土壤盐分影响棉花（Gossypium hirsutum L.）生长的生理机制研究
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摘要
盐渍化是影响土地生产力的重要障碍因子,严重制约了粮食生产和农业可持续发展。棉花是盐碱地种植的先锋作物,随着耕地面积的减少,棉花种植逐渐向盐碱地集中,因此大力提高盐碱地棉花产量已经成为棉花生产的主攻方向。开展盐分影响棉花生长发育的生理机制研究,可以为优化滨海盐土植棉技术及培育高耐盐品种提供理论依据。本论文包括两部分内容：1、以14个在不同年代黄河流域黄淮棉区和长江流域下游棉区大面积推广的棉花品种为材料,在NaCl胁迫下进行棉花萌发期和苗期的耐盐性评价及耐盐指标筛选。2、以耐盐性差异较大的两个棉花品种(中棉所44,耐盐品种；苏棉12号,盐敏感品种)为材料,采用混合盐分,研究土壤盐分对不同基因型棉花离子运移、根系生理及光合生理的影响,并从抗氧化酶活性、内源激素平衡和膜生理的角度探讨土壤盐分影响棉花光合性能的生理机制。
主要研究结果如下：
1.棉花萌发期和苗期耐盐性评价及耐盐指标筛选
以14个在不同年代黄河流域黄淮棉区和长江流域下游棉区大面积推广的棉花品种为材料,在NaCl胁迫下进行棉花萌发期和苗期的耐盐性评价及耐盐指标筛选。结果表明,150mmol·L-1NaCl水溶液是进行棉花耐盐性鉴定的适宜浓度。棉花的耐盐性在生育期和品种间表现不同,中棉所44和中棉所177是萌发期和苗期均表现稳定的耐盐品种,表现稳定但不耐盐品种有中棉所102、苏棉12号和泗棉3号,表现稳定且中等耐盐品种有中棉所103、德夏棉1号和美棉33B。发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和鲜重的盐害系数可以作为棉花萌发期耐盐鉴定指标,株高、叶片伸展速率、地上部干重、根系干重、根系活力和净光合速率的盐害系数可以作为棉花苗期耐盐鉴定指标。
2.土壤盐分影响棉花产量形成的生理机制
(1)以耐盐性差异较大的两个棉花品种(中棉所44,耐盐品种；苏棉12号,盐敏感品种)为材料,采用混合盐分,研究土壤盐分对棉株离子吸收、运输和分配的影响。结果表明,土壤盐分降低棉株干物质重,对地上部分影响大于根系,同时降低了根系吸水能力,抑制了水分从根系向叶片的运输。盐胁迫显著影响棉株体内离子分布,随盐分水平升高,棉株各器官Na+.Cl-和Mg2+含量升高,K+和Ca2+含量降低,各器官中K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+比值降低,尽管K+含量呈降低趋势,但叶片中K+含量并未超出临界浓度。棉花茎枝是棉株重要的离子库,可以通过输出K+/Ca2+和Mg2+和纳入Na+来提高耐盐性。但是棉株不能有效控制Cl-向叶片运输,致使叶片中Cl-含量较高。随盐分水平升高,根系向茎枝选择性运输K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的能力降低,但是茎枝向叶片及蕾花铃选择性运输K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的能力升高,这使得叶片和蕾花铃中K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+匕值在高盐水平下不至于下降过多。耐盐品种中棉所44茎枝截留Na+的能力、叶片拒Cl-的能力及茎枝向叶片选择性运输K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的能力较强,是其耐盐性较高的重要原因。
(2)以耐盐性差异较大的两个棉花品种(中棉所44,耐盐品种；苏棉12号,盐敏感品种)为材料,设置对照、盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和盐旱胁迫4个处理组合,研究土壤盐分与干旱对棉花根系生理特性的影响。结果表明,干旱、盐分和盐旱胁迫处理显著降低了根系干物质重,不同处理对根干重的影响以盐旱胁迫最大,干旱次之,盐胁迫最小。三种胁迫处理降低了根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,导致丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,根系活力降低。胁迫处理下根系质膜磷脂含量量降低,糖脂含量上升,磷脂/糖脂比值降低,同时根系质膜棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸含量升高,亚油酸和亚麻酸含量降低,导致双键指数减小,质膜H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活性降低,导致根系胞质内H+、Ca2+的稳衡被打破,代谢紊乱,根系活力降低。干旱、盐分和盐旱胁迫处理对根系生理特性的影响以盐旱最大,干旱次之,盐胁迫最小。三种胁迫处理下中棉所44根系中相对较高的抗氧化酶活性,较稳定的磷脂/糖脂比值,较高的双键指数保证了较高的质膜H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活性,是其抗逆性高于苏棉12号的主要原因。
