区域农业生态环境质量与生态经济的时空变化研究
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摘要
本文针对区域农业生态环境与农业生态经济研究中的主要问题,将农业生态环境质量评价与农业生态经济评价相结合,综合考虑“生态环境、社会、经济”的整体效应,以江苏省不同经济区及其代表县市区域为研究案例,建立区域农业生态环境质量和生态经济时空变化的指标体系,应用区域农业生态环境质量和农业生态经济模型,在县域、经济区两个尺度评价单元上,分析了区域农业生态环境质量和农业生态经济时空变化,提出了区域农业生态系统发展的措施建议。
1.基于可持续发展理论、环境承载力理论、生态经济学理论,筛选和检验了量化农业生态环境质量与生态经济时空变化的指标体系,建立了农业生态环境质量与生态经济评价模型,该模型可以分析区域农业生态环境质量与农业生态经济的时空变化,评价农业生态环境-经济协调发展水平。
2.构建了较完整的、县域和经济区两个尺度评价单元的农业生态环境质量与农业生态经济时空变化的指标体系,前者包括农业生态环境质量评价指数(目标层)、自然环境状况、生态状况和环境污染状况(准则层)和16个具体指标(指标层：≥10℃活动积温、年平均气温、年降水量、年日照时数、植被覆盖率、土地复种指数、水土流失量、土壤pH值、土壤有机质含量、土壤全氮含量、土壤速效磷含量、土壤速效钾含量、化肥使用强度、工业废水排放强度、工业废气排放强度、S02排放强度)；后者包括农业生态经济发展水平(目标层),农业生态环境质量状况、农业社会状况、农业经济状况(准则层)和14个具体的生态环境、社会、经济指标(指标层：农业生态环境质量指数、区域人口密度、农村劳动力比例、人均耕地面积、有效灌溉面积率、单位面积耕地粮食产量、单位耕地面积农业产值、单位农业总产值用电量、农村居民人均年纯收入、农业产值占农村产值的比例、财政支农支出占财政支出的比重、区域人均GDP、人均粮食占有量、单位面积农业机械总动力)。
3.应用农业生态环境质量与生态经济评价模型,分别以经济区、县域为评价单元,利用农业生态系统在某时间段内生态环境质量评价指数及生态经济的发展水平,对区域农业生态环境质量与农业生态经济状况进行时空动态分析；同时,将农业生态环境质量与农业生态经济评价指数相结合,利用农业生态环境-生态经济协调发展水平,评判农业生态系统的发展现状及潜力。
4.以江苏省为案例,在对典型年份植被覆盖度、水土流失量、环境污染等环境单因子分析的基础上,分析了徐连、宁镇扬、沿江、太湖和沿海5个经济区农业生态系统的时空变化。结果表明：(1)在时间上,不同区域的植被覆盖度均随时间的推移显著提高,不同区域的水土流失量随时间的推移有所增加；在空间上,不同区域的植被覆盖度总体上也是呈上升的趋势,但水土流失量变化不同；(2)在经济区尺度评价单元上,农业生态环境质量评价指数从北向南呈明显的下降趋势,以徐连经济区的生态环境质量评价指数最高、沿江、沿海和宁镇扬经济区次之、太湖经济区最低；在县域尺度评价单元上,评价结果与经济区尺度评价单元的结果具有同质性和异质性。(3)农业生态经济发展水平的时空变化明显,随时间的推移,不同经济区的农业生态经济协调指数呈现明显的空间变化,由北向南表现为逐渐上升的趋势,且随年份的推移逐渐上升。徐连和太湖经济区的生态经济协调发展水平在1999-2008年间逐渐上升,处于良好或优质协调状态；农业生态环境-生态经济综合协调发展水平也较高,但差距较大,在1999-2008年间呈逐渐下降趋势,但总体上仍处于良好或优质协调状态。
According to the primary eco-environment issues, the index systems for assessing the temporal and spatial variation of regional agriculture ecological environmental quality and ecological economy were established through combining the agriculture ecological environmental quality and ecological economy together, and synthesizing the ecological environment, society and economy by taking the different economy zones and cities of Jiangsu province as an example. Based on the models of agriculture ecological environmental quality and ecological economy, the temporal and spatial variation of regional agro-ecosystem environmental quality and ecological economic were analyszed in the scale of city and economy zone. At last, the paper put forward a series of counter measure to achieve the regional agro-ecosystem sustainable development.
