农田物种间相互作用的生态系统功能
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摘要
粮食安全已成为当前全球重要问题之一,世界农业面临如何持续生产出充足的粮食同时又不破坏资源环境的重大挑战。人们重新回顾世界农业的发展历程,分析优秀传统农业可持续的机理并应用于现代可持续农业的设计中。具有1200年历史的浙江南部稻鱼共作系统是传统农业的典范,2005年该系统被列入全球重要农业文化遗产项目。本论文通过农户调查和田间试验,研究“稻鱼系统”内在的运行机制,并回答以下问题：(1)系统生产力如何维持稳定?(2)系统对化肥农药的依赖程度如何?系统生产力维持的机理是什么?研究取得以下主要研究结果：
1稻鱼系统的生产力稳定性及对化肥农药的依赖
在农户尺度上,采用多样点定位观察和取样分析的方法,在全球重要农业文化遗产稻鱼系统分布地区(浙江南部丘陵山区),研究稻-鱼共作系统和水稻单作系统水稻产量稳定性(2006-2010)及其对农药化肥的依赖性。5年的研究结果揭示,稻-鱼共作系统与水稻单作系统的水稻产量及产量稳定性指数相似,但水稻单作系统需要施用农药14.85±1.50a.i. kg ha-1(5年平均)和肥料(氮磷钾)总投入282.27±26.53kg ha-1(5年平均)来维持水稻产量及稳定性,而稻-鱼系统仅需要施用农药6.75±0.75a.i. kg ha-1(5年平均)和肥料(氮磷钾)总投入216.20±19.30kg ha-1(5年平均)来维持。
5年田间试验表明,无农药投入的稻-鱼系统水稻产量明显高于无农药的水稻单作系统,但与使用农药的水稻单作系统无显著差异。稻-鱼系统的水稻产量稳定性高于无农药的水稻单作系统,而略低于使用农药的水稻单作系统。2稻鱼系统有害生物的动态
在全球重要农业文化遗产地及周边区域,通过长期(2006-2010)定点田间试验(完全随机区组),比较研究稻-鱼共作系统和水稻单作系统病虫草害的发生规律。6年的灯诱结果表明,稻鱼系统的稻飞虱发生量明显低于水稻单作系统,尤其是在稻飞虱高发生的年份。5年的田间试验研究结果揭示,与水稻单作无农药处理相比,稻-鱼共作无农药处理的杂草生物量降低93.57%(5年平均),纹枯病发生率降低54.35%(5年平均),稻飞虱密度降低44.74%(5年平均)。在纹枯病和稻飞虱低发生时段,稻鱼共作处理中鱼对纹枯病和稻飞虱的控制效果与水稻单作使用农药处理的效果相似。3稻鱼互惠关系的生态学效应
稻鱼系统中水稻与鱼存在明显的互惠关系。一方面鱼直接取食稻飞虱或由于取食等活动碰撞水稻植株导致稻飞虱落入水面,在鱼密度为0.8尾/m~2的情况下,每丛水稻每天被碰撞26.82次,导致26.04%稻飞虱被控制。另一方面,水稻为鱼遮阴和改良水环境,即使在水稻生长的高温季节,鱼也保持旺盛的取食活动。与鱼单作系统相比,稻鱼共作系统水温降低2.56℃,光强降低1456.29μmolm2s-1(于12：00-14：00测定),鱼的活动频率增加57.6%。此外,稻鱼共作系统中水体的氨氮和土壤总氮积累都低于鱼单作系统,水稻为鱼创造了良好的水体环境。4稻鱼系统对氮素的互补利用
稻鱼共作系统氮素的使用比水稻单作低36.51%,但水稻产量仍与水稻单作相似。稻鱼共作系统和鱼单作系统中,饲料中氮素只有11.10%-14.20%进入鱼的体内,大部分停留在环境中(水体、土壤和其他)；稻鱼系统中水稻31.84%的氮素来自未被鱼利用的饲料,从而提高了饲料中氮素的利用效率。5稻鱼系统对传统水稻品种的保护
以全球重要农业文化遗产地“龙现村”为研究基地,对延续种植的水稻传统品种的空间分布格局进行了研究,发现这些传统品种与杂交品种镶嵌分布。进一步调查了25个稻鱼系统自然村(以集水区为单元)传统品种的种植面积,发现传统品种种植面积约13%,意味着传统稻鱼共作系统对水稻农家品种有着重要保护作用。对传统品种糯稻、芒稻和红米与杂交水稻品种在稻鱼系统中的表现(产量、品质、病虫草发生)进行了比较研究,发现传统地方品种品质好,且在较低化肥、农药投入的情况下,传统地方品种产量与杂交稻无显著差异。
Modern agriculture has greatly increased global crop yields which mainly resulting from the greater inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, new crop strains and other technologies of the "Green Revolution", but the continuous and heavy application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has negatively affected the environment, induced pests resistant to pesticides and raised the costs of agriculture. The shortage of modern agriculture requires "rethinking agriculture" and learning back from traditional agricultural systems. Rice-fish co-culture system, practiced by local farmers for over1200years in south Zhejiang province, China, is one of the outstanding traditional agricultural systems in the world. In2005, this specific rice-fish co-culture was identified by FAO and UNDP as one of the five "globally important agricultural heritage systems, GIAHS". The main aim of our present study is to estimate the ecosystem stability of this rice-fish co-culture, and to examine how this co-culture system maintains the stability. We hypothesis that a co-evolutionary positive interaction between species (rice and fish, a nontrophic interaction) may generate multi-functioning of ecosystem and lead this ancient rice-fish co-culture still viable today with lower chemical application. The study was conducted at the GIAHS pilot site of the rice-fish system in China.
1Temporal stability of rice yield and pesticides use in rice-fish co-culture
