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上市公司交叉持股的股价效应研究
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摘要
交叉持股是企业进行资本运作、扩张公司规模的一种常用手法,其对国家宏观经济和企业微观层面的正面和负面效应表现在多个方面,公司可通过实行交叉持股策略,实现资本的联合与集中,提高资本的使用效率。然而,如果公司对于交叉持股运用不当,则会导致产生内部人控制、侵害公司利益相关者权益等问题,甚至形成证券市场泡沫,危害实体经济的健康发展。尤其是亚洲金融危机的爆发、日本经济的长期衰退以及美国次贷危机引致的全球性经济危机,使得人们开始了对于交叉持股的反思。
     一方面,国内外许多专家学者在对日本交叉持股制度进行分析之后认为日本的交叉持股是造成日本上世纪末泡沫经济的元凶;另一方面,国内许多专家学者普遍认为在中国2006年股市暴涨中,交叉持股对股价起到了推波助澜的作用,尤其在2007年上市公司实施新准则,公司交叉持股投资采用公允价值计量之后,2007年6月上证综指高达6124.04点,之后却一路回落,在2008年10月28日到达最低点1664.92点。这一现象是交叉持股在股价上升通道中的助推,在下降通道中的助降造成的。
     基于以上两点考虑,论文选取公允价值计量下的交叉持股的股价效应作为实证分析的研究对象,目的在于考察我国上市公司交叉持股采用公允价值计量五年来,交叉持股对股价是否还具有稳定作用?同时,结合对交叉持股制度的正负效应分析,提出完善我国公司间交叉持股制度的政策建议。论文所做的主要研究工作和研究结论是:
     1.梳理和分析了公允价值计量下的交叉持股理论及国内外研究现状,认为在市场缺乏有效性的情况下,可运用实证会计理论中计量观下的股权估值模型检验证券市场有效性以及验证公允价值计量的交叉持股会计信息与股票价格的相关关系;同时在保证证券市场有效性的前提下,运用信息观验证市场信息对交叉持股的股价效应。
     2.论文在简单介绍美英两国的交叉持股实践后,详细梳理了日本和德国的交叉持股发展历程,并对四国的交叉持股模式进行了对比分析,经比较研究后发现交叉持股制度作为一种隐性制度安排,其形成、发展以及对经济发展所发挥的作用都与当时的社会历史条件、经济环境背景密切相关,虽然在上世纪末期日本和德国的交叉持股在不同程度上呈现了衰退的态势,但令人寻味的是两国在新世纪前后却同时呈现了或重构或调整的迹象。这充分表明了,交叉持股这一制度安排仍然拥有其存在的合理性。
     3.搜集了2006-2010年我国沪深两市A股上市公司交叉持股数据并对其进行了整理分析,发现我国交叉持股上市公司具有数量多、持股比例普遍偏低、机构投资者特别是基金持股活跃且呈现较明显的地域和行业聚集性等特征;同时,论文选取了中国证券市场交叉持股的典型案例进行分析,发现交叉持股公司间股价呈现“一荣俱荣,一损俱损”的同向变动关系。
     4.运用基于计量观理论的Feltham-Ohlson模型与基于信息观理论的股票价格波动性分析方法,分别对我国公允价值计量下的上市公司交叉持股的价值相关性和股价效应进行了实证分析。实证结果表明:①2006企业会计准则的实施,对于我国存在交叉持股现象的上市公司所提供的会计信息对股价具有价值相关性,特别是对于公允价值变动信息的披露,使得以公允价值计量交叉持股股权更具增量信息含量。②我国上市公司间以及上市公司与机构投资者间交叉持股比例与股价的波动负相关,说明交叉持股对股价具有一定的稳定作用。
     5.定性分析了上市公司交叉持股以及上市公司交叉持股采用公允价值计量后对经济增长、行业发展、资本市场和公司本身所带来的正面和负面效应,为规避交叉持股的弊端,提出完善交叉持股制度的具体措施提供依据。
     6.在定量与定性分析的基础上,借鉴国外交叉持股成功立法经验,结合我国在交叉持股规制上存在的问题,从公司法、证券法、证券监管机构以及相关配套制度建设四个角度提出了完善交叉持股制度、规制上市公司交叉持股行为的具体措施。
Cross-shareholding is a normal method for the enterprise to make its capital operation,and expand its size. It has several positive and negative effects on national macro economyand enterprise micro economy. The company can practice cross-shareholdings strategies toachieve the joint and concentration of capital, and improve the efficient use of capital.However, if the cross-shareholdings is used by the company inappropriately, it will lead tosome problems such as insider’s control and the invasion of stakeholder rights, more worst,stock market bubble may be formed which will do harm to the healthy development of thereal economy. Especially after the outbreak of the Asian financial crisis, the long-termrecession of the Japanese economy and the global economic crisis caused by the U.S.sub-prime mortgage crisis, people started to reflect the cross-shareholdings.