(3)以耐盐性差异较大的两个棉花品种(中棉所44,耐盐品种；苏棉12号,盐敏感品种)为材料,采用混合盐分,研究土壤盐分对棉花叶片抗氧化酶活性、激素生理、膜生理和光合生理的影响,结果表明,随盐分水平升高,超氧阴离子(O2-·)生成速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量迅速升高,达到一定量后趋于稳定,可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先上升后降低趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)活性则呈持续升高趋势。生长素氧化酶(IAAO)活性在5.80dS-1时降低,但随着盐分水平升高而升高；生长素(IAA)含量在5.80dS"1时上升,但随盐分水平上升,IAAO活性升高,导致IAA含量逐渐下降。盐胁迫下棉花功能叶中ABA含量上升；赤霉素(GA3)含量在5.80dS-1时上升,随后逐渐下降；细胞分裂素(ZR)含量在盐胁迫下迅速降低。高于5.80dS-1盐分水时,耐盐品种中棉所44叶片中IAA含量低于苏棉12号,而IAA和GA3含量则低于苏棉12号；品种间ZR含量差异较小。2品种IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA和ZR/ABA比值随盐分水平的升高而下降,耐盐品种中棉所44功能叶中IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA和ZR/ABA比值高于盐敏感品种苏棉12号。盐分处理下,叶片中较高的SOD和POD活性和较强的协调自身激素平衡的能力,是中棉所44在盐胁迫下保持相对较高净光合速率(P。)的重要原因。
盐分处理下,棉花叶片中棕榈酸、硬脂酸及油酸含量升高,而亚油酸和亚麻酸含量降低,不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸含量比值升高,双键指数降低。脂氧合酶活性的差异是导致品种间膜脂过氧化程度不同的主要原因之一,低于13.70ds m-1水平时,膜脂过氧化是活性氧和脂氧合酶共同作用结果,高于此水平时,膜脂过氧化主要由脂氧合酶活性升高导致。双键指数的降低增加了棉花叶片光系统Ⅱ的光抑制,降低了光能转化效率,导致Pn降低。此外,高于5.80dS m-1盐分处理提高了棉花功能叶对日间光辐射强度和温度的敏感程度,导致光温抑制现象加重,并改变了P。和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化趋势,使其由单峰曲线逐渐变为持续下降趋势。耐盐品种中棉所44催化脂肪酸氧化能力较弱,从而有助于维持相对较低的不饱和脂肪酸含量及膜脂过氧化水平。较高的不饱和脂肪酸含量是中棉所44功能叶的净光合速率较苏棉12号高的重要原因之一。
Salinity is considered one of the major limiting factors for plant growth and agricultural productivity. Cotton is one of the most important economic crops in China, which has been reported to be salt tolerant. With the reduction of field area, more and more cotton was planted on saline soil. Thus it is necessary to increase cotton production. The study on the effects of soil salinity on physiological mechanism for cotton yield formation has obvious implication for improving salt resistance and guiding cultural management in cotton.
1. Fourteen cotton cultivars were used to evaluate of salt tolerance and select the salt tolerance indices of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at germinating and seedling stage.
