无铅钎料Sn-3.5Ag多轴棘轮变形与低周疲劳研究
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摘要
随着环境污染影响人类健康的问题已成为全球关注的焦点,电子封装业面临着向“绿色”无铅化转变的挑战,使用无铅钎料将是电子行业的大趋势。本文对无铅钎料Sn-3.5Ag的力学性能进行了研究,将有助于提高无铅钎料焊点寿命预测的准确性,提高电子封装的可靠性。
在室温下对无铅钎料Sn-3.5Ag进行了单轴拉伸、纯扭、单轴棘轮效应试验以及一系列多轴棘轮效应试验;并对Sn-3.5Ag钎料进行了纯扭疲劳试验以及存在棘轮应变的多轴疲劳试验;采用扫描电镜观测和分析了钎料在疲劳前后的组织特征。研究发现,Sn-3.5Ag在较小的二次应力作用下会产生很大的棘轮应变,直到试件破坏棘轮应变累积也没有出现安定的趋势;Sn-3.5Ag钎料的棘轮行为具有很强的率相关性;加载路径对棘轮应变率没有影响;轴向应力和剪切应变幅的增大都会使轴向棘轮应变增大,疲劳寿命减小。由疲劳试样的组织和断口形貌分析可知:Sn-3.5Ag钎料是剪切型破坏材料;在疲劳失效过程中,裂纹沿着晶界萌生和扩展;在循环载荷作用下断口附近的共晶相β-Sn和Ag3Sn很容易破碎,形成许多细小的白色颗粒,从而造成材料的循环软化现象。
运用Euler后退隐式积分法对应力进行更新,采用修正的A-F率相关统一粘塑性本构模型对恒轴力、比例加载、菱形路径和圆路径以及各种剪切应变率下的多轴棘轮效应进行预测,得到了令人满意的结果。
利用等效应变法、临界面法和能量法对存在棘轮变形的疲劳寿命进行预测。由于上述模型没有考虑棘轮应变对疲劳寿命的影响,给出偏于危险的预测结果。考虑棘轮效应对疲劳寿命影响的Coffin模型,当棘轮变形较大时,预测结果偏于不安全。本文提出了以最大剪应变变程Δγmax和轴向棘轮应变率ε& r为损伤参量的新模型,该模型既能描述纯扭时的疲劳寿命,又能够很好的预测无铅钎料存在棘轮效应的多轴疲劳寿命,且该模型具有简洁的参数确定方法和明确的物理意义。
As environment pollution and health problem became more and more seriously concerned, the electronic packaging industry is facing the challenge of changeover to“green”, and using the lead-free materials is the trend of the electronic packaging technology. This paper will study the mechanical properties of the lead-free solder Sn-3.5Ag. It will be helpful to improve the accuracy of fatigue life prediction and the reliability of electronic packaging.
Uniaxial tensile and pure torsional tests, in addition with some uniaxial and multiaxial ratcheting tests are carried out on lead-free solder Sn-3.5Ag at room temperature. And both torsional fatigue tests and multiaxial ratcheting fatigue tests were conducted. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was adopted to observe and analyze the morphology of the fracture surface. It is shown that even low second stress can cause high ratcheting strain of Sn-3.5Ag. The trend of shakedown doesn’t take place when the ratcheting strain is large. By analyzing the test data, it is also concluded that there is no effect of loading paths on ratcheting strain, and the stress-strain relationship has strong strain rate-dependence. Along with the increase of axial stress and shear strain amplitude, the ratcheting strain increased while the fatigue life decreased. From the microscopical observation and morphology of the fracture surface analysis, it is found that Sn-3.5Ag is a shear mode failure and cyclic softening material. The initiation of fatigue cracks and the propagation of cracks inside the specimen occur intergranularly along Sn-dendrite boundaries. Near the broken surface, Sn-Ag eutectic phases fall to pieces under cyclic loading. Brittlness of Ag3Sn intermetallics is considered to be the cause of this small particle formation and cyclic soften.
The Euler backward method is implemented to update the stress. The modified Armstrong-Frederick (A-F) rate-dependent constitutive model is adopted to predict the ratcheting under different shear strain rate and diverse loading paths, including axial/torsional, proportional loading, rhombic path and circle path. The results illustrate that when describing the multiaxial ratcheting the modified rate-dependent A-F model is a suitable choice.
Since equivalent strain approach, energy approach and some critical plane approaches exclude the consideration of the ratcheting strain and mean stress, the methods for fatigue life prediction are improper for multiaxial fatigue with ratcheting strain. Coffin model, which combines ratcheting and cyclic strain, presentes the fatigue life predictions on non-conservative side if the ratcheting deformation is large. For this reason, this paper proposes the maximum shear strain range (Δγmax) and axial ratcheting strain rate (ε& r) as a new damage parameters. The new model could not only describe the fatigue life in torsion test, but also predict the multiaxial fatigue life of the lead-free solder with ratcheting. Moreover, the simple definition of parameter and explicit physical significance also make the model more applicable.
