复杂条件下海洋结构物地基承载力特性数值研究
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摘要
以复杂条件下海洋结构物地基基础承载力问题为研究对象,通过有限元数值计算与理论分析,细致地探讨了地基承载力、失稳破坏模式与基础/地基间的不同接触条件、地基土体强度特性、荷载条件等影响因素之间的依赖关系;建立了复合加载条件下地基承载力的数值分析方法,通过变动参数计算,给出了复杂条件下地基承载力的计算图表和简化计算公式,为改进和完善海洋地基基础设计方法提供了理论依据;同时,根据次加载面理论对ALPHA模型进行了改进,建立了能够模拟土体屈服前复杂变形特性的本构模型,在此基础上开发了拟静力有限元计算模块,针对均质地基在循环荷载作用下的承载特性进行了计算与分析。主要研究工作包括:
1、将完全隐式的本构积分算法与子增量技术结合,建立了误差控制的自适应本构积分算法,通过在屈服面角点应力区引入伪屈服面,基于关联流动法则建立了双向映射的应力更新算法;根据这两种算法编制的材料子程序,较好地解决了ABAQUS计算砂土地基承载力时较难收敛的困难。将双向映射的应力更新算法推广到非关联流动法则,基于二阶无厚度接触面单元开发了接触计算模块,避开了ABAQUS用二阶单元离散相互接触的物体时接触计算不收敛的问题,可预测更为清晰的地基破坏机制和精确的极限承载力。
2、通过有限元计算与分析,探讨了均质地基上埋深基础的承载力系数、埋深修正系数与土体强度特性、基础/地基间不同的接触特性(光滑接触、粗糙或完全粗糙接触)等影响因素之间的关系,并给出了相应的计算图表;与已有研究成果的对比表明,有限元计算结果合理可信,可供工程设计参考。
3、建立了复合加载下地基承载力的有限元数值分析方法,对均质地基、层状地基的承载力问题进行了系统的参数研究,分析了基础/地基间不同接触条件(完全粘结或竖向可分离)、地基土层强度特性、荷载组合等因素对地基承载力及破坏模式的影响规律,建立了层状地基临界层厚比及竖向承载力的简化计算公式,给出了复杂条件下地基的极限荷载包络面,为改进和完善海洋地基基础设计方法提供了理论依据。
4、根据次加载面理论对ALPHA模型进行了改进,结合模型特点提出了半隐式本构积分算法,在ABAQUS平台上开发了循环承载力拟静力计算模块;利用建立的计算模块,对三轴试验进行了模拟。与已有研究成果对比表明,提出的本构积分算法可较好地实现复杂模型的数值实施;改进的本构模型能够描述土体屈服前的非线性和不可恢复性变形特征,模拟变形特性较为复杂的土体。在此基础上,以均质地基为例,分析了地基的循环承载特性。
The objective of this paper is to investigate bearing capacity behaviors of offshore foundations under complicated conditions. In the study, through numerical calculation and theoretical analysis, relationship between bearing capacity, failure mechanisms and footing/subsoil interactive behaviors, strength character of subsoil and loading conditions is investigated in details. Numerical analysis methods have been established for calculation of bearing capacity of foundations under combined loading. Based on the methods, parametric studies are performed, and diagrams and simplified formulae for bearing capacity of foundations are obtained, which can be used to develop and improve the design of offshore foundations. Meanwhile, according to subloading theory, ALPHA model is modified to be able to simulate complicated deformation behaviors of soil before yielding. Based on the model, pseudo-static finite element procedure for calculation cyclic bearing capacity is established. Using this analyzing procedure, case studies are performed for bearing capacity of homogeneous foundations under cyclic loading. The main investigations consist of the following parts.
1. Combining the fully backward Euler method and sub-incremental technique, an error-controlled implicit constitutive integration method is presented. By introducing pseudo yielding function for the apex stress area, a returning map scheme of two projection directions is established to remove the apex singularity and zero stress point in the yield surface, according to associated flow rule. Based on the two methods, a user material subroutine for ABAQUS is complied, which overcomes the difficulty of ABAQUS in analyzing cohesionless-frictional geomaterial. Furthermore, the returning map scheme of two projection directions is extended to constitutive model with non-associated flow rule, in order to account for different dilatation. Based on this algorithm, a user element subroutine is compiled in the framework of ABAQUS adopting second-order zero-thickness interface element. Cases study show that the user element subroutine can be used to simulate the interactive behaviors, in the case, the contact bodies are discretizd as second-order element, while the contact algorithm based on contact pair built in ABAQUS can not.
2. For strip footing in homogeneous subsoil, the bearing capacity factors and embedment factors are obtained through finite element calculation. In the calculation, soil strength characters and footing/subsoil interactive behavior (smooth contact, frictional contact or fully coarse contact) is considered in details. The factors are presented in the form of calculation diagrams, and compared with the published results. Conclusion can be draw that the factors obtained by finite element method are more credible and can be used in foundation design.
3. Finite element analysis methods are established for calculation of bearing capacity of foundations under combined loading. Based on themethods, the bearing capacity of strip footing on homogeneous and two-layered saturated clay is calculated. The effects of footing/soil interactive behavior, soil strength profile and combined loading on the failure envelopes and failure mechanism are analyzed. Simplified equations for critical thickness ratio of top layer and vertical bearing capacity are established for layered foundations. Failure loci in two or three dimensional load space are presented. The loci and formulae can be used to develop and improve the design of offshore foundations.
