence on the seismic responses of thevally site.
Secondly, the seismic response analysis method of3D arch dam-foundationmodel is put forward under the condition of considering the effects of vally site. Thefinite-element and approximate solutions of free field are taken as the earthquakeinput of the3D model, then comparing the seismic response of3D archdam-foundation model under the condition of different earthquake input. The resultsshow that: Great differences occur between the finite-element method and theapproximate method. Although the displacement response of arch dam andfoundation have little changes, but the stress responses of arch dam increases greatlywhen adopting the finite-element solution of free field.
Thirdly, the seismic response analysis method of3D arch dam-foundation modelunder the condition of inclined incident earthquake wave is put forward whenconsidering the the effects of vally site. The finite element method and artificial transmitting boundary are adopted to solve the free field of lateral boundary withvally topography under the condition of inclined incident earthquake wave. And thentake the calculating results as the free field input of three-dimensional calculationmodel, the seismic response of3D arch dam-foundation system under the conditionof inclined incident earthquake wave is resloved. The calculation results show that:The stress response of arch dam and foundation has great changes when theearthquake wave inclined incidence.
Fourthly, the calculation method of free field with valley topography is putforward under the bidirectional earthquake wave input case when considering thedifferent vibration direction of incident earthquake wave. Then the seismic responseof arch dam and foundation is simulated considering the different vibration directionof bidirectional incident earthquake wave. The results show that: in the case ofunidirectional earthquake wave input, the maximum seismic response of arch damand foundation occur when the vibration direction of input earthquake wave is acrossor along the river. But in the case of bidirectional earthquake wave input, themaximum displacement and strain responses of arch dam occur when the vibrationdirection isn’t across or along the river, the maximum responses are related to theinput earthquake wave.
Finally, the whole study work is summarized and the prospects on the futureprogress of the work are proposed.
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