1. The index for quantifying the spatial and temporal variation of regional agriculture ecological environment quality and ecolofical economy were screened and tested based on the sustainable development theory, environment carrying capacity theory, and the assessing models of agriculture ecological environment quality and ecological economy were developed. The temporal and spatial variation of agriculture ecological environment quality, ecological economy, and harmonious development level of agriculture ecological environment-economicwere synthesized.
2. This paper constructed a perfect index systems of the temporal and spatial variation of regional agriculture ecological environmental quality and ecological economy through two assessing unit which in the scale of city and economy zone. The former was made of composite environmental quality index (target arrangement), natural environment status, ecological status and environmental pollution (rule arrangement), and16indictors (indicator arrangement). They were:active accumulated temperature≥10℃, mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, annual sunshine hours, vegetation cover, land multiple cropping index, volume of water and soil loss, pH of soil, organic matter content in soil, nitrogen content in soil, phosphorus content in soil, potassium content in soil, use of fertilizer per hm2of farm land, discharge intensity of industrial waste water, discharge intensity of industrial waste gas and discharge intensity of SO2. The latter was made of the level of ecological economic sub-system sustainable development (target arrangement), agricultural environment status, agricultural society status and agricultural economic status (rule arrangement), and14indictors (indictor arrangement). They were:agricultural ecological environmental index, regional population size (inhabitants per km), proportion of agricultural laborer, average per capita amount of arable land, true irrigation area, grain yields per hm2of arable land, agriculture production value per hm2of arable land, agriculture production value occupy the scale of village production value, fiscal support expenditure in agriculture occupy the scale of financial expenditure, electricity consumption per Gross agricultural output value, net income per villager, agricultural labor productivity, agricultural land productivity, per capita average GDP of agriculture, grain per capita, total powers of agriculture machine per hm2.
3. Based on the models of regional agriculture eco-environment and eco-economic, taking the economic zone and country as the assessment unit, the spatial and temporal variability of agricultural ecological environment quality was assessed through the regional agro-ecosystem composite environmental quality index and ecological economic development level. Then, combined the agriculture ecological environment quality index and ecological economic development level together, in order to assessing the development tendency and ability of agricultural ecological system through the harmonious degree between agricultural ecological environment quality and agricultural ecological economy.
4. Taken Jiangsu province for example, the spatial and temporal variation of agriculture ecological system of Xulian, Yanhai, Ningzhenyang, Yanjiang and Taihu economic zone were synthesized based on the analysis of the vegetation cover, water and soil erosion, and environment pollution in special years. The assessing results indicated that the vegetation cover and water and soil erosion was increased temporally as the years go by, and the vegetation cover increased spatially in general, however, the variability of water and soil erosion was different.(2) The agriculture ecological environmental quality index of five economic zones decreased from north to south of Jiangsu Province in the ecnomy zone assessing unit, and the assessing resuts of agriculture ecological environmental quality index was homogeneity and heterogeneity in the city assessing unit.(3) The spatial and temporal variation of the agriculture ecological environmental quality was obvious, and the agriculture ecological economy of five economic zones increased from north to south of Jiangsu Province and also increased obviously as the years goes by. The agriculture ecological environmental quality of Xulian and Tai Lake decreased from1999to2008, and the agriculture ecological environmental quality of Xulian economic zone was much better than Tai lake economic zone. The coordination development level of agriculture ecological economic of Xulian and Taihu economic zone increased gradually from1999to2008, and to preserve in good or excellent coordinative condition. The coordination development level of agricultural eco-environment-economic of two economic regions was both high, but decreased from1999to2008, and still keeps in good or excellent coordinate condition.
