基于光子混频的连续太赫兹辐射产生及应用研究
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摘要
基于光子混频的连续太赫兹辐射源具有线宽窄、可调谐范围宽、结构简单、室温工作及价格低等优点,在太赫兹光谱、成像及传感等方面具有广阔的应用前景,近年来成为国内外研究的热点之一。然而光子混频能量转化效率、光电导天线辐射效率等因素限制了该辐射源的实际应用。
本文针对基于光子混频的连续太赫兹辐射产生及应用展开研究,主要包括低温GaAs光电导体辐射连续太赫兹波的系综蒙特卡罗模拟,光电导天线辐射电阻特性研究,太赫兹频段的双频偶极光电导天线的提出与优化以及连续太赫兹波图像增强算法研究等。本文的主要工作如下：
1)介绍了太赫兹波产生与探测的相关方法以及太赫兹辐射的特性,列举了太赫兹辐射的典型应用。回顾了基于光子混频产生连续太赫兹辐射的国内外研究进展,并分析了该辐射源中存在的主要问题以及提高其辐射功率的主要途径。阐述了光电导天线产生连续太赫兹辐射的光子混频原理,并对光电导天线的基本特性以及光电导天线设计中所涉及的有限积分方法做了介绍。
2)对低温GaAs光电导体的连续太赫兹辐射过程进行系综蒙特卡罗模拟,从微观角度研究了偏置电场和载流子寿命对连续太赫兹辐射强度的影响。首先阐述了GaAs材料性质及能带结构,而后对蒙特卡罗方法中的模拟要素作了简单介绍,然后根据光电导体的太赫兹辐射理论提出基于光子混频产生连续太赫兹辐射的系综蒙特卡罗模拟流程。模拟结果表明,由于空间电荷电场屏蔽效应以及散射等因素的影响,随着偏置电场的增强,太赫兹辐射强度先是随偏置电场的增强而上升,当达到峰值后逐渐趋于饱和。虽然降低温度使粒子发生散射的几率降低,但同时也减小了粒子的初始能量,故低偏置电场时低温下连续太赫兹辐射功率比常温下小,而当偏置电场超过某一阈值时,降低温度能够使连续太赫兹辐射功率增大。优化载流子寿命能够提高连续太赫兹辐射强度。
3)研究了蝶形、螺旋和偶极这三种常用光电导天线的辐射电阻特性,计算结果表明,具有谐振特性的偶极光电导天线在其谐振频率附近的辐射电阻比其它两种宽带天线的辐射电阻大；虽然交叉电极光子混频器能够提高光电导天线能承受的激光功率,但对光电导天线在高频处的辐射电阻具有一定抑制作用。鉴于双频天线在材料识别以及太赫兹通信等领域的应用前景,提出了一种适用于太赫兹频段的双频偶极光电导天线结构。以辐射电阻和电学辐射特性为优化目标,对该光电导天线的主要结构参数进行优化,仿真结果表明设计的光电导天线具有在太赫兹频段的双频辐射特性。
4)对制备的光电导天线进行了脉冲太赫兹辐射测试,并和国外公司制作的光电导天线进行了性能比较。以光电导天线作为太赫兹辐射源和探测器,搭建了基于光子混频的连续太赫兹波系统,对实验结果进行了分析。
5)提出了一种结合小波去噪的多尺度图像增强算法。该算法先用拉普拉斯金字塔对连续太赫兹波图像进行多尺度分解,然后采用指数变换在空域对获得的细节图像进行对比度增强。为减小放大噪声的影响,在进行金字塔重构过程中对得到的近似图像用小波软阈值方法进行去噪,并对变换后的小波系数图像采用非线性变换以进一步增强图像细节。实验结果表明,结合小波去噪的多尺度图像增强算法有效地减小了噪声,且增强后的连续太赫兹波图像细节分明、边缘清晰,有利于后续的图像处理和识别。
Continuous-wave (CW) terahertz (THz) radiation source by photomixing has been an active area of research at home and abroad in recent years, because it has the advantages of narrow line-width, wide tunable range, simple structure, working at room temperature, and low price, and can be widely used in several applications, including terahertz spectroscopy, imaging and sensing, etc. However, the effects of energy conversion efficiency of photomixing, radiation efficiency of photoconductive antenna etc. limit its broad use in reality.
Some researches on the generation and application of CW THz radiation by photomixing have been done in this dissertation, including ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of CW THz radiation from low-temperature grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) photoconductor, radiation impedance characteristics of photoconductive antennas, design and optimization of dual-band dipole antenna in the terahertz frequency range and CW THz images enhancement, etc. The main works of the dissertation are listed as follows:
1) The methods of generating and detecting THz wave and its radiation properties are introduced, and the typical applications of THz radiation are listed. The recent advances in CW THz radiation by photomixing are reviewed, and the problems existed in this source and the ways to improve its radiation power are analyzed. The photomixing theory is then described, and the basic characteristics of photoconductive antenna and the finite integration technology (FIT) involved in antenna design are also introduced.