2Two cotton cultivars with different salt-tolerance with different salinity levels were imposed, The study focused on:(1) effects of soil salinity on ions transportation and distribution and plant growth of cotton;(2) effects of soil salinity on root growth, antioxidant enzyme activities, root vigor, the changes of root plasma membrane lipid and fatty acid;(3) responses of photosynthesis of cotton to soil salinity, and the relationship between chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic, antioxidant enzyme activity, endogenous hormone content, fatty acid composition and net photosynthetic rate in cotton founctional leaf. The main results were as follows:
1. Evaluation of salt tolerance and selection of salt tolerance indices of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at germinating and seedling stage
By artificial simulated salt stress with NaCl aqueous solution, we compared salt tolerance of13cotton cultivars at their germinating stage and seedling stage according to subjection values of salt toxicity coefficient of indices determined and the sum subjection values and classified the13cultivars at the two stages by cluster analysis using their single salt toxicity coefficient subjection values and the sum subjection values. Results indicated that, the appropriate concentration of NaCl aqueous solution, for the assessment of salt tolerance, was150mmol L-1; and the capacities of salt tolerance were of differences at different growth stages among these cultivars; of which, CCRI-44and CCRI-177were two salt-tolerant cultivars, showing a stabilized capacity at both germinating and seedling stage; yet CCRI-102, Sumian12and Simian3were the salt-sensitive ones despite of unsteady properties; meanwhile CCRI-103, Dexiamian1and NuCOTN33B were the ones with the steady properties at the medium levels. That the salt toxicity coefficient of germination rate, germination energy, germination index, vigor index and fresh weight could serve as the indicators to determinate salt tolerance in the cultivars at germinating stage. And the coefficient of plant height, leaf expansion rate, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root vigor and net photosynthetic rate could function as the indexes in the assessment of salt tolerance at seedling stage.
2. Effect of soil salinity on yield firmation and its physiological mechanism for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
(1) In2008-2009, two cotton cultivars with different salt-tolerance with different salinity levels were imposed to determinate the effects of soil salinity on ions absorption and transportation and plant growth of cotton. Results showed that, Soil salinity significantly decreased the dry matter weight of cotton plant, the impact on aerial parts was more significant than on roots. Soil salinity could weaken the water adsorption of roots and suppress water transportation from roots to leaves. Soil salinity had an action on ions distribution in plants, displaying a rising tendency of Na+, Cl-and Mg2+contents and a deducing one of that of K+and Ca2+as the salinity level increasing, meanwhile, the ratios of K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+and Mg2+/Na+in tissues decreased. As an important ions tank for plants, stem and branch could enhance the salt tolerance magnitude by pumping out K+, Ca2+and Mg2+while pumping in Na+, yet its inability of manipulating the transportation of Cl-to leaves caused a relatively high Cl-content in leaves. With the rising of salt densities, the transportation of K+、Ca2+and Mg2+from roots to ground shoots weakened, while that of selective transportation of K+, Ca2+and Mg2+from ground shoots to leaves and cotton flower buds and bolls was strengthened. Due to the factors as mentioned above, the figures of K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+and Mg2+/Na+were maintained less significant drops as compared to those at the relatively higher salinity levels. Thus, the relatively higher salt tolerance of CCRI was largely accountable to the high abilities, of stem and branch intercepting Na+, of leaves excluding Cl-, as well as of the transportation of K+, Ca2+and Mg2+from stem and branch to leaf.
(2) In2008-2009, two cotton cultivars with different salt-tolerance with four treatments (CK, DT, ST and SD) were set to determinate the effects of soil salinity and drought and their combination on cotton root physiological characters and growth. Results showed that, Drought, salinity and their combination treatments reduced cotton root plasma membrane phospholipid content but increased Galactoselipid lipid content, which resulting in decrease in ratio of phospholipid and Galactoselipid. DT, ST and SD decreased activity of antioxidant enzyme, which lead to increasing of lipid peroxidation and changing in membrane fatty acid composition. The relatively high activity of antioxidant and ratio of phospholipid and Galactoselipid was helpful to maintain a relatively high plasma membrane H+-ATPase andCa2+-ATPase. SD had most significant impact on root physiological characters and growth, followed by DT and ST.