1.基于可持续发展理论、环境承载力理论、生态经济学理论,筛选和检验了量化农业生态环境质量与生态经济时空变化的指标体系,建立了农业生态环境质量与生态经济评价模型,该模型可以分析区域农业生态环境质量与农业生态经济的时空变化,评价农业生态环境-经济协调发展水平。
2.构建了较完整的、县域和经济区两个尺度评价单元的农业生态环境质量与农业生态经济时空变化的指标体系,前者包括农业生态环境质量评价指数(目标层)、自然环境状况、生态状况和环境污染状况(准则层)和16个具体指标(指标层：≥10℃活动积温、年平均气温、年降水量、年日照时数、植被覆盖率、土地复种指数、水土流失量、土壤pH值、土壤有机质含量、土壤全氮含量、土壤速效磷含量、土壤速效钾含量、化肥使用强度、工业废水排放强度、工业废气排放强度、S02排放强度)；后者包括农业生态经济发展水平(目标层),农业生态环境质量状况、农业社会状况、农业经济状况(准则层)和14个具体的生态环境、社会、经济指标(指标层：农业生态环境质量指数、区域人口密度、农村劳动力比例、人均耕地面积、有效灌溉面积率、单位面积耕地粮食产量、单位耕地面积农业产值、单位农业总产值用电量、农村居民人均年纯收入、农业产值占农村产值的比例、财政支农支出占财政支出的比重、区域人均GDP、人均粮食占有量、单位面积农业机械总动力)。
3.应用农业生态环境质量与生态经济评价模型,分别以经济区、县域为评价单元,利用农业生态系统在某时间段内生态环境质量评价指数及生态经济的发展水平,对区域农业生态环境质量与农业生态经济状况进行时空动态分析；同时,将农业生态环境质量与农业生态经济评价指数相结合,利用农业生态环境-生态经济协调发展水平,评判农业生态系统的发展现状及潜力。
4.以江苏省为案例,在对典型年份植被覆盖度、水土流失量、环境污染等环境单因子分析的基础上,分析了徐连、宁镇扬、沿江、太湖和沿海5个经济区农业生态系统的时空变化。结果表明：(1)在时间上,不同区域的植被覆盖度均随时间的推移显著提高,不同区域的水土流失量随时间的推移有所增加；在空间上,不同区域的植被覆盖度总体上也是呈上升的趋势,但水土流失量变化不同；(2)在经济区尺度评价单元上,农业生态环境质量评价指数从北向南呈明显的下降趋势,以徐连经济区的生态环境质量评价指数最高、沿江、沿海和宁镇扬经济区次之、太湖经济区最低；在县域尺度评价单元上,评价结果与经济区尺度评价单元的结果具有同质性和异质性。(3)农业生态经济发展水平的时空变化明显,随时间的推移,不同经济区的农业生态经济协调指数呈现明显的空间变化,由北向南表现为逐渐上升的趋势,且随年份的推移逐渐上升。徐连和太湖经济区的生态经济协调发展水平在1999-2008年间逐渐上升,处于良好或优质协调状态；农业生态环境-生态经济综合协调发展水平也较高,但差距较大,在1999-2008年间呈逐渐下降趋势,但总体上仍处于良好或优质协调状态。
According to the primary eco-environment issues, the index systems for assessing the temporal and spatial variation of regional agriculture ecological environmental quality and ecological economy were established through combining the agriculture ecological environmental quality and ecological economy together, and synthesizing the ecological environment, society and economy by taking the different economy zones and cities of Jiangsu province as an example. Based on the models of agriculture ecological environmental quality and ecological economy, the temporal and spatial variation of regional agro-ecosystem environmental quality and ecological economic were analyszed in the scale of city and economy zone. At last, the paper put forward a series of counter measure to achieve the regional agro-ecosystem sustainable development.