     On the one hand, many experts and scholars at home and abroad claimed that the culpritbehind the bubble economy which produced at the end of the last century in Japan is causedby cross-shareholdings, they came to this conclusion by analyzing the cross-shareholdingssystem in Japan. On the other hand, many domestic experts and scholars generally agree thatthe cross-shareholdings play an important role in China’s2006stock market boom,particularly after2007when the new Financial accounting standards are implemented by thelisted companies and the company cross-shareholdings investment is measured under the fairvalue measurement. In June,2007, Shanghai Composite Index reached as high as6124.04,but then fell back all the way to lowest1664.92points on October28,2008. Thisphenomenon is caused by the boosting of cross-shareholdings in the share price rising channeland dropping in a downward spiral.
     Considering the above two points, the article selects the cross-shareholdings’ stock priceeffects measured under the fair value measurement as the object of the empirical analysis, thepurpose is to examine in Chinese listed companies, whether cross-shareholdings have thestable function to stock price after it is measured under fair value measurement in fiveyears.At the same time, according to the positive and negative effects of cross-shareholdingssystem, some policies and suggestions which improve our cross-shareholdings systembetween companies will be proposed. The main research work and study conclusion is:
     1. Sorting out and analyzing the theory and research status of fair value measurement ofcross-shareholdings from domestic and abroad, the author believed that the market lackseffectiveness, therefore, the equity valuations view model in the empirical accounting theorycan be used to test the efficiency of stock market and verify the relationships between thecross-shareholdings accounting information under the fair value measurement and the stockprice.At the same time, if the effectiveness of the market securities is guaranteed, theinformation concept can be applied to test that market information has the stock price effectsto cross-shareholdings.
     2. Based on the brief introduction of American and British cross-shareholdings practice,the analysis of the historical development of Japan and Germany cross-shareholdings, and thecomparative study of the four countries cross-shareholdings mode, it is found that the cross-shareholdings system is a recessive system arrangement, its formation, development and
     its function to the economic development are closely related to the social and historicalconditions at that time and the economic environment background. Although at the end of thelast century, cross-shareholdings in Japan and Germany present recession situation in differentdegrees, while the two countries present signs of reconstruction and adjustment before andafter the new century. The phenomenon shows that the existence of cross-shareholdingssystem arrangement is still rational.
     3. Having collected and analyzed the cross-shareholdings data of some A shares listedcompanies which belong to Shenzhen and Shanghai stock market in the year of2006-2010,we found that Chinese cross-shareholdings listed company possesses some natures, forexample, large quantity, lower holding ratio, investors particularly fund holdings are activeand characterized by significant regional and industry clustering. Meanwhile, the articleselected the typical case of the Chinese securities market cross-shareholdings to makeanalysis, the result revealed that the cross-shareholdings shares between companies presentedthe same relationship to the changes of "a prosperity, a loss for both sides".
     4. Using Feltham-Ohlson model based on the Valuation Model Perspective theory andstock price volatility concept based on the Information Perspective theory, the empiricalanalysis is conducted to prove the listed cross-shareholding-company’s value correlation andthe stock price effects problems. The results show that:(1)2006, the accounting standards areimplemented, accounting information provided by cross-shareholdings companies has thevalue correlation with share price, especially for the disclosure of fair value changes,cross-shareholdings equity under fair value measurement has more incremental informationcontent.(2) the share ratio, between the listed companies and the listed companies withinstitutional investors, has the negative correlation with fluctuations in stock prices, socross-shareholdings has certain stable effect to share price.
     5. Qualitative analysis of the market company cross-shareholdings and listed companycross-shareholdings measured at the fair value make positive and negative effects to economygrowth, the development of the industry, the capital market and the company itself. Providingthe basis to avoid the disadvantages of cross-shareholdings, and proposing the specificmeasures to improve cross-shareholdings system.
     6. Based on the quantitative and qualitative study, learn from the successful legislationexperience of cross-shareholdings in foreign countries. Considering the problems existed inthe cross-shareholdings regulation in our country, the concrete measures of improving thecross-shareholdings system and regulating public company cross-shareholdings behavior areput forward from four points such as company law, the securities law, securities regulatorsand related supporting system construction.
引文
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