(3) Soil salinity had obviously inhibitory effects on the net photo synthetic rate, especially, of Sumian12. The content of superoxide anions(O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increased with the increasing of salinity level. The content of soluble protein and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased first and then decreased, activity of peroxidase (POD) showed a continuous increase trend. Activity of IAA oxidase increased at5.80dS"1of salinity level, but decreased with the increase of salinity level. The content of IAA and GA3increased at5.80dS-1, but decreased at higher salinity level. With the soil salinity level increasing, the content of ABA gradually increased, while the content of ZR sharply decreased. The ratios of IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA and ZR/ABA showed dropping trend with increased salt concentration, However, the ratios of CCRI-44were higher than those of Sumian12subject to salt stress. Those results mentioned above suggested that salinity-tolerance cultivar had higher activities of SOD and POD and stronger ability to regulate endogenous hormone contents of functional leaves for adapting salt stress, which was benefit to keep a higher Pn.
When in saline environments, the contents of saturated fatty acids (palmitic acids and stearic acids) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acids) increased, while the contents of high-unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acids and linolenic acids) decreased; that of short-chain fatty acids (palmitate acids) increased, yet that of long-chain fatty acids decreased; the ratios of the contents of unsaturated fatty acids by saturated ones became larger with a lowering DBI indexes. The disparities of lipoxygenase activities accounted mainly for multiple grades of membrane lipid peroxidation amongst species. When the figures of lipoxygenase activities was smaller than13.70ds m-1, membrane lipid peroxidation was triggered by the combined action of active oxygen and lipoxygenases; otherwise, it was mainly accountable to the rising activities of lipoxygenases. The deduction of DBI indexes initiated the improvement of photo-inhibition of in PS II in cotton leaves and the decreased the conversion efficiency of solar radiation, so the lowered net photosynthetic rates were caused. Soil salinity that higher than0.35%made the diurnal variation patterns of the net photosynthetic rate changed from a one-peak curve to a constantly decreasing one gradually. The relatively low intensity of oxidation catalyzed by CCRI-44was helpful to maintain a relatively low degree of the contents of unsaturated fatty acids and membrane lipid peroxidation intensity. And the relatively high contents of unsaturated fatty acids was one of the important reasons for the higher net photosynthetic rates of CCRI-44than that of Sumian12.
主要研究结果如下：
1.棉花萌发期和苗期耐盐性评价及耐盐指标筛选