2) Ensemble Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the procedure of radiating CW THz from LT-GaAs by photomixing, and the main factors affecting the intensity of CW THz radiation mostly, including bias electric field and carrier lifetime are studied from the microscopic view. The material properties and band structure of LT-GaAs are firstly presented, and then the elements involved in ensemble Monte Carlo simulation are briefly introduced. The simulation flowchart of radiating CW THz by photomixing is given. The simulation results show that, due to the effects of space charge screening and scattering, the intensity of CW THz radiation firstly increases as the bias electric field increases, and then saturates finally after reaching peak value; Although the possibilities of scattering drop as temperature reduces, the initial energy of photoexcited carrier decreases, so the power of CW THz radiation is lower at low temperature than at normal temperature when the bias electric field is weak, and becomes higher when the bias electric field is above a certain threshold. The simulation results also demonstrate that optimizing carrier lifetime can improve the intensity of CW THz radiation.
3) The performance of the radiation impedance for three kinds of photoconductive antennas, including bow-tie antenna, spiral antenna and dipole antenna, are firstly studied. The computation results show that the radiation impedance of the dipole antenna at its resonant frequency is larger than those of the other two types of broadband antennas; although the interdigitated electrode photomixer can enhance the power of irradiated light that the photoconductive antenna can endure, it has inhibiting effect to the radiation impedance at high radiation frequency. A dual-band dipole antenna structure working within terahertz frequency range is then proposed considering its future use in material recognition and THz communication etc. The performance of radiation impedance and electrical characteristics are selected as objectives, and the main structure parameters of the photoconductive antenna are optimized. The simulation results show that the designed antenna has the property of dual-band radiation in the THz frequency range.
4) The produced photoconductive antennas are tested by pulsed THz system and the performance is compared with that of the company abroad. The experimental platform of CW THz radiation by photomixing is built using photoconductive antennas as THz radiation source and detector. The experimental results are analyzed.
5) A multi-scale image enhancement algorithm combining wavelet denoising is proposed. It performs multi-scale decomposition by building laplacian pyramids first, and then enhances detailed images by exponential transform in spatial domain. To remove the influence of enlarged image noises, the wavelet soft threshold method is used to denoise the approximation image when rebuilding the pyramids, and furthermore nonlinear transform is also adopted for image enhancement in wavelet domain. Several experimental results demonstrate that, the proposed algorithm can remove noise efficiently, and the enhanced THz images have clear details and sharped edges, which is useful for further image processing and recognition.
本文针对基于光子混频的连续太赫兹辐射产生及应用展开研究,主要包括低温GaAs光电导体辐射连续太赫兹波的系综蒙特卡罗模拟,光电导天线辐射电阻特性研究,太赫兹频段的双频偶极光电导天线的提出与优化以及连续太赫兹波图像增强算法研究等。本文的主要工作如下：
1)介绍了太赫兹波产生与探测的相关方法以及太赫兹辐射的特性,列举了太赫兹辐射的典型应用。回顾了基于光子混频产生连续太赫兹辐射的国内外研究进展,并分析了该辐射源中存在的主要问题以及提高其辐射功率的主要途径。阐述了光电导天线产生连续太赫兹辐射的光子混频原理,并对光电导天线的基本特性以及光电导天线设计中所涉及的有限积分方法做了介绍。
2)对低温GaAs光电导体的连续太赫兹辐射过程进行系综蒙特卡罗模拟,从微观角度研究了偏置电场和载流子寿命对连续太赫兹辐射强度的影响。首先阐述了GaAs材料性质及能带结构,而后对蒙特卡罗方法中的模拟要素作了简单介绍,然后根据光电导体的太赫兹辐射理论提出基于光子混频产生连续太赫兹辐射的系综蒙特卡罗模拟流程。模拟结果表明,由于空间电荷电场屏蔽效应以及散射等因素的影响,随着偏置电场的增强,太赫兹辐射强度先是随偏置电场的增强而上升,当达到峰值后逐渐趋于饱和。虽然降低温度使粒子发生散射的几率降低,但同时也减小了粒子的初始能量,故低偏置电场时低温下连续太赫兹辐射功率比常温下小,而当偏置电场超过某一阈值时,降低温度能够使连续太赫兹辐射功率增大。优化载流子寿命能够提高连续太赫兹辐射强度。
3)研究了蝶形、螺旋和偶极这三种常用光电导天线的辐射电阻特性,计算结果表明,具有谐振特性的偶极光电导天线在其谐振频率附近的辐射电阻比其它两种宽带天线的辐射电阻大；虽然交叉电极光子混频器能够提高光电导天线能承受的激光功率,但对光电导天线在高频处的辐射电阻具有一定抑制作用。鉴于双频天线在材料识别以及太赫兹通信等领域的应用前景,提出了一种适用于太赫兹频段的双频偶极光电导天线结构。以辐射电阻和电学辐射特性为优化目标,对该光电导天线的主要结构参数进行优化,仿真结果表明设计的光电导天线具有在太赫兹频段的双频辐射特性。
4)对制备的光电导天线进行了脉冲太赫兹辐射测试,并和国外公司制作的光电导天线进行了性能比较。以光电导天线作为太赫兹辐射源和探测器,搭建了基于光子混频的连续太赫兹波系统,对实验结果进行了分析。
5)提出了一种结合小波去噪的多尺度图像增强算法。该算法先用拉普拉斯金字塔对连续太赫兹波图像进行多尺度分解,然后采用指数变换在空域对获得的细节图像进行对比度增强。为减小放大噪声的影响,在进行金字塔重构过程中对得到的近似图像用小波软阈值方法进行去噪,并对变换后的小波系数图像采用非线性变换以进一步增强图像细节。实验结果表明,结合小波去噪的多尺度图像增强算法有效地减小了噪声,且增强后的连续太赫兹波图像细节分明、边缘清晰,有利于后续的图像处理和识别。
