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天山山区气候变化及其对草地植被的影响
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摘要
草地是我国陆地上面积最大的生态系统,是生态环境的基础。草地不仅是草原畜牧业发展的重要物质支撑和牧区牧民赖以生存的基本生产资料,也是保护自然生态系统的重要屏障。
     草地是比较脆弱的生态系统,对气候变化甚为敏感。天山是新疆南北疆气候的分水岭,远离人类活动密集区,观测环境的变化相对较小,其气候变化在一定程度上可以反映全球气候变化的区域响应。
     本研究通过分析天山山区主要气候因子变化规律,建立基于MODIS的天山山区草地类型植被指数并分析其与气候因子的关系,利用ITCP提供的RegCM3区域气候模式研究天山山区植被类型改变对新疆气候的影响,为实现草地资源的信息化提供基础参考资料,为天然草地产草量的年景预报、气候变化前提下天山山区草地系统调控对策的制定、建立和完善天山草地生态系统对区域气候变化响应的预警系统提供科学依据。
     主要研究结果如下:
     (1)天山山区的降水基本上呈现北多南少,西多东少的特征。年平均面雨量1093.2×108m3,1987年发生突变。冬季降水在年际变化和年代际变化特征上都呈现出明显的增加趋势。
     (2)天山山区温度南部高于北部,西部高于东部,年平均温度为2.8℃,呈现出明显的增加趋势,增加率为0.4℃/10a,特别是1997之后增温明显。四季中,夏季、秋季、冬季的温度上升显著,增温率分别为0.3℃/10a、0.5℃/10a、0.5℃/10a。四季温度变异系数秋季最大,夏季最小。夏季的温度在1994年发生突变。
     (3)天山山区水汽含量年平均为10.51mm,呈现出增加趋势。天山山区从地面到300hPa,每年平均有11919.28×108m3水汽流入天山山区,11881.19×108m3水汽流出天山山区,天山山区水汽净收支为净输入28.59×108m3。2001~2009年天山山区四个边界和西边界的水汽输入量和水汽总输入、总输出均没有明显的年变化。
     (4)天山山区各草地类型大多表现出增温、增湿趋势,以增温为主要特征。其中夏季、秋季的增温明显,冬季次之,春季增温不显著。
     (5)天山山区NDVI分布北部大,南部小;西部大,东部小。降水是影响天山山区NDVI的主要因子。天山山区在温度上升0.1℃,面雨量增加10%的情况下,NDVI增加2.5%。2000~2009年天山山区NDVI年平均值为0.35,温度呈上升趋势,降水呈减少趋势,对植被的生长不利,NDVI呈现出减小趋势,但减小不明显。
     (6)天山山区NDVI最大值的年份,降水并不是最多的,说明植被的长势需要水分和热量匹配。
     (7)荒漠草原、草甸草原、高寒草原的年平均降水、年平均温度与年平均NDVI呈正相关,降水对NDVI的影响大于温度。荒漠、草原化荒漠、草原、高寒草甸的年平均降水、年平均温度与年平均NDVI的相关性不好。
     (8)1961~2009年天山山区的气候变化有利于草地NDVI的增加:1961~2009年天山山区年平均NDVI为0.35,年平均气温显著上升,降水增加不明显,NDVI呈现出上升趋势,但趋势不显著;荒漠草地年平均NDVI为0.62,增加极显著;草原化荒漠草地年平均NDVI为0.26,增加显著;荒漠草原草地年平均NDVI为0.29,增加极显著;草原草地年平均NDVI为0.83,增加极显著;草甸草原草地年平均NDVI为0.83,变化不大;高寒草原草地年平均NDVI为0.32,增加不显著;高寒草甸草地年平均NDVI为0.10,呈现出减小趋势,减小不显著。
     (10)天山山区草地面积的改变,对新疆地区的降水和地面气温的影响很小。如果将天山山区43.5°~45°N区域内的地表类型由草地改变为耕地,即假设50%的草地被开垦为耕地,那么,天山山区5~7月降水量、温度都会逐渐增加。天山植被的变化主要通过影响对流性降水并进而影响总降水的变化。天山植被类型变为农田后会造成较大的地面潜热通量差异并引起地表净热量通量较大的差异,进而影响到地面气温的模拟。潜热通量的变化通过影响局地的水汽供应进而引起降水较大的变化。
Climate is the most primary factor that determines the globle vegetation types andspecies distribution, which in-turn known to be the most sharp-cut reflection and symbol ofthe earth climate. The climate change will consequentially result in the change of grasslandvegetation types and production, and that of geographical distribution of grassland vegetationand production, qua the important underlying surface parameter to forecast climate change,which can necessarily effect the veracity of climatic forecast and influence evaluation.Grassland resource is an important land resource and also a kind of renewable naturalresource, which has very important ecological and economic functions and values. Known tobe arid area. the ecological environment of Xinjiang is rather fragile, and grassland thus playsan key role in the ecological environment protection and construction here. Being in outlyingdistricts, grassland here is also the foundation of animal husbandry development in ethnicminority region. Xinjiang is one of China’s three major pastoral areas, and the Tianshanmountains is the most important grassland areas here, where masses of grassland, variousherb types and enriched nutritive value exist, which is an important basis for animalhusbandry. Therefore, effective and accurate monitoring of the grassland vegetation biomasschanges will directly affect both the decision-making of grassland animal husbandrymanagement and the sustainable development of economy and society that is mainlyinhabited by minorities. Tianshan mountains is a most extensive vegetation style of grasslandecosystem, as well as a “wet island” in vastness desert. Climate change is the currentinternational research hotspots on global change research area since it affects environment,ecological and social economics systems greatly. Tianshan mountains known to be the“Weather System Sensitive Spot”, the environmental condition there has significant effect onthe mainly rivers, climate and eco-environment of entire Xinjiang and the whole country, sodoes the global for the rigorous natural condition and fragile ecosystem. Therefore, it is verysignificant to evaluate the impact of climate change on grassland productivity and accumulate the basic scientific data of the grassland in Tianshan mountains, which could provide theoreticbasis and scientific&technical support for the sustainable utilization, scientific managementof grassland resource and the improvement of the grassland eco-environment.
