品牌印象双重表现及其形成和改变机制研究
|
摘要
品牌印象是消费者在头脑中对目标品牌的类别信息和个别化信息进行加工的结果，是品牌与消费者的关系基础。内隐社会认知研究的兴起与发展，提示研究者，以往关于社会认知的研究，都将可以从外显和内隐两个层面重新进行探讨，为理解人类的行为提供更加丰富全面的解释。本文在双重加工模型的基础上，从外显与内隐两个层面对品牌印象的结构、形成及改变进行进一步研究。
在文献综述部分，论文对品牌印象与品牌形象的关系、品牌形象的测量模型、品牌印象形成的理论进行了系统的分析、概括后，提出对品牌印象的界定；在对早期的双重加工模型及其发展进行了梳理后，分析了双重加工模型对行为的预测，对双重加工理论进行了述评；并总结了间接测量技术及其发展。在对品牌印象研究文献分析的基础上，结合双重加工模型的研究成果，构建本论文的研究体系。论文实证研究由四部分内容组成，具体结论如下：
第一部分是外显品牌印象量表的编制及其测量学指标研究。在文献研究和关键事件访谈的基础上，通过筛选条目、形成初步问卷、预测验和正式测验等程序，经探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析，重测信度、聚合效度、辨别效度、法则效度和效标关联效度等检验，发现全方位的品牌印象由品牌质量印象、品牌传播印象、品牌服务印象和品牌价格印象等四个维度构成。用于测量品牌印象的多维量表、各维单项目量表和单项目量表均具有较好的信度和效度。
第二部分是外显品牌印象与内隐品牌印象的关系研究。以73名本科生和研究生为被试，分别运用研究一编制的外显品牌印象量表和内隐联想测验（IAT）、刻板解释偏差测量（SEB）两种间接测量方法对外显品牌印象、内隐品牌印象及其关系进行研究。研究一发现被试对美国品牌的整体印象好于对中国品牌的总体印象，具体体现在质量印象、服务印象、传播印象上美国品牌好于中国品牌，在价格印象上则是中国品牌好于美国品牌；品牌的整体印象与质量印象对中国品牌的购买意向具有显著预测作用；品牌的传播印象与价格印象对美国品牌的购买意向具有显著预测作用。研究二采用IAT的测量方法发现相比美国品牌，被试对中国品牌有着更为积极的内隐品牌印象；IAT与外显品牌印象相关不显著。研究三采用SEB的测量方法发现总体SEB与IAT、外显品牌印象均无显著相关；区分行为结果归因性质的SEB分数比总体SEB分数更能反映刻板解释偏差的意义；SEB分数反映的内隐刻板印象与传统认知习惯相符。用IAT与SEB测量的内隐品牌印象并不一致，有可能两种测量方法反映的是记忆中复杂网络联结的不同方面。
第三部分是品牌印象形成与改变的双重加工模式检验。前两部分的研究结果显示外显品牌印象与内隐品牌印象相关不显著，提示外显品牌印象、内隐品牌印象可能遵循各自不同的加工机制。在双重加工模型理论的基础上，通过两个研究对品牌印象的双重结构及其形成与改变的心理机制进行进一步地探讨，发现：外显品牌印象、内隐品牌印象是两个相互独立的结构，外显品牌印象的形成与改变遵循规则加工，通过快速学习记忆系统形成，内隐品牌印象的形成与改变遵循联想加工，通过慢速学习记忆系统形成；在信息加工过程中由于个体的卷入程度存在个体差异，使得个体对信息加工的深度不同，从而产生不同的品牌印象形成与改变的结果；将个体差异融入双重加工理论将对人类的行为提供一个更强有力的、更一致的解释。
第四部分对民族情感营销策略对品牌来源国刻板印象的影响及品牌印象在消费者民族中心主义（CE）对国产品牌购买意向影响中的调节作用进行了分析，针对上述研究均是以虚拟品牌为实验材料，使研究的生态效度受到影响，本部分研究均以日常生活中真实品牌为实验材料。研究结果表明直接劝说方式不能改变外显品牌来源国刻板印象；间接劝说方式可以改变对综合型产品的外显品牌来源国刻板印象；无论直接劝说方式还是间接劝说方式均不能改变内隐品牌来源国刻板印象；外显国产品牌整体印象在CE对国产品牌购买意向的作用中起正向调节作用，而内隐品牌印象在CE对国产品牌购买意向的作用中起负向调节作用。
综合讨论部分对研究结果进行了归纳分析，总结了研究的不足，并提出未来研究展望。
Brand impression is defined as a part or overall effect of brand in consumer’smind based on his or her perception and experience of the brand stereotypes andindividuation information and which is considered as the basis of the relationshipbetween brand and consumers. With the development of emerging implicit socialcognition research, it is suggested that the researches of social cognition should berediscussed from two different aspects (i.e. explicit and implicit) in order to providericher and more full comprehensive explanation for understanding human behavior.Based on the dual-process model, the dissertation further analyses the structure,formation and change of brand impression from the two aspects of explicit andimplicit.
In the theoretical analysis section of the present dissertation, the author firstproposes the definition of brand impression after analyzing and summarizing therelationship between brand impression and brand image, the measurement model ofbrand image and the theory of brand impression formation, then the author reviewsdual-process model after summarizing the development of dual-process model andanalyzing how these processes predict behavior. At last, the author summarizes thedevelopment of indirect measurement technique. Based on the literature of brandimpression and dual-process model, the empirical research is composed of four parts.The conclusions are showed in details as following:
The first part is the empirical study of explicit brand impression. Chinesecitizen’s brand impression has been investigated by using the methods of BehavioralEvent Interview and questionnaire in study1. With a multi-step study to develop andvalidate a multidimensional brand impression scale, the empirical results indicate thatthe structure of brand impression includes four factors such as brand qualityimpression, brand communication impression, brand service impression and brandprice impression. Multi-step psychometric tests demonstrate that the brand impressionmultidimensional scale which includes15items is reliable and valid, the scale ofsingle item for every dimension and the scale of single item are also.
The second part is the empirical study of the relationship between explicit andimplicit brand impression. With73undergraduates and postgraduates as the subjects,study1, study2and study3explore the nature of explicit brand impression andimplicit brand impression and the relationship between them from a perspective oftwo indirect measures which include the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Stereotypic Explanatory Bias (SEB).
Study1investigates the country-of-origin effect of brand impression withexplicit brand impression scale, the results reveal that the explicit impression ofquality, communication, service and general impression of domestic brand is worsethan that of American brand, while the explicit impression of the price is better thanthat of foreign brand; the general impression and the quality impression of domesticbrand are significant positive predictors of domestic brand purchase willingness; thecommunication and price impression of American brand are significant positivepredictors of American brand purchase willingness.
IAT is used in study2and the results show that compared with American brand,Chinese consumers have more positive implicit impression on domestic brand; IATshows no significant correlation with explicit brand impression. SEB is used in study3and the results show that the correlation among general SEB, IAT and explicit brandimpression are on significant; whether E-SEB or I-SEB score can reflect implicitbrand impression in more detail than general SEB score; the implicit brand impressioncorrespond to traditional cognitive customs. The reason why the implicit brandimpression measured by IAT is inconsistent with which measured by SEB maybe dueto the two different indirect measures reflecting different aspects of complex netconnection of memory.
The third part is the research of brand impression formation and change which isbased on dual-process model. The findings of the first two parts indicate that explicitand implicit brand impression maybe follow their own processing mechanismrespectively because the explicit brand impression shows no significant correlationwith implicit one. To investigate this issue, the current work examines thepsychological mechanism by which new brand impression is formed and changed.The results of two studies show that explicit brand impression is independent fromimplicit one; Following rule-based procession, the forming and change of explicitbrand impression are developed by fast-learning memory system; Whereas implicitbrand impression forming and change follow association procession and aredeveloped by slow-learning memory system; In information processing individualdifference in brand involvement has much to offer dual-process accounts of brandimpression formation and change, incorporating this individual difference intodual-process theories will provide a stronger, more coherent account of humanbehavior.
The forth part is on the research of brand impression influencing consumerbehavior. At first, in order to improve the ecological validity of the research, the realbrands in life replace the fictitious ones to be used in study which aims to explore dual brand’s country-of-origin stereotypes and how national sentiment influence brand’scountry-of-origin stereotypes. The results show that the national sentiment aroused bydirect persuasion couldn’t change the explicit brand’s country-of-origin stereotypes,but the national sentiment aroused by indirect persuasion could make the explicitgeneral impression on domestic brand of hybrid products more positive; Consumer’simplicit brand’s country-of-origin stereotypes couldn’t be changed by either direct orindirect persuasion. Secondly, the author takes consumer ethnocentrism (CE) as theindependent variable, brand purchase willingness as the dependent variables, andbrand impression as the moderating variable, and then examines the role of brandimpression in relationship between CE and brand purchase willingness. The resultsshow that explicit general impression of domestic brand plays positive moderatingrole in the relationship between CE and purchase willingness of domestic brand, whileimplicit brand impression plays negative moderating role in the relationship betweenCE and purchase willingness of domestic brand.
In the general discussion and conclusion, according to a series of empiricalstudies, this dissertation concludes and analyzes the findings, lists some disadvantagesof the study, and put forward future prospects.