1. The index for quantifying the spatial and temporal variation of regional agriculture ecological environment quality and ecolofical economy were screened and tested based on the sustainable development theory, environment carrying capacity theory, and the assessing models of agriculture ecological environment quality and ecological economy were developed. The temporal and spatial variation of agriculture ecological environment quality, ecological economy, and harmonious development level of agriculture ecological environment-economicwere synthesized.
2. This paper constructed a perfect index systems of the temporal and spatial variation of regional agriculture ecological environmental quality and ecological economy through two assessing unit which in the scale of city and economy zone. The former was made of composite environmental quality index (target arrangement), natural environment status, ecological status and environmental pollution (rule arrangement), and16indictors (indicator arrangement). They were:active accumulated temperature≥10℃, mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, annual sunshine hours, vegetation cover, land multiple cropping index, volume of water and soil loss, pH of soil, organic matter content in soil, nitrogen content in soil, phosphorus content in soil, potassium content in soil, use of fertilizer per hm2of farm land, discharge intensity of industrial waste water, discharge intensity of industrial waste gas and discharge intensity of SO2. The latter was made of the level of ecological economic sub-system sustainable development (target arrangement), agricultural environment status, agricultural society status and agricultural economic status (rule arrangement), and14indictors (indictor arrangement). They were:agricultural ecological environmental index, regional population size (inhabitants per km), proportion of agricultural laborer, average per capita amount of arable land, true irrigation area, grain yields per hm2of arable land, agriculture production value per hm2of arable land, agriculture production value occupy the scale of village production value, fiscal support expenditure in agriculture occupy the scale of financial expenditure, electricity consumption per Gross agricultural output value, net income per villager, agricultural labor productivity, agricultural land productivity, per capita average GDP of agriculture, grain per capita, total powers of agriculture machine per hm2.
3. Based on the models of regional agriculture eco-environment and eco-economic, taking the economic zone and country as the assessment unit, the spatial and temporal variability of agricultural ecological environment quality was assessed through the regional agro-ecosystem composite environmental quality index and ecological economic development level. Then, combined the agriculture ecological environment quality index and ecological economic development level together, in order to assessing the development tendency and ability of agricultural ecological system through the harmonious degree between agricultural ecological environment quality and agricultural ecological economy.
4. Taken Jiangsu province for example, the spatial and temporal variation of agriculture ecological system of Xulian, Yanhai, Ningzhenyang, Yanjiang and Taihu economic zone were synthesized based on the analysis of the vegetation cover, water and soil erosion, and environment pollution in special years. The assessing results indicated that the vegetation cover and water and soil erosion was increased temporally as the years go by, and the vegetation cover increased spatially in general, however, the variability of water and soil erosion was different.(2) The agriculture ecological environmental quality index of five economic zones decreased from north to south of Jiangsu Province in the ecnomy zone assessing unit, and the assessing resuts of agriculture ecological environmental quality index was homogeneity and heterogeneity in the city assessing unit.(3) The spatial and temporal variation of the agriculture ecological environmental quality was obvious, and the agriculture ecological economy of five economic zones increased from north to south of Jiangsu Province and also increased obviously as the years goes by. The agriculture ecological environmental quality of Xulian and Tai Lake decreased from1999to2008, and the agriculture ecological environmental quality of Xulian economic zone was much better than Tai lake economic zone. The coordination development level of agriculture ecological economic of Xulian and Taihu economic zone increased gradually from1999to2008, and to preserve in good or excellent coordinative condition. The coordination development level of agricultural eco-environment-economic of two economic regions was both high, but decreased from1999to2008, and still keeps in good or excellent coordinate condition.
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