水分管理方式与供氮水平对水稻土氮素养分转化及供氮能力的影响
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摘要
充分发挥水稻生产中水氮耦合效应是提高氮肥利用率,实现节本增效和降低环境污染风险的有效途径。本论文以长江中下游地区潮土和青紫泥为试验土壤,通过土壤培养试验、水稻柱栽试验和田间试验研究了不同水肥管理方式下水稻土的可溶性氮形态变化动态和供氮能力,以此来评价两种供试水稻土的供氮能力强度与氮肥流失风险。取得主要结果如下:
1、通过土壤培养试验,研究比较了两种水稻土在不同水分(CW:最大田间持水量的70%,FW:淹水3 cm)和供氮水平(NO:不加氮,N25:每克土壤加N 25 mg)下的矿质氮(TMN)和可溶性有机氮(SON)的变化特征。结果表明:
(1)外加氮源淹水处理对潮土NH_4~+-N含量除培养第7 d明显提高外,在整个培养过程中均未超过基础土壤的水平;而外加氮源或淹水处理对青紫泥NH_4~+-N含量的提升作用则贯穿于培养试验的全过程。
(2)外加氮源处理在控水和淹水条件下都使潮土中NO_3~--N占矿质氮的百分比高达80%以上;而青紫泥加氮处理在控水条件下培养的前21 d均低于40%,至35 d始才升至90%左右,淹水条件下则低于15%。说明潮土比青紫泥具有更强的硝化作用,且硝化作用启动早持续时间长,因此氮肥通过硝态氮流失而导致的面源污染风险比青紫泥更值得关注。
(3)两个土壤的TSN与SON含量在培养试验第14 d至35 d期间达高峰期,但潮土明显高于青紫泥,而且潮土的SON/TSN百分比在淹水条件下较高,达80%以上,而青紫泥则在控水条件下较高,达60%以上。说明在2种土壤中的可溶性有机氮的流失风险不容忽视,特别是在淹水条件下的潮土中尤为突出。
2、通过水稻柱栽试验及田间试验,采用模拟根系对NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N吸收过程的树脂球交换法,研究两种水分管理方式(常规淹水灌溉FW,好气控制灌溉KW)和4种供氮水平(N0:不施氮肥;N1:60%常规施氮量126 kg纯N/hm~2;N2:75%常规施氮量157.5 kg纯N/hm~2;N3:常规施氮量210 kg纯N/hm~2)下测定潮土的供氮能力,结果表明水稻生育前期树脂球交换性铵态氮(RAQN-NH_4~+)由高到低急剧下降,并随氮肥用量提高而显著增加,树脂球交换性硝态氮(RAQN-NO_3~-)在控水和淹水条件下表现出很大的区别,控水条件下RAQN-NO_3~-经历了由低到高再由高到低的变化过程,且随施氮量的提高而增加,淹水条件下无明显差异。总的来说,在整个水稻生育期内树脂球交换性铵态氮所占比例很低,大部分时段在20%以下,树脂球交换性硝态氮占总交换性氮的比例较高,是潮土的主要有效氮供应形态。
The synergy effect of the interaction of nutrients and environmental factors is the key to increase the nitrogen nutrient bio-availability,reduce nitrogen losses in a specific Cultivation mode.In this paper,the soil from Yangtze River region was selected as the tested soil.By studying the effects and mechanisms of the different water management patterns and nitrogen levels on soluble nitrogen dynamic transformation characteristics and nitrogen supply capacity in order to assess the paddy soil nitrogen supplying and nitrogen loss risk.The main results of this research were as follows:
1.A ventilated incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamic trends of the soil NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N and soluble organic nitrogen(SON) contents under different water conditions(CW and FW) and nitrogen levels(NO and N25) in the two paddy soil types i.e.Alluvial soil and Purplish clayey soil.