在文献综述部分，论文对品牌印象与品牌形象的关系、品牌形象的测量模型、品牌印象形成的理论进行了系统的分析、概括后，提出对品牌印象的界定；在对早期的双重加工模型及其发展进行了梳理后，分析了双重加工模型对行为的预测，对双重加工理论进行了述评；并总结了间接测量技术及其发展。在对品牌印象研究文献分析的基础上，结合双重加工模型的研究成果，构建本论文的研究体系。论文实证研究由四部分内容组成，具体结论如下：
第一部分是外显品牌印象量表的编制及其测量学指标研究。在文献研究和关键事件访谈的基础上，通过筛选条目、形成初步问卷、预测验和正式测验等程序，经探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析，重测信度、聚合效度、辨别效度、法则效度和效标关联效度等检验，发现全方位的品牌印象由品牌质量印象、品牌传播印象、品牌服务印象和品牌价格印象等四个维度构成。用于测量品牌印象的多维量表、各维单项目量表和单项目量表均具有较好的信度和效度。
第二部分是外显品牌印象与内隐品牌印象的关系研究。以73名本科生和研究生为被试，分别运用研究一编制的外显品牌印象量表和内隐联想测验（IAT）、刻板解释偏差测量（SEB）两种间接测量方法对外显品牌印象、内隐品牌印象及其关系进行研究。研究一发现被试对美国品牌的整体印象好于对中国品牌的总体印象，具体体现在质量印象、服务印象、传播印象上美国品牌好于中国品牌，在价格印象上则是中国品牌好于美国品牌；品牌的整体印象与质量印象对中国品牌的购买意向具有显著预测作用；品牌的传播印象与价格印象对美国品牌的购买意向具有显著预测作用。研究二采用IAT的测量方法发现相比美国品牌，被试对中国品牌有着更为积极的内隐品牌印象；IAT与外显品牌印象相关不显著。研究三采用SEB的测量方法发现总体SEB与IAT、外显品牌印象均无显著相关；区分行为结果归因性质的SEB分数比总体SEB分数更能反映刻板解释偏差的意义；SEB分数反映的内隐刻板印象与传统认知习惯相符。用IAT与SEB测量的内隐品牌印象并不一致，有可能两种测量方法反映的是记忆中复杂网络联结的不同方面。
第三部分是品牌印象形成与改变的双重加工模式检验。前两部分的研究结果显示外显品牌印象与内隐品牌印象相关不显著，提示外显品牌印象、内隐品牌印象可能遵循各自不同的加工机制。在双重加工模型理论的基础上，通过两个研究对品牌印象的双重结构及其形成与改变的心理机制进行进一步地探讨，发现：外显品牌印象、内隐品牌印象是两个相互独立的结构，外显品牌印象的形成与改变遵循规则加工，通过快速学习记忆系统形成，内隐品牌印象的形成与改变遵循联想加工，通过慢速学习记忆系统形成；在信息加工过程中由于个体的卷入程度存在个体差异，使得个体对信息加工的深度不同，从而产生不同的品牌印象形成与改变的结果；将个体差异融入双重加工理论将对人类的行为提供一个更强有力的、更一致的解释。
第四部分对民族情感营销策略对品牌来源国刻板印象的影响及品牌印象在消费者民族中心主义（CE）对国产品牌购买意向影响中的调节作用进行了分析，针对上述研究均是以虚拟品牌为实验材料，使研究的生态效度受到影响，本部分研究均以日常生活中真实品牌为实验材料。研究结果表明直接劝说方式不能改变外显品牌来源国刻板印象；间接劝说方式可以改变对综合型产品的外显品牌来源国刻板印象；无论直接劝说方式还是间接劝说方式均不能改变内隐品牌来源国刻板印象；外显国产品牌整体印象在CE对国产品牌购买意向的作用中起正向调节作用，而内隐品牌印象在CE对国产品牌购买意向的作用中起负向调节作用。
综合讨论部分对研究结果进行了归纳分析，总结了研究的不足，并提出未来研究展望。
Brand impression is defined as a part or overall effect of brand in consumer’smind based on his or her perception and experience of the brand stereotypes andindividuation information and which is considered as the basis of the relationshipbetween brand and consumers. With the development of emerging implicit socialcognition research, it is suggested that the researches of social cognition should berediscussed from two different aspects (i.e. explicit and implicit) in order to providericher and more full comprehensive explanation for understanding human behavior.Based on the dual-process model, the dissertation further analyses the structure,formation and change of brand impression from the two aspects of explicit andimplicit.
In the theoretical analysis section of the present dissertation, the author firstproposes the definition of brand impression after analyzing and summarizing therelationship between brand impression and brand image, the measurement model ofbrand image and the theory of brand impression formation, then the author reviewsdual-process model after summarizing the development of dual-process model andanalyzing how these processes predict behavior. At last, the author summarizes thedevelopment of indirect measurement technique. Based on the literature of brandimpression and dual-process model, the empirical research is composed of four parts.The conclusions are showed in details as following:
The first part is the empirical study of explicit brand impression. Chinesecitizen’s brand impression has been investigated by using the methods of BehavioralEvent Interview and questionnaire in study1. With a multi-step study to develop andvalidate a multidimensional brand impression scale, the empirical results indicate thatthe structure of brand impression includes four factors such as brand qualityimpression, brand communication impression, brand service impression and brandprice impression. Multi-step psychometric tests demonstrate that the brand impressionmultidimensional scale which includes15items is reliable and valid, the scale ofsingle item for every dimension and the scale of single item are also.
The second part is the empirical study of the relationship between explicit andimplicit brand impression. With73undergraduates and postgraduates as the subjects,study1, study2and study3explore the nature of explicit brand impression andimplicit brand impression and the relationship between them from a perspective oftwo indirect measures which include the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the Stereotypic Explanatory Bias (SEB).
Study1investigates the country-of-origin effect of brand impression withexplicit brand impression scale, the results reveal that the explicit impression ofquality, communication, service and general impression of domestic brand is worsethan that of American brand, while the explicit impression of the price is better thanthat of foreign brand; the general impression and the quality impression of domesticbrand are significant positive predictors of domestic brand purchase willingness; thecommunication and price impression of American brand are significant positivepredictors of American brand purchase willingness.
IAT is used in study2and the results show that compared with American brand,Chinese consumers have more positive implicit impression on domestic brand; IATshows no significant correlation with explicit brand impression. SEB is used in study3and the results show that the correlation among general SEB, IAT and explicit brandimpression are on significant; whether E-SEB or I-SEB score can reflect implicitbrand impression in more detail than general SEB score; the implicit brand impressioncorrespond to traditional cognitive customs. The reason why the implicit brandimpression measured by IAT is inconsistent with which measured by SEB maybe dueto the two different indirect measures reflecting different aspects of complex netconnection of memory.
The third part is the research of brand impression formation and change which isbased on dual-process model. The findings of the first two parts indicate that explicitand implicit brand impression maybe follow their own processing mechanismrespectively because the explicit brand impression shows no significant correlationwith implicit one. To investigate this issue, the current work examines thepsychological mechanism by which new brand impression is formed and changed.The results of two studies show that explicit brand impression is independent fromimplicit one; Following rule-based procession, the forming and change of explicitbrand impression are developed by fast-learning memory system; Whereas implicitbrand impression forming and change follow association procession and aredeveloped by slow-learning memory system; In information processing individualdifference in brand involvement has much to offer dual-process accounts of brandimpression formation and change, incorporating this individual difference intodual-process theories will provide a stronger, more coherent account of humanbehavior.
The forth part is on the research of brand impression influencing consumerbehavior. At first, in order to improve the ecological validity of the research, the realbrands in life replace the fictitious ones to be used in study which aims to explore dual brand’s country-of-origin stereotypes and how national sentiment influence brand’scountry-of-origin stereotypes. The results show that the national sentiment aroused bydirect persuasion couldn’t change the explicit brand’s country-of-origin stereotypes,but the national sentiment aroused by indirect persuasion could make the explicitgeneral impression on domestic brand of hybrid products more positive; Consumer’simplicit brand’s country-of-origin stereotypes couldn’t be changed by either direct orindirect persuasion. Secondly, the author takes consumer ethnocentrism (CE) as theindependent variable, brand purchase willingness as the dependent variables, andbrand impression as the moderating variable, and then examines the role of brandimpression in relationship between CE and brand purchase willingness. The resultsshow that explicit general impression of domestic brand plays positive moderatingrole in the relationship between CE and purchase willingness of domestic brand, whileimplicit brand impression plays negative moderating role in the relationship betweenCE and purchase willingness of domestic brand.
In the general discussion and conclusion, according to a series of empiricalstudies, this dissertation concludes and analyzes the findings, lists some disadvantagesof the study, and put forward future prospects.
引文
蔡建红.(1999).中国人印象形成中核心品质研究方法初探.江西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),32(1),42-46.
陈宁.(2002).消费者卷入水平与认知完善程度对广告信息加工模式的影响.上海管理科学,2,40-42.
崔丽娟,张高产.(2004).内隐联结测验(IAT)研究回顾与展望.心理科学,27(1),
161-164.
董奇.(2004).心理与教育研究方法(修订版).北京：北京师范大学出版社. p.259.
范秀成,陈洁.(2002).品牌形象综合测评模型及其应用.南开学报(哲学社会科学版),3,65-71.
郭秀英,吕佳祥,吴兴明.(2006).品牌形象评价方法研究.商业研究,22(354),61-63
郭益盈.(2006).品牌危机分析及其管理研究.硕士学位论文.四川:西南交通大学.
胡志海.(2005).大学生职业性别刻板印象的内隐研究.心理科学,28(5),1122-1125.
黄合水.(2003).产品评价的来源国效应.心理科学进展,11(6),692~699.)
贾凤芹,冯成志.(2012).内隐联想测验“内隐性”的可控性研究.心理科学,35(4),799-805.
江明华,曹鸿星.(2003).品牌形象模型的比较研究.北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),40(2),107-114.
江亚丹,何丽,王晓钧.(2011).研究生职业性别刻板印象的刻板解释偏差研究.社会心理科学,26(125),109-113.
焦璇,吕建红,陈毅文.(2004).品牌形象系统的因素结构.心理学报,36(3),359-364.
金盛华.(2005).社会心理学.北京:高等教育出版社.
晋争.(2010).内隐联系测验的修正——简式内隐联系测验.心理科学进展,18(10),1554-1558.
连淑芳.(2004).社会调节对内隐刻板印象的影响研究.心理科学,27(5),1046-1048.
连淑芳,杨治良.(2007).抑制对内隐刻板印象的影响研究.心理科学,30(4),844-846.
梁宁建,吴明证,高旭成.(2003).基于反应时范式的内隐社会认知研究方法.心理科学,26(2),208-211.