     According to the available scientific research results up to present, global climate changeand the accompanying other global environmental change during several decades or over acentury time scales, which will seriously threat anthropogenic activities and natural ecosystem.the investigation on the influencing process and mechanism of global climate change onnatural ecosystem have thus became key issues of global change research, which has drawnmost attention from scientists and people. Tianshan mountains as grasslands typical ecologicalregions, respectively, were chose in this study. This paper analyses annually and seasonallydistribution and change characteristics of areal precipitation, explores water vaportransportations in high altitude and atmospheric precipitable water in Tianshan mountains byusing44meteorological and hydrological stations during1961~2009, together with dailyNCEP/NCAR reanalysis data during2000~2009and1km×1km DEM data. Themethodologies include EOF, multi-regression analysis, maximum entropy analysis andGeographic Information System. Based on the analysis of the regional characteristics of theclimate change in Tianshan mountains, the paper comprehensively studied the effects ofclimate change on the MODIS NDVI, with the tendency, relative, EOF, sudden change detect,wavelet analysis, numerical simulation and other methods. The results showed in thesis are asfollow:
     (1) In Tianshan Mountains, annually mean areal precipitation is around1093.2×108m3.Summer has the most areal precipitation for seasonal distribution. The precipitation order ofother three seasons is spring, autumn and winter. Over the past50years of1961~2009, theinter-annual variation range of temperature and precipitation in Tianshan mountains wasrelatively larger and presented an increasing trend. Precipitation increased significantlyespecially from1987.
     (2) The high value of the water vapor content area for Tianshan mountains mainlydistributed in the north Tianshan plain zone and the river valley in Turpan basin, and the eastand middle region of Tianshan mountain is a minimum part, atmospheric moisture a negativeexponent regularity decreasing with height. In the whole time, the water vapor contentincreased, which increase obviously summer, autumn and winter time, a mutation of whichoccurred in1986.
     (3) The annual mean of inflow water vapor over Tianshan mountains in high altitude isabout11919.28×108m3, outflow is approximately11881.19×108m3, net inflow is around28.59×108m3. The most water vapor input and output over Tianshan mountains area occurs insummertime, which is almost same in spring and autumn, and turn to be the least in winte,and obvious variation occurred during2000~2009.
     (4) Due to different temperature and precipitation, climate change of8differentrangeland types (mountain desert, mountain steppe desert, mountain desert steppe, mountain steppe,mountain meadow steppe, mountain alpine steppe, alpine meadow and mountain-meadow-steppe_alpinemeadow_forest) in Tianshan Mountain is different, but majority of them showed an increasetrends in temperature and precipitation.
     (5) The high NDVI area of in Tianshan mountains mainly distributed in the west andmiddle area of Tianshan mountains. The NDVI variety is similar with temperature.
     (6) After correlation analysis between temperature and precipitation as well as NDNI, itwas found that the impact of precipitation on NDVI is greater than that of temperature onNDVI. The multiple correlation coefficient between temperature, precipitation and NDVI isoptimistic. Climate change over Tianshan Mountain is propitious for growth of grass.
     (7) Using Regional Climate Model,we analyzed the vegetation change impacts ontemperature and precipitation through three sensitivity experiments. Increasing grassland areamight bring little effect on temperature and precipitation in Tianshan mountain range.Cultivation of50percent Grassland area would bring temperature and precipitation growth.
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