4. The ALPHA model is modified according to subloading surface theory, and the initial anisotropy induced by consolidation is considered in the model. A semi-implicit constitutive integration algorithm for the modified model is proposed. And a subroutine embedded in ABAQUS for pseudo-static method is compiled based on the integration algorithm. Using the subroutine, simulations for triaxial tests are implemented, and the results have been compared to the rusults from modified Cam Clay model. The comparison shows that the modified ALPHA model can predict plastic deformation before yielding and other complicate deformation behavior than modified Cam Clay model. Finally, finite element analyses for homogeneous foundation are performed to investigate the cyclic bearing capacity behaviors.
1、将完全隐式的本构积分算法与子增量技术结合,建立了误差控制的自适应本构积分算法,通过在屈服面角点应力区引入伪屈服面,基于关联流动法则建立了双向映射的应力更新算法;根据这两种算法编制的材料子程序,较好地解决了ABAQUS计算砂土地基承载力时较难收敛的困难。将双向映射的应力更新算法推广到非关联流动法则,基于二阶无厚度接触面单元开发了接触计算模块,避开了ABAQUS用二阶单元离散相互接触的物体时接触计算不收敛的问题,可预测更为清晰的地基破坏机制和精确的极限承载力。
2、通过有限元计算与分析,探讨了均质地基上埋深基础的承载力系数、埋深修正系数与土体强度特性、基础/地基间不同的接触特性(光滑接触、粗糙或完全粗糙接触)等影响因素之间的关系,并给出了相应的计算图表;与已有研究成果的对比表明,有限元计算结果合理可信,可供工程设计参考。
3、建立了复合加载下地基承载力的有限元数值分析方法,对均质地基、层状地基的承载力问题进行了系统的参数研究,分析了基础/地基间不同接触条件(完全粘结或竖向可分离)、地基土层强度特性、荷载组合等因素对地基承载力及破坏模式的影响规律,建立了层状地基临界层厚比及竖向承载力的简化计算公式,给出了复杂条件下地基的极限荷载包络面,为改进和完善海洋地基基础设计方法提供了理论依据。
4、根据次加载面理论对ALPHA模型进行了改进,结合模型特点提出了半隐式本构积分算法,在ABAQUS平台上开发了循环承载力拟静力计算模块;利用建立的计算模块,对三轴试验进行了模拟。与已有研究成果对比表明,提出的本构积分算法可较好地实现复杂模型的数值实施;改进的本构模型能够描述土体屈服前的非线性和不可恢复性变形特征,模拟变形特性较为复杂的土体。在此基础上,以均质地基为例,分析了地基的循环承载特性。
The objective of this paper is to investigate bearing capacity behaviors of offshore foundations under complicated conditions. In the study, through numerical calculation and theoretical analysis, relationship between bearing capacity, failure mechanisms and footing/subsoil interactive behaviors, strength character of subsoil and loading conditions is investigated in details. Numerical analysis methods have been established for calculation of bearing capacity of foundations under combined loading. Based on the methods, parametric studies are performed, and diagrams and simplified formulae for bearing capacity of foundations are obtained, which can be used to develop and improve the design of offshore foundations. Meanwhile, according to subloading theory, ALPHA model is modified to be able to simulate complicated deformation behaviors of soil before yielding. Based on the model, pseudo-static finite element procedure for calculation cyclic bearing capacity is established. Using this analyzing procedure, case studies are performed for bearing capacity of homogeneous foundations under cyclic loading. The main investigations consist of the following parts.
1. Combining the fully backward Euler method and sub-incremental technique, an error-controlled implicit constitutive integration method is presented. By introducing pseudo yielding function for the apex stress area, a returning map scheme of two projection directions is established to remove the apex singularity and zero stress point in the yield surface, according to associated flow rule. Based on the two methods, a user material subroutine for ABAQUS is complied, which overcomes the difficulty of ABAQUS in analyzing cohesionless-frictional geomaterial. Furthermore, the returning map scheme of two projection directions is extended to constitutive model with non-associated flow rule, in order to account for different dilatation. Based on this algorithm, a user element subroutine is compiled in the framework of ABAQUS adopting second-order zero-thickness interface element. Cases study show that the user element subroutine can be used to simulate the interactive behaviors, in the case, the contact bodies are discretizd as second-order element, while the contact algorithm based on contact pair built in ABAQUS can not.
2. For strip footing in homogeneous subsoil, the bearing capacity factors and embedment factors are obtained through finite element calculation. In the calculation, soil strength characters and footing/subsoil interactive behavior (smooth contact, frictional contact or fully coarse contact) is considered in details. The factors are presented in the form of calculation diagrams, and compared with the published results. Conclusion can be draw that the factors obtained by finite element method are more credible and can be used in foundation design.
3. Finite element analysis methods are established for calculation of bearing capacity of foundations under combined loading. Based on themethods, the bearing capacity of strip footing on homogeneous and two-layered saturated clay is calculated. The effects of footing/soil interactive behavior, soil strength profile and combined loading on the failure envelopes and failure mechanism are analyzed. Simplified equations for critical thickness ratio of top layer and vertical bearing capacity are established for layered foundations. Failure loci in two or three dimensional load space are presented. The loci and formulae can be used to develop and improve the design of offshore foundations.
4. The ALPHA model is modified according to subloading surface theory, and the initial anisotropy induced by consolidation is considered in the model. A semi-implicit constitutive integration algorithm for the modified model is proposed. And a subroutine embedded in ABAQUS for pseudo-static method is compiled based on the integration algorithm. Using the subroutine, simulations for triaxial tests are implemented, and the results have been compared to the rusults from modified Cam Clay model. The comparison shows that the modified ALPHA model can predict plastic deformation before yielding and other complicate deformation behavior than modified Cam Clay model. Finally, finite element analyses for homogeneous foundation are performed to investigate the cyclic bearing capacity behaviors.
引文
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