Through household assessments in farmer's field, we found that no significant difference of rice yield between rice monoculture (RM) and rice fish co-culture (RF), but annual pesticide utilization was significantly higher in RM than that in RF during the study. Temporal stability (S) of rice yield was the same in RF and in RM, but pesticides application was greater in RM than RF. Temporal stability (S) of rice yield among samples in RM but not in RF was significantly positively dependent on pesticides. In our experiment without pesticide application, both rice yield and temporal stability (S) of rice yield were higher in RF than in RM over the5field experimental years.
2Occurrence of rice pests in rice-fish co-culture
Data from light-trap survey showed that the population of rice planthoppers was higher in RM than that in RF, specifically in2006when rice planthoppers were outbreak. Field experiment showed that although density of some insect pests and diseases (e.g. rice case worm, rice false smut) did not reduce, the density of rice planthoppers, incidence of rice sheath blight and biomass of weeds significantly reduced by44.74%,54.35%and93.75%respectively due to fish presented in rice field.
3Positive interactions between rice and fish
Our field experiment showed that rice and fish can help each other in rice-fish co-culture system. On one hand, fishes create optimum environment for rice by removing insect pests, diseases and weeds. Active hitting behavior of fish on rice stem could explain26.04%reduction of rice planthopper. On the other hand, rice had a substantial positive impact on activities of fishes. First, rice creates an optimum environment for fish by providing shading and reducing field water temperature during the hot season. Compared to fish monoculture without rice (FM), water temperature and light intensity of water surface in RF reduced2.56℃and1456.29μmol m-2s-1around12:00-14:00. This ameliorated environment resulted in that the frequency of fish activity was57.6%higher in RF than that in FM. Second, rice acts as a nitrogen sink and helps reduce the ammonia (some of them excreted by the fish) in water and total N accumulated in soil, making the water cleaner for fish.
4Nitrogen fertilizer application and Nitrogen use efficiency
In our experiment, rice yield was significantly higher in rice-fish with feed input than that in rice-fish without feed applied and rice monoculture (RM) with36.51%higher N application. Fish feed input significantly increased fish yield in both fish monoculture and rice-fish co-culture. In RF and FM, only11.10%and14.20%contained N in fish feed was transferred into fish body respectively. In RF, however, rice plants can use the unconsumed N, resulting in less fish feed-N remaining in environment (e.g. soil or water). Compared to RF without fish feed application,31.84%N contained in rice grain and straw were from fish feed.
5Traditional rice varieties conserved in rice-fish co-culture system
Our survey showed that small areas of traditional rice varieties were planted with hybrid varities. Only19%of the farmers who practiced rice monoculture planted traditional varieties while52%of farmers who practiced rice-fish co-culture planted traditional varieties. Traditional varieties represented13%of the total land planted to rice in the rice-fish system but only2%in the rice monoculture system. Our field experiment showed that in the rice-fish system without pesticides, rice planthopper numbers and sheath blight incidence were lower from traditional varieties than the hybrid varieties; no significant difference of rice yield was found between the traditional varieties and the hybrid varieties. Our results suggested that traditional rice varieties can be preserved through conserving GIAHS rice-fish co-culture.