(1) During incubating period,the contents of NH_4~+-N in the Alluvial soil were not obviously enhanced by water-logged incubation or by nitrogen fertilizer added, except for being distinctly elevated at the 7~(th) day of water-logged incubation with nitrogen fertilizer added.However,the contents of NH_4~+-N in the Purplish clayey soil were significantly increased by water-logged incubation or by nitrogen fertilizer added.
(2) NO_3~--N/TMN was as high as 80%or more by nitrogen fertilizer added not only under water-controlled but also water-logged condition in the Alluvial soil. However,the percentage was less than 40%at the 21~(th) day of water-logged incubation with nitrogen fertilizer added,and to 35~(th) day of incubation reached the highest level.it was less than 15%by water-logged incubation.The aforesaid results indicated that the nitrification activity in the Allvial soil was very strong not only under the water-controlled condition but also under the water-logged condition and it started earlier and lasted longer.It is,therefore,important to pay much more attention to the NO_3~--N leaching losses in the Alluvial soil than in the Purplish clayey soil.
(3)The contents of TSN and SON in the two soils reached the highest level during the 14~(th) day to35~(th) of incubation,but the contents in the Alluvial soil was significantly higher than Purplish clayey soil.On the peak period,the ratio of SON to TSN can reach 80%in the Alluvial soil under the water-logged condition and 60%in the Purplish clayey soil under the water- controlled condition.Therefore,the risk of soluble organic nitrogen losses in the two paddy soils during its peak period could not be neglected either.
2.A soil column experiment and field experiment were conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen supplying capacity under different water conditions(FW and KW) and nitrogen levels(N0,N1,N2 and N3) with Alluvial soil.Results of the soil column experiment showed that NH_4~+-N of the three nitrogen treatment(N1,N2,N3) declined from high to low,but increased with the amount of nitrogen notability increasing.NO_3~--N under the two kinds of water conditions had a great deal of difference.RAQN- NO_3~--N has experienced from low to high,then high to low,and increased with the amount of nitrogen increasing under CW.But it was small and even under different nitrogen levels had no significant difference throughout the rice growing period under FW.In a word,from dynamics ratio of the soil exchangeable NH_4~+-N to NO_3~--N,RAQN-NH_4~+-N was very low,less 20%.the ratio of RAQN-NO_3~--N to total exchangeable nitrogen was high.Indicating under the experiment conditions,NO_3~--N is the main active form of nitrogen supply with Alluvial soil.
1、通过土壤培养试验,研究比较了两种水稻土在不同水分(CW:最大田间持水量的70%,FW:淹水3 cm)和供氮水平(NO:不加氮,N25:每克土壤加N 25 mg)下的矿质氮(TMN)和可溶性有机氮(SON)的变化特征。结果表明:
(1)外加氮源淹水处理对潮土NH_4~+-N含量除培养第7 d明显提高外,在整个培养过程中均未超过基础土壤的水平;而外加氮源或淹水处理对青紫泥NH_4~+-N含量的提升作用则贯穿于培养试验的全过程。
(2)外加氮源处理在控水和淹水条件下都使潮土中NO_3~--N占矿质氮的百分比高达80%以上;而青紫泥加氮处理在控水条件下培养的前21 d均低于40%,至35 d始才升至90%左右,淹水条件下则低于15%。说明潮土比青紫泥具有更强的硝化作用,且硝化作用启动早持续时间长,因此氮肥通过硝态氮流失而导致的面源污染风险比青紫泥更值得关注。
(3)两个土壤的TSN与SON含量在培养试验第14 d至35 d期间达高峰期,但潮土明显高于青紫泥,而且潮土的SON/TSN百分比在淹水条件下较高,达80%以上,而青紫泥则在控水条件下较高,达60%以上。说明在2种土壤中的可溶性有机氮的流失风险不容忽视,特别是在淹水条件下的潮土中尤为突出。
2、通过水稻柱栽试验及田间试验,采用模拟根系对NH_4~+-N与NO_3~--N吸收过程的树脂球交换法,研究两种水分管理方式(常规淹水灌溉FW,好气控制灌溉KW)和4种供氮水平(N0:不施氮肥;N1:60%常规施氮量126 kg纯N/hm~2;N2:75%常规施氮量157.5 kg纯N/hm~2;N3:常规施氮量210 kg纯N/hm~2)下测定潮土的供氮能力,结果表明水稻生育前期树脂球交换性铵态氮(RAQN-NH_4~+)由高到低急剧下降,并随氮肥用量提高而显著增加,树脂球交换性硝态氮(RAQN-NO_3~-)在控水和淹水条件下表现出很大的区别,控水条件下RAQN-NO_3~-经历了由低到高再由高到低的变化过程,且随施氮量的提高而增加,淹水条件下无明显差异。总的来说,在整个水稻生育期内树脂球交换性铵态氮所占比例很低,大部分时段在20%以下,树脂球交换性硝态氮占总交换性氮的比例较高,是潮土的主要有效氮供应形态。