在室温下对无铅钎料Sn-3.5Ag进行了单轴拉伸、纯扭、单轴棘轮效应试验以及一系列多轴棘轮效应试验;并对Sn-3.5Ag钎料进行了纯扭疲劳试验以及存在棘轮应变的多轴疲劳试验;采用扫描电镜观测和分析了钎料在疲劳前后的组织特征。研究发现,Sn-3.5Ag在较小的二次应力作用下会产生很大的棘轮应变,直到试件破坏棘轮应变累积也没有出现安定的趋势;Sn-3.5Ag钎料的棘轮行为具有很强的率相关性;加载路径对棘轮应变率没有影响;轴向应力和剪切应变幅的增大都会使轴向棘轮应变增大,疲劳寿命减小。由疲劳试样的组织和断口形貌分析可知:Sn-3.5Ag钎料是剪切型破坏材料;在疲劳失效过程中,裂纹沿着晶界萌生和扩展;在循环载荷作用下断口附近的共晶相β-Sn和Ag3Sn很容易破碎,形成许多细小的白色颗粒,从而造成材料的循环软化现象。
运用Euler后退隐式积分法对应力进行更新,采用修正的A-F率相关统一粘塑性本构模型对恒轴力、比例加载、菱形路径和圆路径以及各种剪切应变率下的多轴棘轮效应进行预测,得到了令人满意的结果。
利用等效应变法、临界面法和能量法对存在棘轮变形的疲劳寿命进行预测。由于上述模型没有考虑棘轮应变对疲劳寿命的影响,给出偏于危险的预测结果。考虑棘轮效应对疲劳寿命影响的Coffin模型,当棘轮变形较大时,预测结果偏于不安全。本文提出了以最大剪应变变程Δγmax和轴向棘轮应变率ε& r为损伤参量的新模型,该模型既能描述纯扭时的疲劳寿命,又能够很好的预测无铅钎料存在棘轮效应的多轴疲劳寿命,且该模型具有简洁的参数确定方法和明确的物理意义。
As environment pollution and health problem became more and more seriously concerned, the electronic packaging industry is facing the challenge of changeover to“green”, and using the lead-free materials is the trend of the electronic packaging technology. This paper will study the mechanical properties of the lead-free solder Sn-3.5Ag. It will be helpful to improve the accuracy of fatigue life prediction and the reliability of electronic packaging.
Uniaxial tensile and pure torsional tests, in addition with some uniaxial and multiaxial ratcheting tests are carried out on lead-free solder Sn-3.5Ag at room temperature. And both torsional fatigue tests and multiaxial ratcheting fatigue tests were conducted. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was adopted to observe and analyze the morphology of the fracture surface. It is shown that even low second stress can cause high ratcheting strain of Sn-3.5Ag. The trend of shakedown doesn’t take place when the ratcheting strain is large. By analyzing the test data, it is also concluded that there is no effect of loading paths on ratcheting strain, and the stress-strain relationship has strong strain rate-dependence. Along with the increase of axial stress and shear strain amplitude, the ratcheting strain increased while the fatigue life decreased. From the microscopical observation and morphology of the fracture surface analysis, it is found that Sn-3.5Ag is a shear mode failure and cyclic softening material. The initiation of fatigue cracks and the propagation of cracks inside the specimen occur intergranularly along Sn-dendrite boundaries. Near the broken surface, Sn-Ag eutectic phases fall to pieces under cyclic loading. Brittlness of Ag3Sn intermetallics is considered to be the cause of this small particle formation and cyclic soften.
The Euler backward method is implemented to update the stress. The modified Armstrong-Frederick (A-F) rate-dependent constitutive model is adopted to predict the ratcheting under different shear strain rate and diverse loading paths, including axial/torsional, proportional loading, rhombic path and circle path. The results illustrate that when describing the multiaxial ratcheting the modified rate-dependent A-F model is a suitable choice.
Since equivalent strain approach, energy approach and some critical plane approaches exclude the consideration of the ratcheting strain and mean stress, the methods for fatigue life prediction are improper for multiaxial fatigue with ratcheting strain. Coffin model, which combines ratcheting and cyclic strain, presentes the fatigue life predictions on non-conservative side if the ratcheting deformation is large. For this reason, this paper proposes the maximum shear strain range (Δγmax) and axial ratcheting strain rate (ε& r) as a new damage parameters. The new model could not only describe the fatigue life in torsion test, but also predict the multiaxial fatigue life of the lead-free solder with ratcheting. Moreover, the simple definition of parameter and explicit physical significance also make the model more applicable.
引文
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