罗跃嘉,黄宇霞,李新影,李雪冰.(2006).情绪对认知加工的影响：事件相关脑电位系列研究.心理科学进展,14(4),505-510.
罗子明.(2001).品牌形象的构成及其测量.北京工商大学学报(社会科学版),16(4),19-22.
马芳,梁宁建.(2006).内隐数学—性别刻板印象的SEB研究.心理科学,29(5),1116-1118.
马谋超.(2007).广告心理:广告人对消费行为的心理把握(3版).北京:中国市场出版社.
马谋超,陆跃祥.(2000).广告与消费心理学.北京:人民教育出版社,340-361.
缪建东,沈祖樾.(1997).中国人印象形成中核心品质的初步研究.社会心理研究,4,1-5.
彭品志.(2007).品牌印象与经营作为.市场管理,6,36-37
Schiffman, L. G.,&Kanuk, L. L.(2001).消费者行为学(第7版).北京:清华大学出版社,63-92,199-224.
宋永高,水常青.(2004).国内消费者对本国品牌的态度及其改变的可能性研究.南开管理评论,7(2),41-45.
王登峰,陈仲庚.(1987).信息整合模型与中国人印象形成的特点.心理学报,1,63-69.
王海忠.(2003).消费者民族中心主义的中国本土化研究.南开管理评论,4,31-36.
王海忠,于春玲,赵平.(2005).消费者民族中心主义的两面性及其市场战略意义.管理世界,2,96-107.
王海忠,赵平.(2004).品牌原产地效应及其市场策略建议——基于欧、美、日、中四地品牌形象调查分析.中国工业经济,1,78-86.
王思.(2009).从中国品牌的“洋名”看中国品牌的国际化道路.现代企业文化,6,1-2.
温忠麟，侯杰泰，马什赫伯特.(2004).结构方程模型检验：拟合指数与卡方准则.心理学报，36(2),186~194.
吴坚,符国群,丁嘉莉.(2010).基于属性水平的品牌来源国作用机制研究——信息处理的视角.管理评论,22(3),69-77.
吴剑琳,朱宁.(2010).青少年消费者民族中心主义对购物意愿影响的实证研究.青年研究,2,44-51.
吴明证.(2004).内隐态度的理论与实验研究.博士学位论文.上海:华东师范大学.
吴明证.(2005).态度强度对内隐-外显态度关系的调节作用研究.心理科学,28(2),388-39.
许晓勇,吕建红,陈毅文.(2003).品牌形象的消费行为学研究.心理科学进展,11(4),464-468.
杨家忠,黄希庭.(1997).印象形成的理论模型述评.心理学动态,6(1),8-13.
杨扬子,黄韫慧,施俊琦.(2008).中国消费者对本国/日本品牌的外显和内隐态度：内隐联想测验在来源国效应研究中的应用.营销科学学报,4(2),130-140
杨治良,邹庆宇.(2007).内隐地域刻板印象的IAT和SEB比较研究.心理科学,30(6),1314-1320.
俞国良.(2006).社会心理学.北京：北京师范大学出版社
俞海运,梁宁建.(2005).刻板解释偏差测量.心理科学,28(1),42-44.
袁登华,杨双.(2012).品牌印象研究述评.心理科学,35(4),957-961.
张朝洪,凌文辁,陈丽君.(2003). Asch核心特质法研究.社会心理科学,18(3),3-5.
张珂,张大均.(2009).内隐联想测验研究进展述评.心理学探新.29(112),15-18
张陆,佐斌,叶娜.(2009). IAT的属性类别标签效应研究.中国临床心理学杂志,17(4),454-456
赵立彬.(1998).崇洋心理与全盘西化思潮.中山大学学报,3,35-42.
赵世刚.(2007).品牌危机成因及对策研究.硕士学位论文.四川:四川大学.
郑少华.(2008).品牌形象的构成维度研究.产业与科技论坛,7(3),199-201.
周象贤,金志成.(2011).卷入对名人广告信息加工效果的影响.心理科学,34(1),185-189.
庄贵军,周南,周连喜.(2006).国货意识、品牌特性与消费者本土品牌偏好——一个跨行业产品的实证检验.管理世界(月刊),7,85-94.
佐斌，刘晅.(2006).基于IAT和SEB的内隐性别刻板印象研究.心理发展与教育,4,57-63.
Aaker, D. A.(1991). Managing brand equity: Capitalizing on the value of a brandname. New York: Free Press.
Aaker, J. L.(1997). Dimensions of Brand Personality. Journal of Marketing,34(8),347-356.
Abrams, D.,&Hogg, M. A.(1988). Comments on the motibational statue ofself-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal ofSocial Psychology,18,317~334.
Ahmed, Z. U., Zbib, I. J., Sikander, A.,&Farhat, K. T.(2010). Predicting consumerbehavior based on country of origin (COO): a case study of Lebanese consumers.EuroMed Journal of Business,5(1),37-56.
Aiken, L. S.,&West, S. G.(1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpretinginteractions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Anderson, N. H.(1962). Application of an additive model to impression formation.Science,138,817-818.
Anderson, N. H.(1965). Averaging versus adding as a stimulus-combination rule inimpression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology,70(4),394-400.
Anderson, N. H.(1968). Likableness ratings of555personality trait adjectives.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,9,272-279.
Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R.,&Mücke, D.(2002). Double dissociation betweenimplicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology,83,380-393.
Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E.,&Brewer, M. B.(2004). Contextualmoderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled andautomatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,87,5–22.
Bargh, J. A.(1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer Jr.(Ed.),Advances in social cognition (Vol.10, pp.1–61). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Chai, A. L., Barndollar, K.,&Trotschel, R.(2001).The automated will: nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(6),1014-1027.
Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M.,&Engle, R. W.(2004). Individual differences inworking memory capacity and dual process theories of mind. PsychologicalBulletin,130,553-573.
Batra, R., Ramaswamy, V., Alden, D. L., Steenkamp, J-B. E. M.,&Ramachander, S.(2000). Effects of brand local and nonlocal origin on consumer attitudes indeveloping countries. Journal of Consumer Psychology,9(2),83-95.
Bergkvist, L.,&Rossiter, J. R.(2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versussingle-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of Marketing Research,44,175-184.
Berlyne, D. E.(1970). Novelty, complexity, and hedonic value. Psychonomic Journals,8(5A),279-286.
Bhat, S.,&Reddy, S. K.(1998). Symbolic and functional positioning of brands.Journal Of Consumer Marketing,15(1),32-43.
Biel, A.L.(1993). How brand image drives brand equity. Journal of AdvertisingResearch,6,6-12.
Blair, I.V.,&Banaji, M. R.(1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotypepriming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,70,1142-1163.
Blawatt, K.(1995). Imagery: an alternative approach to the attribute image paradigmfor shopping centers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,2(2),83~96.
Bornstein, R. F.(1989). Exposure and affect: overview and meta-analysis of research,1968-1987. Psychological Bulletin,106(2),265-289.
Bornstein, R. F.,&D’Agostino, P. R.(1994). The attribution and discounting ofperceptual fluency: preliminary tests of a perceptual fluency/attributional modelof the mere exposure effect. Social Cognition,12(2),103-128.
Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J.,&Heerden, J. V.(2004). The concept of validity.Journal of Psychology Review,3(4),1061-1071.
Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B.,&Pennebaker, J. W.(2000). Stalking the perfectmeasure of implicit self-esteem: the buildmen and elephant revisited. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology,79(4),631-643.
Brewer, M. B.(1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In R. S. Wyer&T. K. Srull (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol.1, pp.1-36). Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Brown, L. C.(1994). New “mental models” for credentialing and peer review. HealthSystems Review,27,37-39.
Campbell, Donald R. and Donald W. Fiske.(1959). Convergent and discriminantvalidation by the multitrait-multi-method matrix. Psychological Bulletin,56,81-105.
Chaiken, S.(1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use ofsource versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,39,752-766.
Chao P.(1993). Partitioning country-of-origin effects: consumer evaluations of ahybrid product. Journal of International Business Studies,24(1),291~306.
Copeland, M. T.(1923). Relation of consumer’s buying habits to marketing method.Harvard Business Review,1,282-289.
Cordell, V. V.(1992). Effects of consumer preferences for foreign sourced products.Journal of International Business Studies,23(2),251~269.
Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M.,&Wittenbrink, B.(2002). The police officer’sdilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,83.1314-1329.
Craig, A. J., Srinivas, D.,&Syed H, A.(1990). A framework for conceptualizing andmeasuring the involvement construct in advertising research. Journal ofAdvertising,19(4),27-40.
Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J.,&Banaji, M. R.(2001). Implicit attitudemeasures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science,12,163-170.
Darairaj, M.(1994). Country of origin as a stereotype: effects of consumer expertiseand attribute strength on product evaluations. Journal of Consumer Research,21(2),354-364.
Dasgupta, N.,&Greenwald, A. G.(2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes:Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81,800–814.
De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A.,&Moors, A.(2009). Implicitmeasures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin,135,347-368.
De Houwer, J.(2003a). The extrinsic affective Simon task. Experimental Psychology,50,77–85.
Devine, P. G.(1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlledcomponents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56,5-18.
Dijker, A.,&Koomen, W.(1996). Stereotyping and attitudinal effects under timepressure. European Journal of Social Psychology,26,61–74.
Dobni, D.&Zinkhan, G. M.,(1990). In search of brand image: a foundation analysis.Advances in Consumer Research,17,110~119.
Draine, S. C.,&Greenwald, A. G.(1998). Replicable unconscious semantic priming.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,127,286–303.
Egloff, B.,&Schmukle, S. C.(2002). Predictive validity of an Implicit AssociationTest for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,83,1441-1455.
Epstein, S.(1991). Cognitive-experiential self-theory: An integrative theory ofpersonality. In R. Curtis (Ed.), The self with others: Convergences inpsychoanalytical, social, and personality psychology (pp.111-137). New York:Guilford.