1稻鱼系统的生产力稳定性及对化肥农药的依赖
在农户尺度上,采用多样点定位观察和取样分析的方法,在全球重要农业文化遗产稻鱼系统分布地区(浙江南部丘陵山区),研究稻-鱼共作系统和水稻单作系统水稻产量稳定性(2006-2010)及其对农药化肥的依赖性。5年的研究结果揭示,稻-鱼共作系统与水稻单作系统的水稻产量及产量稳定性指数相似,但水稻单作系统需要施用农药14.85±1.50a.i. kg ha-1(5年平均)和肥料(氮磷钾)总投入282.27±26.53kg ha-1(5年平均)来维持水稻产量及稳定性,而稻-鱼系统仅需要施用农药6.75±0.75a.i. kg ha-1(5年平均)和肥料(氮磷钾)总投入216.20±19.30kg ha-1(5年平均)来维持。
5年田间试验表明,无农药投入的稻-鱼系统水稻产量明显高于无农药的水稻单作系统,但与使用农药的水稻单作系统无显著差异。稻-鱼系统的水稻产量稳定性高于无农药的水稻单作系统,而略低于使用农药的水稻单作系统。2稻鱼系统有害生物的动态
在全球重要农业文化遗产地及周边区域,通过长期(2006-2010)定点田间试验(完全随机区组),比较研究稻-鱼共作系统和水稻单作系统病虫草害的发生规律。6年的灯诱结果表明,稻鱼系统的稻飞虱发生量明显低于水稻单作系统,尤其是在稻飞虱高发生的年份。5年的田间试验研究结果揭示,与水稻单作无农药处理相比,稻-鱼共作无农药处理的杂草生物量降低93.57%(5年平均),纹枯病发生率降低54.35%(5年平均),稻飞虱密度降低44.74%(5年平均)。在纹枯病和稻飞虱低发生时段,稻鱼共作处理中鱼对纹枯病和稻飞虱的控制效果与水稻单作使用农药处理的效果相似。3稻鱼互惠关系的生态学效应
稻鱼系统中水稻与鱼存在明显的互惠关系。一方面鱼直接取食稻飞虱或由于取食等活动碰撞水稻植株导致稻飞虱落入水面,在鱼密度为0.8尾/m~2的情况下,每丛水稻每天被碰撞26.82次,导致26.04%稻飞虱被控制。另一方面,水稻为鱼遮阴和改良水环境,即使在水稻生长的高温季节,鱼也保持旺盛的取食活动。与鱼单作系统相比,稻鱼共作系统水温降低2.56℃,光强降低1456.29μmolm2s-1(于12：00-14：00测定),鱼的活动频率增加57.6%。此外,稻鱼共作系统中水体的氨氮和土壤总氮积累都低于鱼单作系统,水稻为鱼创造了良好的水体环境。4稻鱼系统对氮素的互补利用
稻鱼共作系统氮素的使用比水稻单作低36.51%,但水稻产量仍与水稻单作相似。稻鱼共作系统和鱼单作系统中,饲料中氮素只有11.10%-14.20%进入鱼的体内,大部分停留在环境中(水体、土壤和其他)；稻鱼系统中水稻31.84%的氮素来自未被鱼利用的饲料,从而提高了饲料中氮素的利用效率。5稻鱼系统对传统水稻品种的保护
以全球重要农业文化遗产地“龙现村”为研究基地,对延续种植的水稻传统品种的空间分布格局进行了研究,发现这些传统品种与杂交品种镶嵌分布。进一步调查了25个稻鱼系统自然村(以集水区为单元)传统品种的种植面积,发现传统品种种植面积约13%,意味着传统稻鱼共作系统对水稻农家品种有着重要保护作用。对传统品种糯稻、芒稻和红米与杂交水稻品种在稻鱼系统中的表现(产量、品质、病虫草发生)进行了比较研究,发现传统地方品种品质好,且在较低化肥、农药投入的情况下,传统地方品种产量与杂交稻无显著差异。
Modern agriculture has greatly increased global crop yields which mainly resulting from the greater inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, new crop strains and other technologies of the "Green Revolution", but the continuous and heavy application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has negatively affected the environment, induced pests resistant to pesticides and raised the costs of agriculture. The shortage of modern agriculture requires "rethinking agriculture" and learning back from traditional agricultural systems. Rice-fish co-culture system, practiced by local farmers for over1200years in south Zhejiang province, China, is one of the outstanding traditional agricultural systems in the world. In2005, this specific rice-fish co-culture was identified by FAO and UNDP as one of the five "globally important agricultural heritage systems, GIAHS". The main aim of our present study is to estimate the ecosystem stability of this rice-fish co-culture, and to examine how this co-culture system maintains the stability. We hypothesis that a co-evolutionary positive interaction between species (rice and fish, a nontrophic interaction) may generate multi-functioning of ecosystem and lead this ancient rice-fish co-culture still viable today with lower chemical application. The study was conducted at the GIAHS pilot site of the rice-fish system in China.