以14个在不同年代黄河流域黄淮棉区和长江流域下游棉区大面积推广的棉花品种为材料,在NaCl胁迫下进行棉花萌发期和苗期的耐盐性评价及耐盐指标筛选。结果表明,150mmol·L-1NaCl水溶液是进行棉花耐盐性鉴定的适宜浓度。棉花的耐盐性在生育期和品种间表现不同,中棉所44和中棉所177是萌发期和苗期均表现稳定的耐盐品种,表现稳定但不耐盐品种有中棉所102、苏棉12号和泗棉3号,表现稳定且中等耐盐品种有中棉所103、德夏棉1号和美棉33B。发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和鲜重的盐害系数可以作为棉花萌发期耐盐鉴定指标,株高、叶片伸展速率、地上部干重、根系干重、根系活力和净光合速率的盐害系数可以作为棉花苗期耐盐鉴定指标。
2.土壤盐分影响棉花产量形成的生理机制
(1)以耐盐性差异较大的两个棉花品种(中棉所44,耐盐品种；苏棉12号,盐敏感品种)为材料,采用混合盐分,研究土壤盐分对棉株离子吸收、运输和分配的影响。结果表明,土壤盐分降低棉株干物质重,对地上部分影响大于根系,同时降低了根系吸水能力,抑制了水分从根系向叶片的运输。盐胁迫显著影响棉株体内离子分布,随盐分水平升高,棉株各器官Na+.Cl-和Mg2+含量升高,K+和Ca2+含量降低,各器官中K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+比值降低,尽管K+含量呈降低趋势,但叶片中K+含量并未超出临界浓度。棉花茎枝是棉株重要的离子库,可以通过输出K+/Ca2+和Mg2+和纳入Na+来提高耐盐性。但是棉株不能有效控制Cl-向叶片运输,致使叶片中Cl-含量较高。随盐分水平升高,根系向茎枝选择性运输K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的能力降低,但是茎枝向叶片及蕾花铃选择性运输K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的能力升高,这使得叶片和蕾花铃中K+/Na+、Ca2+/Na+和Mg2+/Na+匕值在高盐水平下不至于下降过多。耐盐品种中棉所44茎枝截留Na+的能力、叶片拒Cl-的能力及茎枝向叶片选择性运输K+、Ca2+和Mg2+的能力较强,是其耐盐性较高的重要原因。
(2)以耐盐性差异较大的两个棉花品种(中棉所44,耐盐品种；苏棉12号,盐敏感品种)为材料,设置对照、盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和盐旱胁迫4个处理组合,研究土壤盐分与干旱对棉花根系生理特性的影响。结果表明,干旱、盐分和盐旱胁迫处理显著降低了根系干物质重,不同处理对根干重的影响以盐旱胁迫最大,干旱次之,盐胁迫最小。三种胁迫处理降低了根系超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,导致丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,根系活力降低。胁迫处理下根系质膜磷脂含量量降低,糖脂含量上升,磷脂/糖脂比值降低,同时根系质膜棕榈酸、硬脂酸和油酸含量升高,亚油酸和亚麻酸含量降低,导致双键指数减小,质膜H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活性降低,导致根系胞质内H+、Ca2+的稳衡被打破,代谢紊乱,根系活力降低。干旱、盐分和盐旱胁迫处理对根系生理特性的影响以盐旱最大,干旱次之,盐胁迫最小。三种胁迫处理下中棉所44根系中相对较高的抗氧化酶活性,较稳定的磷脂/糖脂比值,较高的双键指数保证了较高的质膜H+-ATPase和Ca2+-ATPase活性,是其抗逆性高于苏棉12号的主要原因。
(3)以耐盐性差异较大的两个棉花品种(中棉所44,耐盐品种；苏棉12号,盐敏感品种)为材料,采用混合盐分,研究土壤盐分对棉花叶片抗氧化酶活性、激素生理、膜生理和光合生理的影响,结果表明,随盐分水平升高,超氧阴离子(O2-·)生成速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量迅速升高,达到一定量后趋于稳定,可溶性蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先上升后降低趋势,过氧化物酶(POD)活性则呈持续升高趋势。生长素氧化酶(IAAO)活性在5.80dS-1时降低,但随着盐分水平升高而升高；生长素(IAA)含量在5.80dS"1时上升,但随盐分水平上升,IAAO活性升高,导致IAA含量逐渐下降。盐胁迫下棉花功能叶中ABA含量上升；赤霉素(GA3)含量在5.80dS-1时上升,随后逐渐下降；细胞分裂素(ZR)含量在盐胁迫下迅速降低。高于5.80dS-1盐分水时,耐盐品种中棉所44叶片中IAA含量低于苏棉12号,而IAA和GA3含量则低于苏棉12号；品种间ZR含量差异较小。2品种IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA和ZR/ABA比值随盐分水平的升高而下降,耐盐品种中棉所44功能叶中IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA和ZR/ABA比值高于盐敏感品种苏棉12号。盐分处理下,叶片中较高的SOD和POD活性和较强的协调自身激素平衡的能力,是中棉所44在盐胁迫下保持相对较高净光合速率(P。)的重要原因。
盐分处理下,棉花叶片中棕榈酸、硬脂酸及油酸含量升高,而亚油酸和亚麻酸含量降低,不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸含量比值升高,双键指数降低。脂氧合酶活性的差异是导致品种间膜脂过氧化程度不同的主要原因之一,低于13.70ds m-1水平时,膜脂过氧化是活性氧和脂氧合酶共同作用结果,高于此水平时,膜脂过氧化主要由脂氧合酶活性升高导致。双键指数的降低增加了棉花叶片光系统Ⅱ的光抑制,降低了光能转化效率,导致Pn降低。此外,高于5.80dS m-1盐分处理提高了棉花功能叶对日间光辐射强度和温度的敏感程度,导致光温抑制现象加重,并改变了P。和气孔导度(Gs)的日变化趋势,使其由单峰曲线逐渐变为持续下降趋势。耐盐品种中棉所44催化脂肪酸氧化能力较弱,从而有助于维持相对较低的不饱和脂肪酸含量及膜脂过氧化水平。较高的不饱和脂肪酸含量是中棉所44功能叶的净光合速率较苏棉12号高的重要原因之一。