Epstein, S., Lipson, A., Holstein, C.,&Huh, E.(1992). Irrational reactions to negativeoutcomes: Evidence for two conceptual systems. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology,62,328-339.
Espinoza, P.,&Sekaquaptewa, D.(1999, June). The role of biased processing inassessing prejudice. Paper presented at the11th Annual Convention of theAssociation for Psychological Science, Denver, CO.
Fazio, R. H.(1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: TheMODE model as an integrative framework. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances inexperimental social psychology (Vol.23, pp.75–109). San Diego, CA:Academic Press.
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C.,&Williams, C. J.(1995). Variability inautomatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fidepipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69,1013–1027.
Fazio, R. H.,&Olson, M. A.(2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research:Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology,54,297-327.
Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C.,&Kardes, F. R.(1986). On theautomatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50,229-238.
Fazio, R. H.,&Towles-Schwen, T.(1999). The MODE model of attitude-behaviorprocesses. In S. Chaiken&Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in socialpsychology (pp.97–116). New York: Guilford Press.Fichter, C.,&Jonas, K.(2008). Image effects of newspapers: how brand images change consumers’product ratings. Journal of Psychology,216(4),226–234
Fetscherin, M., Toncar, M.(2010). The effects of the country of brand and the countryof manufacturing of automobiles: an experimental study of consumers’ brandpersonality perceptions. International Marketing Review,27(2),164-178.
Fichter, C.,&Jonas, K.(2008). Image effects of newspapers: how brand imageschange consumers’product ratings. Journal of Psychology,216(4),226–234
Fiske, S. T.(1980). Attention and weight in person perception: the impact of negativeand extreme behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,38(6),889-906.
Fiske, S. T.(1987). Category-based and attribute-based reactions to others: someinformational conditions of stereotyping and individuating processes. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,23,399-427.
Fiske, S. T.,&Neuberg, S. L.(1990). A continuum of impression formation fromcategory-based to individuating processes: influences of information andmotivation on attention and interpretation. Advances in Experimental SocialPsychology,23,1-74.
Florack, A., Scarabis, M.,&Bless, H.(2001). When do associations matter? The useof automatic associations toward ethnic group in person judgments. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,37,518–524.
Friese, M.,&Hofmann, W.(2008). What would you have as a last supper? Thoughtsabout death influence evaluation and consumption of food products. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,44,1388-1394.
Friese, M., Hofmann, W.,&W nke, M.(2008). When impulses take over: Moderatedpredictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting foodchoice and consumption behavior. British Journal of Social Psychology,47,397-419.
Gawronski, B.&Bodenhausen, G. V.(2006). Associative and propositional processesin evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.Psychological Bulletin,132(5),692-731.
Gawronski, B.,&Strack, F.(2004). On the propositional nature of cognitiveconsistency: Dissonance changes explicit, but not implicit attitudes. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,40,535–542.
Gilbert, D. T.(1989). Thinking lightly about others: Automatic components of thesocial inference process. In J. S. Uleman&J. A. Bargh (Eds.). Unintendedthought (pp.189-211). New York: Guilford.
Gilbert, D. T.,&Hixon, J. G.(1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation andapplication of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,60,509-517.
Gilbert, D. T., Pelham, B. W.,&Krull, D. S.(1988). On cognitive busyness: Whenperson perceivers meet persons perceived. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,54,733-740.
Govan, C. L.,&Williams, K. D.(2004). Changing the affective valence of thestimulus items influences the IAT by re-defining the category labels. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,40,357–365.
Greenwald, A. G.,&Banaji, M. R.(1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes,self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review,102,4–27.
Greenwald, A. G.,&Farham, S. D.(2000). Using the implicit association test tomeasure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,79(6),1022-1038.
Greenwald, A. G.,&Leavitt, C.(1984). Audience involvement in advertising: fourlevels. Journal of Consumer Research,11(1),581-592.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, E.,&Schwartz, J. L. K.(1998). Measuring individualdifferences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology,74(5),181-198.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A.,&Banaji, M. R.(2003). Understanding and using theimplicit association test: an improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology,85(2),197–216.
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E.,&Banaji, M. R.(2009).Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis ofpredictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,97,17-41.
Gregg, A. P., Seibt, B.,&Banaji, M. R.(2006). Easier done than undone: Asymmetryin the malleability of implicit preferences. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,90,1–20.
Hampson, S. E., John, O. P.,&Goldberg, L. R.(1987). Category-breadth and socialdesirability values for573personality terms. European Journal of Personality,1,37-54.
Hastie, R.(1984). Causes and effects of causal attribution. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology,46,44-56.
Hofmann, W.,&Friese, M.(2008). Impulses got the better of me: Alcohol moderatesthe influence of immediate affective reactions to food cues on eating behavior.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,117,420–427.
Homer, P. M.(2008). Perceived quality and image: When all is not “rosy”. Journal ofBusiness Research,61,715-723.
Hong, S-T., Wyer, R.,(1989). Effects of country-of-origin and product-attributeinformation on product evaluation: an information processing perspective.Journal of Consumer Research,16,175-187.
Houben, K.,&Wiers, R. W.(2006). Assessing implicit alcohol associations with theIAT: Fact or artifact? Addictive Behaviors,31,1346–1362.
Hsu, T. H.,&Lee, M.(2003). The refinement of measuring consumer involvement:An empirical study. Competitiveness Review,13(1),56-65.
Janda, S.,&Rao, C. P.(1997). The effect of country-of-origin related stereotypes andpersonal beliefs on product evaluation. Psychology&Marketing.14(7),689-702.
Jo, M-S., Nakamoto, K., Nelson, J. E.(2003). The shielding effects of brand imageagainst lower quality countries-of-origin in global manufacturing. Journal ofBusiness Research,56,637~646.
Johansson, J. K.,&Nebenzahl, I. D.(1986). Multinational production: effect on brandvalue. Journal of International Business Studies,17,106~126.
Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino Browne, E.,&Correll, J.(2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,85,969–978.
Kapferer, J. N.(1992). Strategic brand management. The Free Press.
Kapferer, J. N.(1994). Strategic brand management: creating and sustaining brandequity long term. Les Editions.
Karpinski, A.,&Hilton, J. L.(2001). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81,774–788.
Karpinski, A.,&Steinman, R. B.(2006). The single category Implicit AssociationTest as a measure of implicit social cognition. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,91,16–32.
Keller, K. L.(1998). Strategic brand management: building, measuring, andmanaging brand equity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kelley, H. H.(1950). The warm-cold variable in first impression of persons. Journalof Personality,18,431-439.
Kerpelman, J. A.,&Himmelfarb, S.(1971). Partial reinforcement effects in attitudeacquisition and counterconditioning. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,19,301–305.
Kinra, N.(2006). The effect of country-of-origin on foreign brand names in the Indianmarket. Marketing Intelligence&Planning,24(1),15-30
Klein, J. G., Ettenson, R.,&Morris, M. D.(1998). The animosity of model of foreignproduct purchase: an empirical test in the People’s Republic of China. Journal ofMarketing,62,89~100.
Krishnan, H. S.(1996). Characteristics of memory associations: a consumer-basedbrand equity perspective. International Journal of Research in Marketing,13,385-409.
Kruglanski, A. W.,&Thompson, E. P.(1999). Persuasion by a single route: A viewfrom the unimodel. Psychological Inquiry,10,83–109.
Krystallis, A.,&Chryssochoidis, G.(2006). Does the country-of-origin (COO) offood products influence consumer evaluations? An empirical examination of hamand cheese. Paper prepared for presentation at the98th EAAE Seminar‘Marketing Dynamics within the Global Trading System: New Perspectives’,Chania, Crete, Greece.
Kunda, Z., Thagard, P.(1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits andbehaviors: a parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology,103,284-308.
Leclerc, F., Schmitt, B. H.,&Dubé, L.(1994). Foreign branding and its effects onproduct perceptions and attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research,31(2),263-270
Lepore, L.,&Brown, R.(1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudiceinevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,72,275-287.
Liu, S. S.,&Johnson, K. F.(2005). The automatic country-of-origin effects on brandjudgments. Journal of Advertising,34(1),87-97.
Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D.,&Sinclair, S. S.(2001). Social influence effects onautomatic racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81,842-855.
Martin, L. L., Seta, J. J.,&Crelia, R. A.(1990). Assimilation and contrast as afunction of people's willingness and ability to expend effort in forming animpression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,59,27-37.
McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L.,&O'Reilly, R. C.(1995). Why there arecomplementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insightsfrom the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory.Psychological Review,102,419-457.
Moors, A.,&De Houwer, J.(2006). Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptualanalysis. Psychological Bulletin,132,297-326.
Morgan, C. D.,&Murray, H. A.(1935). A method for investigating fantasies.Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry,34,289-304.
Mullen, B.(1984). Social psychological models of impression formation amongconsumers. The Journal of Social Psychology,124(1),65-77.
Muthukrishnan, A. V.,&Chattopadhyay, A.(2007). Just give me another chance: thestrategies for brand recovery from a bad first impression. Journal of MarketingResearch,44(2),334-345.
Nordhielm, C. L.(2002). The influence of level of processing on advertisingrepetition effects. Journal of Consumer Research,29(3),371-382.
Nosek, B. A.,&Banaji, M. R.(2001). The Go/No-Go Association Task. SocialCognition,19,625-666.
Nuttin, J. M.(1985). Narcissism beyond gestalt and awareness: The name letter effect.European Journal of Social Psychology,15,353–361.
Olson, M. A.,&Fazio, R. H.(2001). Implicit attitude formation through classicalconditioning. Psychological Science,12,413–417.
Olson, M. A.,&Fazio, R. H.(2004). Reducing the influence of extrapersonalassociations on the Implicit Association Test: Personalizing the IAT. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology,86,653–667.
Olson, M. A.,&Fazio, R. H.(2006). Reducing automatically activated racialprejudice through implicit evaluative conditioning. Personality and SocialPsychology Bulletin,32,421–433.