1Temporal stability of rice yield and pesticides use in rice-fish co-culture
Through household assessments in farmer's field, we found that no significant difference of rice yield between rice monoculture (RM) and rice fish co-culture (RF), but annual pesticide utilization was significantly higher in RM than that in RF during the study. Temporal stability (S) of rice yield was the same in RF and in RM, but pesticides application was greater in RM than RF. Temporal stability (S) of rice yield among samples in RM but not in RF was significantly positively dependent on pesticides. In our experiment without pesticide application, both rice yield and temporal stability (S) of rice yield were higher in RF than in RM over the5field experimental years.
2Occurrence of rice pests in rice-fish co-culture
Data from light-trap survey showed that the population of rice planthoppers was higher in RM than that in RF, specifically in2006when rice planthoppers were outbreak. Field experiment showed that although density of some insect pests and diseases (e.g. rice case worm, rice false smut) did not reduce, the density of rice planthoppers, incidence of rice sheath blight and biomass of weeds significantly reduced by44.74%,54.35%and93.75%respectively due to fish presented in rice field.
3Positive interactions between rice and fish
Our field experiment showed that rice and fish can help each other in rice-fish co-culture system. On one hand, fishes create optimum environment for rice by removing insect pests, diseases and weeds. Active hitting behavior of fish on rice stem could explain26.04%reduction of rice planthopper. On the other hand, rice had a substantial positive impact on activities of fishes. First, rice creates an optimum environment for fish by providing shading and reducing field water temperature during the hot season. Compared to fish monoculture without rice (FM), water temperature and light intensity of water surface in RF reduced2.56℃and1456.29μmol m-2s-1around12:00-14:00. This ameliorated environment resulted in that the frequency of fish activity was57.6%higher in RF than that in FM. Second, rice acts as a nitrogen sink and helps reduce the ammonia (some of them excreted by the fish) in water and total N accumulated in soil, making the water cleaner for fish.
4Nitrogen fertilizer application and Nitrogen use efficiency
In our experiment, rice yield was significantly higher in rice-fish with feed input than that in rice-fish without feed applied and rice monoculture (RM) with36.51%higher N application. Fish feed input significantly increased fish yield in both fish monoculture and rice-fish co-culture. In RF and FM, only11.10%and14.20%contained N in fish feed was transferred into fish body respectively. In RF, however, rice plants can use the unconsumed N, resulting in less fish feed-N remaining in environment (e.g. soil or water). Compared to RF without fish feed application,31.84%N contained in rice grain and straw were from fish feed.
5Traditional rice varieties conserved in rice-fish co-culture system
Our survey showed that small areas of traditional rice varieties were planted with hybrid varities. Only19%of the farmers who practiced rice monoculture planted traditional varieties while52%of farmers who practiced rice-fish co-culture planted traditional varieties. Traditional varieties represented13%of the total land planted to rice in the rice-fish system but only2%in the rice monoculture system. Our field experiment showed that in the rice-fish system without pesticides, rice planthopper numbers and sheath blight incidence were lower from traditional varieties than the hybrid varieties; no significant difference of rice yield was found between the traditional varieties and the hybrid varieties. Our results suggested that traditional rice varieties can be preserved through conserving GIAHS rice-fish co-culture.
引文
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