Salinity is considered one of the major limiting factors for plant growth and agricultural productivity. Cotton is one of the most important economic crops in China, which has been reported to be salt tolerant. With the reduction of field area, more and more cotton was planted on saline soil. Thus it is necessary to increase cotton production. The study on the effects of soil salinity on physiological mechanism for cotton yield formation has obvious implication for improving salt resistance and guiding cultural management in cotton.
1. Fourteen cotton cultivars were used to evaluate of salt tolerance and select the salt tolerance indices of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at germinating and seedling stage.
2Two cotton cultivars with different salt-tolerance with different salinity levels were imposed, The study focused on:(1) effects of soil salinity on ions transportation and distribution and plant growth of cotton;(2) effects of soil salinity on root growth, antioxidant enzyme activities, root vigor, the changes of root plasma membrane lipid and fatty acid;(3) responses of photosynthesis of cotton to soil salinity, and the relationship between chlorophyll fluorescence characteristic, antioxidant enzyme activity, endogenous hormone content, fatty acid composition and net photosynthetic rate in cotton founctional leaf. The main results were as follows:
1. Evaluation of salt tolerance and selection of salt tolerance indices of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at germinating and seedling stage
By artificial simulated salt stress with NaCl aqueous solution, we compared salt tolerance of13cotton cultivars at their germinating stage and seedling stage according to subjection values of salt toxicity coefficient of indices determined and the sum subjection values and classified the13cultivars at the two stages by cluster analysis using their single salt toxicity coefficient subjection values and the sum subjection values. Results indicated that, the appropriate concentration of NaCl aqueous solution, for the assessment of salt tolerance, was150mmol L-1; and the capacities of salt tolerance were of differences at different growth stages among these cultivars; of which, CCRI-44and CCRI-177were two salt-tolerant cultivars, showing a stabilized capacity at both germinating and seedling stage; yet CCRI-102, Sumian12and Simian3were the salt-sensitive ones despite of unsteady properties; meanwhile CCRI-103, Dexiamian1and NuCOTN33B were the ones with the steady properties at the medium levels. That the salt toxicity coefficient of germination rate, germination energy, germination index, vigor index and fresh weight could serve as the indicators to determinate salt tolerance in the cultivars at germinating stage. And the coefficient of plant height, leaf expansion rate, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root vigor and net photosynthetic rate could function as the indexes in the assessment of salt tolerance at seedling stage.
