3003、3004及5052衍射参数的实验研究
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摘要
构件在加工制造过程中不可避免的会引入残余应力。残余应力是衡量构件质量的重要指标之一，对构件的疲劳强度、抗应力腐蚀、尺寸稳定性、抗脆性断裂能力和使用寿命等都有着十分重要的影响。此外，铝合金是工业中应用广泛的一类有色金属，其应用领域涵盖航空、航天、汽车等行业，前景广阔。鉴于目前残余应力的测量趋于无损化和自动化，而无损化和自动测量中又以X射线衍射法最为常见，因此研究典型牌号铝合金衍射参数的工作意义重大。
本文首先介绍了X射线衍射法测残余应力的基本原理及实验中常用到的方法，进一步确定了具体的实验方案；然后通过对铝合金典型牌号3003、3004和5052等强度梁施加线性载荷产生静态应力，考察电测法与X射线衍射法测量结果的相关性，从而达到研究其衍射参数的目的；最后为了验证衍射参数的准确性，对铝合金3003焊接板的残余应力进行了测量。
等强度梁实验结果表明：铝合金3003、3004和5052等强度梁在线性加载的情况下，布拉格角为156°时比142°时的测量结果更接近标准理论解和电测值。结合实验结果和所查到的资料，我们可以得出初步的结论：○1采用相同靶时，同一系列的铝合金有着相同的布拉格角；○2 2000系列的布拉格角为142°，3000系列的布拉格角为156°，5000系列的布拉格角为156°。为验证所得衍射参数的准确性，我们以布拉格角为156°，测量了铝合金3003板材的焊接残余应力，发现测量结果与预期结果基本吻合。
本论文的研究结果对X射线测铝合金残余应力标准化有参考价值，对工厂实践生产也具有理论指导意义。
In the process of manufacturing , component will inevitably introducing residual stress.Residual stress is one of the important indexes to measure components' quality, it also havevery important influence in the components' fatigue strength , stress corrosion resistance, sizestability, resistance to brittle fracture ability and service life and so on . In addition, aluminumalloy which is of a class of nonferrous metal is widely used in the industry , its applicationfield covers the aviation, aerospace, automobile and other industries , and have broadprospects . In view of the measure of residual stress tends to undamage and automation , andthe X-ray diffraction method is most common in the measure of undamage and automation ,so it has great significance in studying the diffraction parameters of the typical brand ofaluminum alloy .
This paper first introduces the basic principle of X-ray diffraction method of measuringresidual stress and common method used in the experiment, so as to determine the specificexperimental project; And then through applying linear load on the typical aluminum alloygrades 3003, 3004 and 5052beam of constant strength ,to produce static stress, in order toinvestigate the correlation of measuring result between electrical measuring method and X-raydiffraction method , so as to achieve the purpose of the research of the diffraction parameters ;Finally , in order to verify the accuracy of the diffraction parameters , measure the stress of3003 aluminum alloy welding plate.
The experimental results of the beam of constant strength show that : 3003, 3004 and5052 beam of constant strength ,when they under the circumstance of linear load , whenBragg Angle in 156°, the measuring results are more close to the standard theory solution and electrical measurement values than Bragg Angle in 142°. We can come to the preliminaryconclusion based on the experimental result and checked material:○1 with the same target,the same series of aluminum alloy have same Prague Angle;○2 The Bragg Angle of the 2000series is 142°, the Bragg Angle of the 3000 series is 156°, the Bragg Angle of the 5000 seriesis 156°.
To verify the accuracy of the diffraction parameters, we measured 3003 aluminum platewelding residual stress in the Prague Angle of 156°, found that the measurement results arealmost consistent with the expected data.
The results of this paper have reference value to the standardization of the aluminumalloy residual stress which measured by X-ray , and have theoretical guidance to the factoryproduction practice .
本文首先介绍了X射线衍射法测残余应力的基本原理及实验中常用到的方法，进一步确定了具体的实验方案；然后通过对铝合金典型牌号3003、3004和5052等强度梁施加线性载荷产生静态应力，考察电测法与X射线衍射法测量结果的相关性，从而达到研究其衍射参数的目的；最后为了验证衍射参数的准确性，对铝合金3003焊接板的残余应力进行了测量。
等强度梁实验结果表明：铝合金3003、3004和5052等强度梁在线性加载的情况下，布拉格角为156°时比142°时的测量结果更接近标准理论解和电测值。结合实验结果和所查到的资料，我们可以得出初步的结论：○1采用相同靶时，同一系列的铝合金有着相同的布拉格角；○2 2000系列的布拉格角为142°，3000系列的布拉格角为156°，5000系列的布拉格角为156°。为验证所得衍射参数的准确性，我们以布拉格角为156°，测量了铝合金3003板材的焊接残余应力，发现测量结果与预期结果基本吻合。
本论文的研究结果对X射线测铝合金残余应力标准化有参考价值，对工厂实践生产也具有理论指导意义。
In the process of manufacturing , component will inevitably introducing residual stress.Residual stress is one of the important indexes to measure components' quality, it also havevery important influence in the components' fatigue strength , stress corrosion resistance, sizestability, resistance to brittle fracture ability and service life and so on . In addition, aluminumalloy which is of a class of nonferrous metal is widely used in the industry , its applicationfield covers the aviation, aerospace, automobile and other industries , and have broadprospects . In view of the measure of residual stress tends to undamage and automation , andthe X-ray diffraction method is most common in the measure of undamage and automation ,so it has great significance in studying the diffraction parameters of the typical brand ofaluminum alloy .