The synergy effect of the interaction of nutrients and environmental factors is the key to increase the nitrogen nutrient bio-availability,reduce nitrogen losses in a specific Cultivation mode.In this paper,the soil from Yangtze River region was selected as the tested soil.By studying the effects and mechanisms of the different water management patterns and nitrogen levels on soluble nitrogen dynamic transformation characteristics and nitrogen supply capacity in order to assess the paddy soil nitrogen supplying and nitrogen loss risk.The main results of this research were as follows:
1.A ventilated incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the dynamic trends of the soil NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N and soluble organic nitrogen(SON) contents under different water conditions(CW and FW) and nitrogen levels(NO and N25) in the two paddy soil types i.e.Alluvial soil and Purplish clayey soil.
(1) During incubating period,the contents of NH_4~+-N in the Alluvial soil were not obviously enhanced by water-logged incubation or by nitrogen fertilizer added, except for being distinctly elevated at the 7~(th) day of water-logged incubation with nitrogen fertilizer added.However,the contents of NH_4~+-N in the Purplish clayey soil were significantly increased by water-logged incubation or by nitrogen fertilizer added.
(2) NO_3~--N/TMN was as high as 80%or more by nitrogen fertilizer added not only under water-controlled but also water-logged condition in the Alluvial soil. However,the percentage was less than 40%at the 21~(th) day of water-logged incubation with nitrogen fertilizer added,and to 35~(th) day of incubation reached the highest level.it was less than 15%by water-logged incubation.The aforesaid results indicated that the nitrification activity in the Allvial soil was very strong not only under the water-controlled condition but also under the water-logged condition and it started earlier and lasted longer.It is,therefore,important to pay much more attention to the NO_3~--N leaching losses in the Alluvial soil than in the Purplish clayey soil.
(3)The contents of TSN and SON in the two soils reached the highest level during the 14~(th) day to35~(th) of incubation,but the contents in the Alluvial soil was significantly higher than Purplish clayey soil.On the peak period,the ratio of SON to TSN can reach 80%in the Alluvial soil under the water-logged condition and 60%in the Purplish clayey soil under the water- controlled condition.Therefore,the risk of soluble organic nitrogen losses in the two paddy soils during its peak period could not be neglected either.
2.A soil column experiment and field experiment were conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen supplying capacity under different water conditions(FW and KW) and nitrogen levels(N0,N1,N2 and N3) with Alluvial soil.Results of the soil column experiment showed that NH_4~+-N of the three nitrogen treatment(N1,N2,N3) declined from high to low,but increased with the amount of nitrogen notability increasing.NO_3~--N under the two kinds of water conditions had a great deal of difference.RAQN- NO_3~--N has experienced from low to high,then high to low,and increased with the amount of nitrogen increasing under CW.But it was small and even under different nitrogen levels had no significant difference throughout the rice growing period under FW.In a word,from dynamics ratio of the soil exchangeable NH_4~+-N to NO_3~--N,RAQN-NH_4~+-N was very low,less 20%.the ratio of RAQN-NO_3~--N to total exchangeable nitrogen was high.Indicating under the experiment conditions,NO_3~--N is the main active form of nitrogen supply with Alluvial soil.
引文
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