2. Effect of soil salinity on yield firmation and its physiological mechanism for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
(1) In2008-2009, two cotton cultivars with different salt-tolerance with different salinity levels were imposed to determinate the effects of soil salinity on ions absorption and transportation and plant growth of cotton. Results showed that, Soil salinity significantly decreased the dry matter weight of cotton plant, the impact on aerial parts was more significant than on roots. Soil salinity could weaken the water adsorption of roots and suppress water transportation from roots to leaves. Soil salinity had an action on ions distribution in plants, displaying a rising tendency of Na+, Cl-and Mg2+contents and a deducing one of that of K+and Ca2+as the salinity level increasing, meanwhile, the ratios of K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+and Mg2+/Na+in tissues decreased. As an important ions tank for plants, stem and branch could enhance the salt tolerance magnitude by pumping out K+, Ca2+and Mg2+while pumping in Na+, yet its inability of manipulating the transportation of Cl-to leaves caused a relatively high Cl-content in leaves. With the rising of salt densities, the transportation of K+、Ca2+and Mg2+from roots to ground shoots weakened, while that of selective transportation of K+, Ca2+and Mg2+from ground shoots to leaves and cotton flower buds and bolls was strengthened. Due to the factors as mentioned above, the figures of K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+and Mg2+/Na+were maintained less significant drops as compared to those at the relatively higher salinity levels. Thus, the relatively higher salt tolerance of CCRI was largely accountable to the high abilities, of stem and branch intercepting Na+, of leaves excluding Cl-, as well as of the transportation of K+, Ca2+and Mg2+from stem and branch to leaf.
(2) In2008-2009, two cotton cultivars with different salt-tolerance with four treatments (CK, DT, ST and SD) were set to determinate the effects of soil salinity and drought and their combination on cotton root physiological characters and growth. Results showed that, Drought, salinity and their combination treatments reduced cotton root plasma membrane phospholipid content but increased Galactoselipid lipid content, which resulting in decrease in ratio of phospholipid and Galactoselipid. DT, ST and SD decreased activity of antioxidant enzyme, which lead to increasing of lipid peroxidation and changing in membrane fatty acid composition. The relatively high activity of antioxidant and ratio of phospholipid and Galactoselipid was helpful to maintain a relatively high plasma membrane H+-ATPase andCa2+-ATPase. SD had most significant impact on root physiological characters and growth, followed by DT and ST.
(3) Soil salinity had obviously inhibitory effects on the net photo synthetic rate, especially, of Sumian12. The content of superoxide anions(O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increased with the increasing of salinity level. The content of soluble protein and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased first and then decreased, activity of peroxidase (POD) showed a continuous increase trend. Activity of IAA oxidase increased at5.80dS"1of salinity level, but decreased with the increase of salinity level. The content of IAA and GA3increased at5.80dS-1, but decreased at higher salinity level. With the soil salinity level increasing, the content of ABA gradually increased, while the content of ZR sharply decreased. The ratios of IAA/ABA、GA3/ABA and ZR/ABA showed dropping trend with increased salt concentration, However, the ratios of CCRI-44were higher than those of Sumian12subject to salt stress. Those results mentioned above suggested that salinity-tolerance cultivar had higher activities of SOD and POD and stronger ability to regulate endogenous hormone contents of functional leaves for adapting salt stress, which was benefit to keep a higher Pn.
When in saline environments, the contents of saturated fatty acids (palmitic acids and stearic acids) and unsaturated fatty acids (oleic acids) increased, while the contents of high-unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acids and linolenic acids) decreased; that of short-chain fatty acids (palmitate acids) increased, yet that of long-chain fatty acids decreased; the ratios of the contents of unsaturated fatty acids by saturated ones became larger with a lowering DBI indexes. The disparities of lipoxygenase activities accounted mainly for multiple grades of membrane lipid peroxidation amongst species. When the figures of lipoxygenase activities was smaller than13.70ds m-1, membrane lipid peroxidation was triggered by the combined action of active oxygen and lipoxygenases; otherwise, it was mainly accountable to the rising activities of lipoxygenases. The deduction of DBI indexes initiated the improvement of photo-inhibition of in PS II in cotton leaves and the decreased the conversion efficiency of solar radiation, so the lowered net photosynthetic rates were caused. Soil salinity that higher than0.35%made the diurnal variation patterns of the net photosynthetic rate changed from a one-peak curve to a constantly decreasing one gradually. The relatively low intensity of oxidation catalyzed by CCRI-44was helpful to maintain a relatively low degree of the contents of unsaturated fatty acids and membrane lipid peroxidation intensity. And the relatively high contents of unsaturated fatty acids was one of the important reasons for the higher net photosynthetic rates of CCRI-44than that of Sumian12.
引文
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