Orth, U. R.,&Malkewitz, K.(2008). Holistic package design and consumer brandimpressions. Journal of Marketing,72,64-79
Papadopoulos, N.,(1993). What Product and Country Images Are and Are Not. In:Product-Country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing.(Eds.)Papadopoulos, Nicolas and Heslop, Louise A.(New York), InternationalBusiness Press.
Payne, B. K.(2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlledprocesses in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,81,181–192.
Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O.,&Stewart, B. D.(2005). An inkblot forattitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology,89,277–293.
Payne, B. K.,&Gawronski, B.(2010). A history of implicit social cognition: Where isit coming from? Where is it now? Where is it going? IN Gawronski, B.,&Payne,B. K.(Ed.). Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory, andApplications （Vol.1, pp.1-15）. New York: Guilford Press.
Penke, L., Eichstaedt, J.,&Asendorpf, J. B.(2006). Single-Attribute ImplicitAssociation Tests (SA-IAT) for the assessment of unipolar constructs: the case ofsociosexuality. Experimental Psychology,53(4),283–291.
Perkins, A., Forehand, M., Greenwald, A.,&Maison, D.(2008). Measuring thenonconscious: implicit social cognition in consumer behavior. In C. P. Haugtvedt,P. M. Herr,&F. R. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of Consumer Psychology (pp.461-475). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Perugini, M.(2005). Predictive models of implicit and explicit attitudes. BritishJournal of Social Psychology,44,29–45.
Perugini, M., O’Gorman, R.,&Prestwich, A.(2007). An ontological test of the IAT:Self-activation can increase predictive validity. Experimental Psychology,54,134–147.
Perugini, M.,&Prestwich, A.(2007). The gatekeeper: Individual differences are keyin the chain from perception to behavior. European Journal of Personality,21,303–317.
Perugini, M., Richetin, J.,&Zogmaister, C.(2010). Prediction of behavior. INGawronski, B.,&Payne, B. K.(Ed.). Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition:Measurement, Theory, and Applications (Vol.14, pp.255-273). New York:Guilford Press.
Petty, R. E.,&Cacioppo, J. T.(1986) The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,19,123-181.
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T.,&Goldman, R.(1981). Personal involvement as adeterminant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,41,847-855.
Petty, R. E., Tormala, Z. L., Bri ol, P.,&Jarvis, W. B. G.(2006). Implicitambivalence from attitude change: An exploration of the PAST model. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology,90,21–41.
Pieters, R., Warlop, L.,&Wedel, M.(2002). Breaking through the clutter: Benefits ofadvertisement originality and familiarity for brand attention and memory.Management Science,48(6),765-781.
Richetin, J., Perugini, M., Adjali, I.,&Hurling, R.(2007). The moderator role ofintuitive versus deliberative decision making for the predictive validity ofimplicit and explicit measures. European Journal of Personality,21,529–546.
Richetin, J., Perugini, M., Prestwich, A.,&O’Gorman, R.(2007). The IAT as apredictor of spontaneous food choice: The case of fruits versus snacks.International Journal of Psychology,42,166–173.
Ruekert, R. W.&Churchill, Jr. G. A.(1984). Reliability and validity of alternativemeasures of channel member satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Research,21(2),226-233.
Rydell, R.,&McConnell, A. R.(2006). Understanding implicit and explicit attitudechange: a systems of reasoning analysis. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,91(6),995-1008.
Samiee, S.,(1994). Customer Evaluation of Products in a Global Market. Journal ofInternational Business Studies,25(3),579-604.
Schnabel, K., Banse, R.,&Asendorpf, J. B.(2006). Assessment of implicitpersonality self concept using the Implicit Association Test (IAT): Concurrentassessment of anxiousness and angriness. British Journal of Social Psychology,45,373–396.
Schooler, R.D.,(1965). Product bias in the central American common market. Journalof Marketing Research,2,394-397
Sekaquaptewa, D.,&Espinaza, P.(2004). Biased processing ofstereotype-incongruency is greater for low than high status groups. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,40,128-135.
Sekaquaptewa, D., Espinaza, P., Thompson, M., Vargas, P.,&von Hippel, W.(2003).Stereotypic explanatory bias: Implicit stereotyping as a predictor of discrimation.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,39,75-82.
Sekaquaptewa, D., Vargas, P.,&von Hippel, W.(2010). IN Gawronski, B.,&Payne,B. K.(Ed.). Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory, andApplications. New York: Guilford Press,140-155.
Sharma, S., Shimp, T.A.,&Shin, J.(1995). Consumer ethnocentrism: a test ofantecedents and moderators. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,23(1),26-37.
Sherry, D. F.,&Schacter, D. L.(1987). The evolution of multiple memory systems.Psychological Review,94,439-454.
Sherry, L. L.,&Michael, Y. H.(2001). Diluting negative country of originstereotypes: a social stereotype approach. Journal of Marketing Management,17,105-135.
Shiffrin, R.,&Schneider, W.(1977). Controlled and automatic human informationprocessing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory.Psychological Review,84,127-190.
Shimp, T.,&Sharma,S.(1987). Consumer ethnocentrism: construction and validationof the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research,8(27),280-289.
Sinclair, L.,&Kunda, Z.(1999). Reactions to a Black professional: Motivatedinhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology,77,885–904.
Skowronski, J. J.,&Carlston, D. E.(1987). Social judgment and social memory: therole of cue diagnosticity in negativity, positivity, and extremity biases. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology,52(4),689-699.
Sloman, S. A.(1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. PsychologicalBulletin,119,3-22.
Smith, E. R.,&DeCoster, J.(2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitivepsychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems.Personality and Social Psychology Review,4,108-131.
Smolensky, P.(1988). On the proper treatment of connectionism. Behavioral andBrain Sciences,11,1-74.
Son Hing, L. S., Li, W.,&Zanna, M. P.(2002). Inducing hypocrisy to reduceprejudicial responses among aversive racists. Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology,38,71–78.
Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C. T., Fong, C.&Dunn, M. A.(1998).Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat. Personalityand Social Psychology Bulletin,24,1139-1152
Stacy, A. W.(1997). Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors ofalcohol and marijuana use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,106,61–73.
Stang, D. J.(1974). Methodological factors in mere exposure research. PsychologicalBulletin,81(12),1014-1025.
Strack, F.&Deutsch, R.(2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of socialbehavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review,8(3),220-247.
Tajfel, H.,&Turner, J. C.(1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior.In: Worchel, S.&Austin, W.(Eds.). Psychology of Intergroup Relations.Chicago: Nelson Hall,7~24.
Teige-Mocigemba, S., Klauer, K. C.,&Sherman, J. W.(2010). A practial guide toimplicit association tests and related tasks. IN Gawronski, B.,&Payne, B. K.(Ed.). Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory, andApplications. New York: Guilford Press,117-139.
Toncar, M.,&Munch J.(2001). Consumer responses to tropes in print advertising.Journal of Advertising,1,55-65.
Triandis, H. C.,&Fishbein, M.(1963). Cognitive interaction in person perception.Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology,67,446-453.
Troutman, C. M.,&Shanteau, J.(1976). Do consumers evaluate products by addingor averaging attribute information? Journal of Consumer Research,3,101-106.
Van Overwalle, F.,&Siebler, F.(2005). A connectionist model of attitude formationand change. Personality and Social Psychology Review,9,231–274.
von Hippel, W., Sekaquaptewa, D.,&Vargas, P.(1997). The linguistic intergroup biasas an implicit indicator of prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,33,490–509.
Voss, K. E., Spangenberg, E. R.,&Grohmann, B.(2003). Measuring the hedonic andutilitarian dimensions of consumer attitude. Journal of Marketing Research,40(3),310-320.
Wentura, D., Degner, J.(2010). A practical guide to sequential priming and relatedtasks. IN Gawronski, B.,&Payne, B. K.(Ed.). Handbook of Implicit SocialCognition: Measurement, Theory, and Applications. New York: Guilford Press,95-116.
Wiles, J.,&Humphreys, M. S.(1993). Using artificial neural nets to model implicitand explicit memory test performance. In P. Graf&M. E. J. Masson (Eds.),Implicit memory: New directions in cognition, development, andneuropsychology (pp.141-165). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S.,&Schooler, T. Y.(2000). A model of dual attitudes.Psychological Review,107,101–126.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M.,&Park, B.(1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at theimplicit level and its relationships with questionnaire measures. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology,72,262–274.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M.,&Park, B.(2001). Spontaneous prejudice in context:Variability in automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,81,815–827.
Zajonc, R. B.(1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology Monograph Supplement,9(2),1-27.
陈宁.(2002).消费者卷入水平与认知完善程度对广告信息加工模式的影响.上海管理科学,2,40-42.
崔丽娟,张高产.(2004).内隐联结测验(IAT)研究回顾与展望.心理科学,27(1),
161-164.
董奇.(2004).心理与教育研究方法(修订版).北京：北京师范大学出版社. p.259.
范秀成,陈洁.(2002).品牌形象综合测评模型及其应用.南开学报(哲学社会科学版),3,65-71.
郭秀英,吕佳祥,吴兴明.(2006).品牌形象评价方法研究.商业研究,22(354),61-63
郭益盈.(2006).品牌危机分析及其管理研究.硕士学位论文.四川:西南交通大学.
胡志海.(2005).大学生职业性别刻板印象的内隐研究.心理科学,28(5),1122-1125.
黄合水.(2003).产品评价的来源国效应.心理科学进展,11(6),692~699.)
贾凤芹,冯成志.(2012).内隐联想测验“内隐性”的可控性研究.心理科学,35(4),799-805.
江明华,曹鸿星.(2003).品牌形象模型的比较研究.北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),40(2),107-114.
江亚丹,何丽,王晓钧.(2011).研究生职业性别刻板印象的刻板解释偏差研究.社会心理科学,26(125),109-113.
焦璇,吕建红,陈毅文.(2004).品牌形象系统的因素结构.心理学报,36(3),359-364.
金盛华.(2005).社会心理学.北京:高等教育出版社.
晋争.(2010).内隐联系测验的修正——简式内隐联系测验.心理科学进展,18(10),1554-1558.