This paper first introduces the basic principle of X-ray diffraction method of measuringresidual stress and common method used in the experiment, so as to determine the specificexperimental project; And then through applying linear load on the typical aluminum alloygrades 3003, 3004 and 5052beam of constant strength ,to produce static stress, in order toinvestigate the correlation of measuring result between electrical measuring method and X-raydiffraction method , so as to achieve the purpose of the research of the diffraction parameters ;Finally , in order to verify the accuracy of the diffraction parameters , measure the stress of3003 aluminum alloy welding plate.
The experimental results of the beam of constant strength show that : 3003, 3004 and5052 beam of constant strength ,when they under the circumstance of linear load , whenBragg Angle in 156°, the measuring results are more close to the standard theory solution and electrical measurement values than Bragg Angle in 142°. We can come to the preliminaryconclusion based on the experimental result and checked material:○1 with the same target,the same series of aluminum alloy have same Prague Angle;○2 The Bragg Angle of the 2000series is 142°, the Bragg Angle of the 3000 series is 156°, the Bragg Angle of the 5000 seriesis 156°.
To verify the accuracy of the diffraction parameters, we measured 3003 aluminum platewelding residual stress in the Prague Angle of 156°, found that the measurement results arealmost consistent with the expected data.
The results of this paper have reference value to the standardization of the aluminumalloy residual stress which measured by X-ray , and have theoretical guidance to the factoryproduction practice .
引文
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[3]宋天民.焊接残余应力的产生与消除[M].北京：中国石化出版社，2010：1-2.
[4]侯鑫茜.纤维增强复合材料残余应力测试技术研究[D].太原：太原科技大学，2010.
[5]杨南如.无机非金属材料测试方法[M].武汉理工大学出版社.1990：1-2.
[6] Hahn T. International Tables for Crystallography Volume A[M]：Space-Group Symmetry .London：Kluwer Academic Publishers，2002：37-38.
[7] T. Hashimoto, Y. Osawa. Accuracy improvement of X-ray residual stress measurement inwelds of Ni based alloy by two-dimensional detector with multiaxial rocking [J]. Scienceand Technology of Welding and joining, 2011,16（3）:261-265.
[8] William Cassada, John Liu, James Staley. Aluminum alloys for aircraft structures[J].Advanced Materials and Processes,2002,9（17）:27-29.
[9] Ruibin Gou, Yiliang Zhang. Residual stress measurement of new and in-service X70pipelines by X-ray diffraction method [J]. NDT&E International, 2011,44：387-399.
[10] Noyan IC, Huang TC, York BR. Residual stress/strain analysis in thin films by X-raydiffraction[J]. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences ,1995:20（2）: 25-77.
[11] Berruti T, Gola MM. X-ray residual stress measurement on mechanical components withhigh curvature[J]. Experimental Mechanics, 2003,43（1）:25-34.
[12] Genzel C. X-ray residual stress analysis in thin films under grazing incidence-basicaspects and applications [J]. Materials Science and Technology,2005,21（1）:10-18.
[13] Berruti T, Gola MM. X-ray residual stress measurement on mechanical components withhigh curvature. Experimental Mechanics ,2003,43（1）:105-119.
[14] Shama chary Sathish, Thomas J. Moran, Richard W. Martin, Richard Reibel. Residualstress measurement with focused acoustic waves and direct comparison with X-raydiffraction stress measurements[J]. Materials Science and Engineering,2005,399:84-91.
[15]王庆明，孙渊.残余应力测试技术的进展与动向[J].机电工程, 2011，28（1）：11-15.
[16] A.P.Reynolds,Wei Tang,T. Gnaupel-Herold,H.Prask. Structure,properties,and residualstress of 304L stainless steel friction stir welds[J].Scripta Materialia,2003,48:1289~1294.
[17] Ines Fernandez Pariente,Mario Guagliano.Contact fatigue damage analysis of shotpeened gears by means of X-ray measurements[J]. Engineering FailureAnalysis.2009,16:964~971
[18] Martinez,S.A., Sathish,S.,Blodgett,M.P.,Shepard,M.J..Residual stress distribution onsurface-treated Ti-6AI-4V by X-ray diffraction. Proceedings of the Society forExperimental,2003,50:141~147
[19] Annibali G, Bruno G, Fiori F. Neutron-diffraction measurements for residual stressanalysis in automotive steel gears[J]. Applied Physics A: Materials Science &Processing, 2002,74（6）:1698-1700.
[20] F Baillou,J M Darvon. Influence of crystal defects on sensitivity of explosives[J].Proceeding of Tenth Symposium（International）on Detonation.1993,8:16-823.
[21] F. Heymes, B comer, B Du Bost. Development of new Alalloys fordistortion freemachined aluminum aircraft components[J]. Pro of the1st Inter. Non-Feamus Processingand Teeh. Conf, 1997,（3）:249-255.
[22] J.S.Robinson, D.A.Tanner. Reducing residual stress in 7075 aluminium alloy die forgingsby heat treatment[J]. Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, 2008,130（3）:2-8.
[23] Belassel M, Pineault J, Brauss M. E. Comparison and evaluation of residual stressmeasurement techniques[J]. Proceedings of the 2006 SEM Annual Conference andExposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics. 2006, 7（2）:756-762.
[24] D.A.Tanner, J.S.Robinson. Residual stress magnitudes and related propertiesin quenchedaluminium alloys[J]. Materials Science and Technology, 2006, 22（1）:76-84
[25] Anon. Measuring casting residual stress with X-ray diffraction [J]. Modern Casting, 2005,95（2）: 48-49.
[26] Oquri Taizo, Murata Kazuo, Mizutani Katsum, UeqamiKenjiro. Application of X-raystress measuring technique tocurved surfaces Residual stress on spherical surfaces [J].Materials Science Research International, 2002, 8（2）:74-81.
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