Continuous-wave (CW) terahertz (THz) radiation source by photomixing has been an active area of research at home and abroad in recent years, because it has the advantages of narrow line-width, wide tunable range, simple structure, working at room temperature, and low price, and can be widely used in several applications, including terahertz spectroscopy, imaging and sensing, etc. However, the effects of energy conversion efficiency of photomixing, radiation efficiency of photoconductive antenna etc. limit its broad use in reality.
Some researches on the generation and application of CW THz radiation by photomixing have been done in this dissertation, including ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of CW THz radiation from low-temperature grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) photoconductor, radiation impedance characteristics of photoconductive antennas, design and optimization of dual-band dipole antenna in the terahertz frequency range and CW THz images enhancement, etc. The main works of the dissertation are listed as follows:
1) The methods of generating and detecting THz wave and its radiation properties are introduced, and the typical applications of THz radiation are listed. The recent advances in CW THz radiation by photomixing are reviewed, and the problems existed in this source and the ways to improve its radiation power are analyzed. The photomixing theory is then described, and the basic characteristics of photoconductive antenna and the finite integration technology (FIT) involved in antenna design are also introduced.
2) Ensemble Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the procedure of radiating CW THz from LT-GaAs by photomixing, and the main factors affecting the intensity of CW THz radiation mostly, including bias electric field and carrier lifetime are studied from the microscopic view. The material properties and band structure of LT-GaAs are firstly presented, and then the elements involved in ensemble Monte Carlo simulation are briefly introduced. The simulation flowchart of radiating CW THz by photomixing is given. The simulation results show that, due to the effects of space charge screening and scattering, the intensity of CW THz radiation firstly increases as the bias electric field increases, and then saturates finally after reaching peak value; Although the possibilities of scattering drop as temperature reduces, the initial energy of photoexcited carrier decreases, so the power of CW THz radiation is lower at low temperature than at normal temperature when the bias electric field is weak, and becomes higher when the bias electric field is above a certain threshold. The simulation results also demonstrate that optimizing carrier lifetime can improve the intensity of CW THz radiation.
3) The performance of the radiation impedance for three kinds of photoconductive antennas, including bow-tie antenna, spiral antenna and dipole antenna, are firstly studied. The computation results show that the radiation impedance of the dipole antenna at its resonant frequency is larger than those of the other two types of broadband antennas; although the interdigitated electrode photomixer can enhance the power of irradiated light that the photoconductive antenna can endure, it has inhibiting effect to the radiation impedance at high radiation frequency. A dual-band dipole antenna structure working within terahertz frequency range is then proposed considering its future use in material recognition and THz communication etc. The performance of radiation impedance and electrical characteristics are selected as objectives, and the main structure parameters of the photoconductive antenna are optimized. The simulation results show that the designed antenna has the property of dual-band radiation in the THz frequency range.
4) The produced photoconductive antennas are tested by pulsed THz system and the performance is compared with that of the company abroad. The experimental platform of CW THz radiation by photomixing is built using photoconductive antennas as THz radiation source and detector. The experimental results are analyzed.
5) A multi-scale image enhancement algorithm combining wavelet denoising is proposed. It performs multi-scale decomposition by building laplacian pyramids first, and then enhances detailed images by exponential transform in spatial domain. To remove the influence of enlarged image noises, the wavelet soft threshold method is used to denoise the approximation image when rebuilding the pyramids, and furthermore nonlinear transform is also adopted for image enhancement in wavelet domain. Several experimental results demonstrate that, the proposed algorithm can remove noise efficiently, and the enhanced THz images have clear details and sharped edges, which is useful for further image processing and recognition.
引文
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