连淑芳.(2004).社会调节对内隐刻板印象的影响研究.心理科学,27(5),1046-1048.
连淑芳,杨治良.(2007).抑制对内隐刻板印象的影响研究.心理科学,30(4),844-846.
梁宁建,吴明证,高旭成.(2003).基于反应时范式的内隐社会认知研究方法.心理科学,26(2),208-211.
罗跃嘉,黄宇霞,李新影,李雪冰.(2006).情绪对认知加工的影响：事件相关脑电位系列研究.心理科学进展,14(4),505-510.
罗子明.(2001).品牌形象的构成及其测量.北京工商大学学报(社会科学版),16(4),19-22.
马芳,梁宁建.(2006).内隐数学—性别刻板印象的SEB研究.心理科学,29(5),1116-1118.
马谋超.(2007).广告心理:广告人对消费行为的心理把握(3版).北京:中国市场出版社.
马谋超,陆跃祥.(2000).广告与消费心理学.北京:人民教育出版社,340-361.
缪建东,沈祖樾.(1997).中国人印象形成中核心品质的初步研究.社会心理研究,4,1-5.
彭品志.(2007).品牌印象与经营作为.市场管理,6,36-37
Schiffman, L. G.,&Kanuk, L. L.(2001).消费者行为学(第7版).北京:清华大学出版社,63-92,199-224.
宋永高,水常青.(2004).国内消费者对本国品牌的态度及其改变的可能性研究.南开管理评论,7(2),41-45.
王登峰,陈仲庚.(1987).信息整合模型与中国人印象形成的特点.心理学报,1,63-69.
王海忠.(2003).消费者民族中心主义的中国本土化研究.南开管理评论,4,31-36.
王海忠,于春玲,赵平.(2005).消费者民族中心主义的两面性及其市场战略意义.管理世界,2,96-107.
王海忠,赵平.(2004).品牌原产地效应及其市场策略建议——基于欧、美、日、中四地品牌形象调查分析.中国工业经济,1,78-86.
王思.(2009).从中国品牌的“洋名”看中国品牌的国际化道路.现代企业文化,6,1-2.
温忠麟，侯杰泰，马什赫伯特.(2004).结构方程模型检验：拟合指数与卡方准则.心理学报，36(2),186~194.
吴坚,符国群,丁嘉莉.(2010).基于属性水平的品牌来源国作用机制研究——信息处理的视角.管理评论,22(3),69-77.
吴剑琳,朱宁.(2010).青少年消费者民族中心主义对购物意愿影响的实证研究.青年研究,2,44-51.
吴明证.(2004).内隐态度的理论与实验研究.博士学位论文.上海:华东师范大学.
吴明证.(2005).态度强度对内隐-外显态度关系的调节作用研究.心理科学,28(2),388-39.
许晓勇,吕建红,陈毅文.(2003).品牌形象的消费行为学研究.心理科学进展,11(4),464-468.
杨家忠,黄希庭.(1997).印象形成的理论模型述评.心理学动态,6(1),8-13.
杨扬子,黄韫慧,施俊琦.(2008).中国消费者对本国/日本品牌的外显和内隐态度：内隐联想测验在来源国效应研究中的应用.营销科学学报,4(2),130-140
杨治良,邹庆宇.(2007).内隐地域刻板印象的IAT和SEB比较研究.心理科学,30(6),1314-1320.
俞国良.(2006).社会心理学.北京：北京师范大学出版社
俞海运,梁宁建.(2005).刻板解释偏差测量.心理科学,28(1),42-44.
袁登华,杨双.(2012).品牌印象研究述评.心理科学,35(4),957-961.
张朝洪,凌文辁,陈丽君.(2003). Asch核心特质法研究.社会心理科学,18(3),3-5.
张珂,张大均.(2009).内隐联想测验研究进展述评.心理学探新.29(112),15-18
张陆,佐斌,叶娜.(2009). IAT的属性类别标签效应研究.中国临床心理学杂志,17(4),454-456
赵立彬.(1998).崇洋心理与全盘西化思潮.中山大学学报,3,35-42.
赵世刚.(2007).品牌危机成因及对策研究.硕士学位论文.四川:四川大学.
郑少华.(2008).品牌形象的构成维度研究.产业与科技论坛,7(3),199-201.
周象贤,金志成.(2011).卷入对名人广告信息加工效果的影响.心理科学,34(1),185-189.
庄贵军,周南,周连喜.(2006).国货意识、品牌特性与消费者本土品牌偏好——一个跨行业产品的实证检验.管理世界(月刊),7,85-94.
佐斌，刘晅.(2006).基于IAT和SEB的内隐性别刻板印象研究.心理发展与教育,4,57-63.
Aaker, D. A.(1991). Managing brand equity: Capitalizing on the value of a brandname. New York: Free Press.
Aaker, J. L.(1997). Dimensions of Brand Personality. Journal of Marketing,34(8),347-356.
Abrams, D.,&Hogg, M. A.(1988). Comments on the motibational statue ofself-esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European Journal ofSocial Psychology,18,317~334.
Ahmed, Z. U., Zbib, I. J., Sikander, A.,&Farhat, K. T.(2010). Predicting consumerbehavior based on country of origin (COO): a case study of Lebanese consumers.EuroMed Journal of Business,5(1),37-56.
Aiken, L. S.,&West, S. G.(1991). Multiple regression: testing and interpretinginteractions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Anderson, N. H.(1962). Application of an additive model to impression formation.Science,138,817-818.
Anderson, N. H.(1965). Averaging versus adding as a stimulus-combination rule inimpression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology,70(4),394-400.
Anderson, N. H.(1968). Likableness ratings of555personality trait adjectives.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,9,272-279.
Asendorpf, J. B., Banse, R.,&Mücke, D.(2002). Double dissociation betweenimplicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology,83,380-393.
Barden, J., Maddux, W. W., Petty, R. E.,&Brewer, M. B.(2004). Contextualmoderation of racial bias: The impact of social roles on controlled andautomatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,87,5–22.
Bargh, J. A.(1997). The automaticity of everyday life. In R. S. Wyer Jr.(Ed.),Advances in social cognition (Vol.10, pp.1–61). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Chai, A. L., Barndollar, K.,&Trotschel, R.(2001).The automated will: nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(6),1014-1027.
Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M.,&Engle, R. W.(2004). Individual differences inworking memory capacity and dual process theories of mind. PsychologicalBulletin,130,553-573.
Batra, R., Ramaswamy, V., Alden, D. L., Steenkamp, J-B. E. M.,&Ramachander, S.(2000). Effects of brand local and nonlocal origin on consumer attitudes indeveloping countries. Journal of Consumer Psychology,9(2),83-95.
Bergkvist, L.,&Rossiter, J. R.(2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versussingle-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of Marketing Research,44,175-184.
Berlyne, D. E.(1970). Novelty, complexity, and hedonic value. Psychonomic Journals,8(5A),279-286.
Bhat, S.,&Reddy, S. K.(1998). Symbolic and functional positioning of brands.Journal Of Consumer Marketing,15(1),32-43.
Biel, A.L.(1993). How brand image drives brand equity. Journal of AdvertisingResearch,6,6-12.
Blair, I.V.,&Banaji, M. R.(1996). Automatic and controlled processes in stereotypepriming. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,70,1142-1163.
Blawatt, K.(1995). Imagery: an alternative approach to the attribute image paradigmfor shopping centers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,2(2),83~96.
Bornstein, R. F.(1989). Exposure and affect: overview and meta-analysis of research,1968-1987. Psychological Bulletin,106(2),265-289.
Bornstein, R. F.,&D’Agostino, P. R.(1994). The attribution and discounting ofperceptual fluency: preliminary tests of a perceptual fluency/attributional modelof the mere exposure effect. Social Cognition,12(2),103-128.
Borsboom, D., Mellenbergh, G. J.,&Heerden, J. V.(2004). The concept of validity.Journal of Psychology Review,3(4),1061-1071.
Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B.,&Pennebaker, J. W.(2000). Stalking the perfectmeasure of implicit self-esteem: the buildmen and elephant revisited. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology,79(4),631-643.
Brewer, M. B.(1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In R. S. Wyer&T. K. Srull (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol.1, pp.1-36). Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Brown, L. C.(1994). New “mental models” for credentialing and peer review. HealthSystems Review,27,37-39.
Campbell, Donald R. and Donald W. Fiske.(1959). Convergent and discriminantvalidation by the multitrait-multi-method matrix. Psychological Bulletin,56,81-105.
Chaiken, S.(1980). Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use ofsource versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,39,752-766.
Chao P.(1993). Partitioning country-of-origin effects: consumer evaluations of ahybrid product. Journal of International Business Studies,24(1),291~306.
Copeland, M. T.(1923). Relation of consumer’s buying habits to marketing method.Harvard Business Review,1,282-289.
Cordell, V. V.(1992). Effects of consumer preferences for foreign sourced products.Journal of International Business Studies,23(2),251~269.
Correll, J., Park, B., Judd, C. M.,&Wittenbrink, B.(2002). The police officer’sdilemma: Using ethnicity to disambiguate potentially threatening individuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,83.1314-1329.
Craig, A. J., Srinivas, D.,&Syed H, A.(1990). A framework for conceptualizing andmeasuring the involvement construct in advertising research. Journal ofAdvertising,19(4),27-40.
Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J.,&Banaji, M. R.(2001). Implicit attitudemeasures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science,12,163-170.
Darairaj, M.(1994). Country of origin as a stereotype: effects of consumer expertiseand attribute strength on product evaluations. Journal of Consumer Research,21(2),354-364.
Dasgupta, N.,&Greenwald, A. G.(2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes:Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81,800–814.
De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A.,&Moors, A.(2009). Implicitmeasures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin,135,347-368.
De Houwer, J.(2003a). The extrinsic affective Simon task. Experimental Psychology,50,77–85.
Devine, P. G.(1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlledcomponents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,56,5-18.
Dijker, A.,&Koomen, W.(1996). Stereotyping and attitudinal effects under timepressure. European Journal of Social Psychology,26,61–74.
Dobni, D.&Zinkhan, G. M.,(1990). In search of brand image: a foundation analysis.Advances in Consumer Research,17,110~119.
Draine, S. C.,&Greenwald, A. G.(1998). Replicable unconscious semantic priming.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General,127,286–303.
Egloff, B.,&Schmukle, S. C.(2002). Predictive validity of an Implicit AssociationTest for assessing anxiety. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,83,1441-1455.
Epstein, S.(1991). Cognitive-experiential self-theory: An integrative theory ofpersonality. In R. Curtis (Ed.), The self with others: Convergences inpsychoanalytical, social, and personality psychology (pp.111-137). New York:Guilford.
Epstein, S., Lipson, A., Holstein, C.,&Huh, E.(1992). Irrational reactions to negativeoutcomes: Evidence for two conceptual systems. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology,62,328-339.
Espinoza, P.,&Sekaquaptewa, D.(1999, June). The role of biased processing inassessing prejudice. Paper presented at the11th Annual Convention of theAssociation for Psychological Science, Denver, CO.
Fazio, R. H.(1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: TheMODE model as an integrative framework. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances inexperimental social psychology (Vol.23, pp.75–109). San Diego, CA:Academic Press.
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C.,&Williams, C. J.(1995). Variability inautomatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fidepipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,69,1013–1027.
Fazio, R. H.,&Olson, M. A.(2003). Implicit measures in social cognition research:Their meaning and use. Annual Review of Psychology,54,297-327.
Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C.,&Kardes, F. R.(1986). On theautomatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,50,229-238.
Fazio, R. H.,&Towles-Schwen, T.(1999). The MODE model of attitude-behaviorprocesses. In S. Chaiken&Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-process theories in socialpsychology (pp.97–116). New York: Guilford Press.Fichter, C.,&Jonas, K.(2008). Image effects of newspapers: how brand images change consumers’product ratings. Journal of Psychology,216(4),226–234
Fetscherin, M., Toncar, M.(2010). The effects of the country of brand and the countryof manufacturing of automobiles: an experimental study of consumers’ brandpersonality perceptions. International Marketing Review,27(2),164-178.
Fichter, C.,&Jonas, K.(2008). Image effects of newspapers: how brand imageschange consumers’product ratings. Journal of Psychology,216(4),226–234
Fiske, S. T.(1980). Attention and weight in person perception: the impact of negativeand extreme behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,38(6),889-906.
Fiske, S. T.(1987). Category-based and attribute-based reactions to others: someinformational conditions of stereotyping and individuating processes. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,23,399-427.
Fiske, S. T.,&Neuberg, S. L.(1990). A continuum of impression formation fromcategory-based to individuating processes: influences of information andmotivation on attention and interpretation. Advances in Experimental SocialPsychology,23,1-74.
Florack, A., Scarabis, M.,&Bless, H.(2001). When do associations matter? The useof automatic associations toward ethnic group in person judgments. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,37,518–524.
Friese, M.,&Hofmann, W.(2008). What would you have as a last supper? Thoughtsabout death influence evaluation and consumption of food products. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,44,1388-1394.
Friese, M., Hofmann, W.,&W nke, M.(2008). When impulses take over: Moderatedpredictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting foodchoice and consumption behavior. British Journal of Social Psychology,47,397-419.
Gawronski, B.&Bodenhausen, G. V.(2006). Associative and propositional processesin evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change.Psychological Bulletin,132(5),692-731.
Gawronski, B.,&Strack, F.(2004). On the propositional nature of cognitiveconsistency: Dissonance changes explicit, but not implicit attitudes. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,40,535–542.
Gilbert, D. T.(1989). Thinking lightly about others: Automatic components of thesocial inference process. In J. S. Uleman&J. A. Bargh (Eds.). Unintendedthought (pp.189-211). New York: Guilford.
Gilbert, D. T.,&Hixon, J. G.(1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation andapplication of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,60,509-517.
Gilbert, D. T., Pelham, B. W.,&Krull, D. S.(1988). On cognitive busyness: Whenperson perceivers meet persons perceived. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,54,733-740.
Govan, C. L.,&Williams, K. D.(2004). Changing the affective valence of thestimulus items influences the IAT by re-defining the category labels. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,40,357–365.
Greenwald, A. G.,&Banaji, M. R.(1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes,self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review,102,4–27.
Greenwald, A. G.,&Farham, S. D.(2000). Using the implicit association test tomeasure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,79(6),1022-1038.
Greenwald, A. G.,&Leavitt, C.(1984). Audience involvement in advertising: fourlevels. Journal of Consumer Research,11(1),581-592.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, E.,&Schwartz, J. L. K.(1998). Measuring individualdifferences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology,74(5),181-198.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A.,&Banaji, M. R.(2003). Understanding and using theimplicit association test: an improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology,85(2),197–216.
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E.,&Banaji, M. R.(2009).Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis ofpredictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,97,17-41.
Gregg, A. P., Seibt, B.,&Banaji, M. R.(2006). Easier done than undone: Asymmetryin the malleability of implicit preferences. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,90,1–20.
Hampson, S. E., John, O. P.,&Goldberg, L. R.(1987). Category-breadth and socialdesirability values for573personality terms. European Journal of Personality,1,37-54.
Hastie, R.(1984). Causes and effects of causal attribution. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology,46,44-56.
Hofmann, W.,&Friese, M.(2008). Impulses got the better of me: Alcohol moderatesthe influence of immediate affective reactions to food cues on eating behavior.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,117,420–427.
Homer, P. M.(2008). Perceived quality and image: When all is not “rosy”. Journal ofBusiness Research,61,715-723.
Hong, S-T., Wyer, R.,(1989). Effects of country-of-origin and product-attributeinformation on product evaluation: an information processing perspective.Journal of Consumer Research,16,175-187.
Houben, K.,&Wiers, R. W.(2006). Assessing implicit alcohol associations with theIAT: Fact or artifact? Addictive Behaviors,31,1346–1362.
Hsu, T. H.,&Lee, M.(2003). The refinement of measuring consumer involvement:An empirical study. Competitiveness Review,13(1),56-65.
Janda, S.,&Rao, C. P.(1997). The effect of country-of-origin related stereotypes andpersonal beliefs on product evaluation. Psychology&Marketing.14(7),689-702.
Jo, M-S., Nakamoto, K., Nelson, J. E.(2003). The shielding effects of brand imageagainst lower quality countries-of-origin in global manufacturing. Journal ofBusiness Research,56,637~646.
Johansson, J. K.,&Nebenzahl, I. D.(1986). Multinational production: effect on brandvalue. Journal of International Business Studies,17,106~126.
Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino Browne, E.,&Correll, J.(2003). Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,85,969–978.
Kapferer, J. N.(1992). Strategic brand management. The Free Press.
Kapferer, J. N.(1994). Strategic brand management: creating and sustaining brandequity long term. Les Editions.
Karpinski, A.,&Hilton, J. L.(2001). Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81,774–788.
Karpinski, A.,&Steinman, R. B.(2006). The single category Implicit AssociationTest as a measure of implicit social cognition. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,91,16–32.
Keller, K. L.(1998). Strategic brand management: building, measuring, andmanaging brand equity. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Kelley, H. H.(1950). The warm-cold variable in first impression of persons. Journalof Personality,18,431-439.
Kerpelman, J. A.,&Himmelfarb, S.(1971). Partial reinforcement effects in attitudeacquisition and counterconditioning. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,19,301–305.
Kinra, N.(2006). The effect of country-of-origin on foreign brand names in the Indianmarket. Marketing Intelligence&Planning,24(1),15-30
Klein, J. G., Ettenson, R.,&Morris, M. D.(1998). The animosity of model of foreignproduct purchase: an empirical test in the People’s Republic of China. Journal ofMarketing,62,89~100.
Krishnan, H. S.(1996). Characteristics of memory associations: a consumer-basedbrand equity perspective. International Journal of Research in Marketing,13,385-409.
Kruglanski, A. W.,&Thompson, E. P.(1999). Persuasion by a single route: A viewfrom the unimodel. Psychological Inquiry,10,83–109.
Krystallis, A.,&Chryssochoidis, G.(2006). Does the country-of-origin (COO) offood products influence consumer evaluations? An empirical examination of hamand cheese. Paper prepared for presentation at the98th EAAE Seminar‘Marketing Dynamics within the Global Trading System: New Perspectives’,Chania, Crete, Greece.
Kunda, Z., Thagard, P.(1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits andbehaviors: a parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology,103,284-308.
Leclerc, F., Schmitt, B. H.,&Dubé, L.(1994). Foreign branding and its effects onproduct perceptions and attitudes. Journal of Marketing Research,31(2),263-270
Lepore, L.,&Brown, R.(1997). Category and stereotype activation: Is prejudiceinevitable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,72,275-287.
Liu, S. S.,&Johnson, K. F.(2005). The automatic country-of-origin effects on brandjudgments. Journal of Advertising,34(1),87-97.
Lowery, B. S., Hardin, C. D.,&Sinclair, S. S.(2001). Social influence effects onautomatic racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81,842-855.
Martin, L. L., Seta, J. J.,&Crelia, R. A.(1990). Assimilation and contrast as afunction of people's willingness and ability to expend effort in forming animpression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,59,27-37.
McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L.,&O'Reilly, R. C.(1995). Why there arecomplementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insightsfrom the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory.Psychological Review,102,419-457.
Moors, A.,&De Houwer, J.(2006). Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptualanalysis. Psychological Bulletin,132,297-326.
Morgan, C. D.,&Murray, H. A.(1935). A method for investigating fantasies.Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry,34,289-304.
Mullen, B.(1984). Social psychological models of impression formation amongconsumers. The Journal of Social Psychology,124(1),65-77.
Muthukrishnan, A. V.,&Chattopadhyay, A.(2007). Just give me another chance: thestrategies for brand recovery from a bad first impression. Journal of MarketingResearch,44(2),334-345.
Nordhielm, C. L.(2002). The influence of level of processing on advertisingrepetition effects. Journal of Consumer Research,29(3),371-382.
Nosek, B. A.,&Banaji, M. R.(2001). The Go/No-Go Association Task. SocialCognition,19,625-666.
Nuttin, J. M.(1985). Narcissism beyond gestalt and awareness: The name letter effect.European Journal of Social Psychology,15,353–361.
Olson, M. A.,&Fazio, R. H.(2001). Implicit attitude formation through classicalconditioning. Psychological Science,12,413–417.
Olson, M. A.,&Fazio, R. H.(2004). Reducing the influence of extrapersonalassociations on the Implicit Association Test: Personalizing the IAT. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology,86,653–667.
Olson, M. A.,&Fazio, R. H.(2006). Reducing automatically activated racialprejudice through implicit evaluative conditioning. Personality and SocialPsychology Bulletin,32,421–433.
Orth, U. R.,&Malkewitz, K.(2008). Holistic package design and consumer brandimpressions. Journal of Marketing,72,64-79
Papadopoulos, N.,(1993). What Product and Country Images Are and Are Not. In:Product-Country Images: Impact and Role in International Marketing.(Eds.)Papadopoulos, Nicolas and Heslop, Louise A.(New York), InternationalBusiness Press.
Payne, B. K.(2001). Prejudice and perception: The role of automatic and controlledprocesses in misperceiving a weapon. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,81,181–192.
Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O.,&Stewart, B. D.(2005). An inkblot forattitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology,89,277–293.
Payne, B. K.,&Gawronski, B.(2010). A history of implicit social cognition: Where isit coming from? Where is it now? Where is it going? IN Gawronski, B.,&Payne,B. K.(Ed.). Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory, andApplications （Vol.1, pp.1-15）. New York: Guilford Press.
Penke, L., Eichstaedt, J.,&Asendorpf, J. B.(2006). Single-Attribute ImplicitAssociation Tests (SA-IAT) for the assessment of unipolar constructs: the case ofsociosexuality. Experimental Psychology,53(4),283–291.
Perkins, A., Forehand, M., Greenwald, A.,&Maison, D.(2008). Measuring thenonconscious: implicit social cognition in consumer behavior. In C. P. Haugtvedt,P. M. Herr,&F. R. Kardes (Eds.), Handbook of Consumer Psychology (pp.461-475). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Perugini, M.(2005). Predictive models of implicit and explicit attitudes. BritishJournal of Social Psychology,44,29–45.
Perugini, M., O’Gorman, R.,&Prestwich, A.(2007). An ontological test of the IAT:Self-activation can increase predictive validity. Experimental Psychology,54,134–147.
Perugini, M.,&Prestwich, A.(2007). The gatekeeper: Individual differences are keyin the chain from perception to behavior. European Journal of Personality,21,303–317.
Perugini, M., Richetin, J.,&Zogmaister, C.(2010). Prediction of behavior. INGawronski, B.,&Payne, B. K.(Ed.). Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition:Measurement, Theory, and Applications (Vol.14, pp.255-273). New York:Guilford Press.
Petty, R. E.,&Cacioppo, J. T.(1986) The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,19,123-181.
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T.,&Goldman, R.(1981). Personal involvement as adeterminant of argument-based persuasion. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,41,847-855.
Petty, R. E., Tormala, Z. L., Bri ol, P.,&Jarvis, W. B. G.(2006). Implicitambivalence from attitude change: An exploration of the PAST model. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology,90,21–41.
Pieters, R., Warlop, L.,&Wedel, M.(2002). Breaking through the clutter: Benefits ofadvertisement originality and familiarity for brand attention and memory.Management Science,48(6),765-781.
Richetin, J., Perugini, M., Adjali, I.,&Hurling, R.(2007). The moderator role ofintuitive versus deliberative decision making for the predictive validity ofimplicit and explicit measures. European Journal of Personality,21,529–546.
Richetin, J., Perugini, M., Prestwich, A.,&O’Gorman, R.(2007). The IAT as apredictor of spontaneous food choice: The case of fruits versus snacks.International Journal of Psychology,42,166–173.
Ruekert, R. W.&Churchill, Jr. G. A.(1984). Reliability and validity of alternativemeasures of channel member satisfaction. Journal of Marketing Research,21(2),226-233.
Rydell, R.,&McConnell, A. R.(2006). Understanding implicit and explicit attitudechange: a systems of reasoning analysis. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,91(6),995-1008.
Samiee, S.,(1994). Customer Evaluation of Products in a Global Market. Journal ofInternational Business Studies,25(3),579-604.
Schnabel, K., Banse, R.,&Asendorpf, J. B.(2006). Assessment of implicitpersonality self concept using the Implicit Association Test (IAT): Concurrentassessment of anxiousness and angriness. British Journal of Social Psychology,45,373–396.
Schooler, R.D.,(1965). Product bias in the central American common market. Journalof Marketing Research,2,394-397
Sekaquaptewa, D.,&Espinaza, P.(2004). Biased processing ofstereotype-incongruency is greater for low than high status groups. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology,40,128-135.
Sekaquaptewa, D., Espinaza, P., Thompson, M., Vargas, P.,&von Hippel, W.(2003).Stereotypic explanatory bias: Implicit stereotyping as a predictor of discrimation.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,39,75-82.
Sekaquaptewa, D., Vargas, P.,&von Hippel, W.(2010). IN Gawronski, B.,&Payne,B. K.(Ed.). Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory, andApplications. New York: Guilford Press,140-155.
Sharma, S., Shimp, T.A.,&Shin, J.(1995). Consumer ethnocentrism: a test ofantecedents and moderators. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,23(1),26-37.
Sherry, D. F.,&Schacter, D. L.(1987). The evolution of multiple memory systems.Psychological Review,94,439-454.
Sherry, L. L.,&Michael, Y. H.(2001). Diluting negative country of originstereotypes: a social stereotype approach. Journal of Marketing Management,17,105-135.
Shiffrin, R.,&Schneider, W.(1977). Controlled and automatic human informationprocessing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory.Psychological Review,84,127-190.
Shimp, T.,&Sharma,S.(1987). Consumer ethnocentrism: construction and validationof the CETSCALE. Journal of Marketing Research,8(27),280-289.
Sinclair, L.,&Kunda, Z.(1999). Reactions to a Black professional: Motivatedinhibition and activation of conflicting stereotypes. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology,77,885–904.
Skowronski, J. J.,&Carlston, D. E.(1987). Social judgment and social memory: therole of cue diagnosticity in negativity, positivity, and extremity biases. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology,52(4),689-699.
Sloman, S. A.(1996). The empirical case for two systems of reasoning. PsychologicalBulletin,119,3-22.
Smith, E. R.,&DeCoster, J.(2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitivepsychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems.Personality and Social Psychology Review,4,108-131.
Smolensky, P.(1988). On the proper treatment of connectionism. Behavioral andBrain Sciences,11,1-74.
Son Hing, L. S., Li, W.,&Zanna, M. P.(2002). Inducing hypocrisy to reduceprejudicial responses among aversive racists. Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology,38,71–78.
Spencer, S. J., Fein, S., Wolfe, C. T., Fong, C.&Dunn, M. A.(1998).Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat. Personalityand Social Psychology Bulletin,24,1139-1152
Stacy, A. W.(1997). Memory activation and expectancy as prospective predictors ofalcohol and marijuana use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,106,61–73.
Stang, D. J.(1974). Methodological factors in mere exposure research. PsychologicalBulletin,81(12),1014-1025.
Strack, F.&Deutsch, R.(2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of socialbehavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review,8(3),220-247.
Tajfel, H.,&Turner, J. C.(1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior.In: Worchel, S.&Austin, W.(Eds.). Psychology of Intergroup Relations.Chicago: Nelson Hall,7~24.
Teige-Mocigemba, S., Klauer, K. C.,&Sherman, J. W.(2010). A practial guide toimplicit association tests and related tasks. IN Gawronski, B.,&Payne, B. K.(Ed.). Handbook of Implicit Social Cognition: Measurement, Theory, andApplications. New York: Guilford Press,117-139.
Toncar, M.,&Munch J.(2001). Consumer responses to tropes in print advertising.Journal of Advertising,1,55-65.
Triandis, H. C.,&Fishbein, M.(1963). Cognitive interaction in person perception.Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology,67,446-453.
Troutman, C. M.,&Shanteau, J.(1976). Do consumers evaluate products by addingor averaging attribute information? Journal of Consumer Research,3,101-106.
Van Overwalle, F.,&Siebler, F.(2005). A connectionist model of attitude formationand change. Personality and Social Psychology Review,9,231–274.
von Hippel, W., Sekaquaptewa, D.,&Vargas, P.(1997). The linguistic intergroup biasas an implicit indicator of prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,33,490–509.
Voss, K. E., Spangenberg, E. R.,&Grohmann, B.(2003). Measuring the hedonic andutilitarian dimensions of consumer attitude. Journal of Marketing Research,40(3),310-320.
Wentura, D., Degner, J.(2010). A practical guide to sequential priming and relatedtasks. IN Gawronski, B.,&Payne, B. K.(Ed.). Handbook of Implicit SocialCognition: Measurement, Theory, and Applications. New York: Guilford Press,95-116.
Wiles, J.,&Humphreys, M. S.(1993). Using artificial neural nets to model implicitand explicit memory test performance. In P. Graf&M. E. J. Masson (Eds.),Implicit memory: New directions in cognition, development, andneuropsychology (pp.141-165). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.
Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S.,&Schooler, T. Y.(2000). A model of dual attitudes.Psychological Review,107,101–126.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M.,&Park, B.(1997). Evidence for racial prejudice at theimplicit level and its relationships with questionnaire measures. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology,72,262–274.
Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M.,&Park, B.(2001). Spontaneous prejudice in context:Variability in automatically activated attitudes. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology,81,815–827.
Zajonc, R. B.(1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology Monograph Supplement,9(2),1-27.