重型混合动力车辆排放能耗评价方法研究
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摘要
能源危机和环境污染引发了人们对新能源汽车的研究和开发。重型混合动力车辆(HD-HEV, Heavy Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicle)因其较高的燃油经济性和减排效果而成为各汽车生产厂家竞相开发的热点。随着技术的不断成熟完善,混合动力电动汽车已经开始进入商品化、市场化阶段。而最终促成混合动力车辆的技术成熟和市场普及,则必须建立其完整的评价体系。
本文调研了国内外HD-HEV能耗排放测试的方法和相关标准,并针对基于重型底盘测功机及全流定容稀释采样系统(FFDSS, Full-Flow Dilution Sampling System)的测试方法和基于PEMS的实际道路测试方法进行了深入试验研究。
集成了重型底盘测功机及FFDSS测试系统,利用该系统测量了一辆并联式混合动力车辆的能耗和排放情况,试验结果表明,重型底盘测功机可以以小于3%误差模拟试验车辆的行驶阻力,混合动力车辆的制动能量回收过程也可以复现。在测试结果重复性方面,除HC和PM排放外,试验车辆CO排放因子各重复测试相对误差小于7%, CO2、NOx、百公里油耗和测试里程各重复测试相对误差则小于5%,测试有比较好的可重复性。冷热态测试结果表明,冷态测试条件试验车辆燃油消耗量、HC、CO、CO2和PM排放明显高于热态测试条件,混合动力模式下分别是热态测试条件的1.1倍、2.34倍、1.25倍、1.1倍和1.7倍,HC排放明显增加,NOx排放受冷热态测试条件影响不明显。
集成了基于PEMS的实际道路测试系统,利用该系统测量了一辆混联式混合动力车辆的能耗排放情况,同时利用PEMS也在底盘测功机上测量了试验车辆的能耗排放。实际道路测试结果表明,通过工况跟踪系统,驾驶员可以较好的复现测试循环,跟踪车速与实际车速的相关性系数在0.98附近,目标车速与跟踪车速拟合直线的斜率大于0.97；在试验结果重复性方面,除HC和PM里程排放因子外,其他几个测量参数的重复性可以保证在10%以内,满足试验精度要求,实际道路测试方案也是可行的。
重型底盘测功机和实际道路测试方案的对比结果表明,两种测试方案,试验车辆均能够以较高的精度复现测试循环,底盘测功机方案试验车辆跟踪行驶循环好于实际道路；从测试结果重复性对比来看,底盘测功机试验测试结果重复性好于实际道路测试；从测试结果相关性和一致性来看,两种测试方案试验车辆的百公里油耗结果偏差0.1497%,但从排放结果看,两种测试方案排放结果偏差过大,一致性较差,偏差在5%-20%之间。实际道路测试条件试验车辆的排放结果比底盘测功机测试恶劣,但两种测试方案测试结果相关性较好,相关性系数为0.9986。
Energy crisis and environmental pollution urge people to study and develop the new energy vehicles. Because of its higher fuel economy and emission reduction effect, HD-HEV has become the research and development hot spots of many automobile manufacturers. As the improvement of technology, HEVs have entered the commercialization and market stages. But in order to promote the technical maturity and market penetration of HD-HEV, We must establish the intact evaluation system.
In this paper, the test methods and relevant standards of emission and energy consumption of HD-HEV were investigated. And two test methods were studied deeply, separately the method based on heavy-duty chassis dynamometer and full-Flow dilution sampling system, the on-road test based on PEMS.
The test system of heavy-duty chassis dynamometer and FFDSS was integrated. The emission and energy consumption of a parallel hybrid vehicle were tested by the test system. The test results showed that, the heavy-duty chassis dynamometer could simulate the on-road driving resistance of test vehicle under the error of less than 2.5%, the braking energy recovery process of test vehicle could also be reproduced. Repeatability of test results showed that, in addition to HC and PM emissions, the relative error of emission factor of CO was less than 7%, the relative errors of emission factor of CO2 and NOx, fuel consumption per hundred kilometers, test mileage each test was less than 5%, test results have better repeatability. Test results of emission and energy consumption under cold and hot test conditions showed that, under cold test condition, fuel consumption, emission factors of THC, CO, CO2 and PM were separately 1.1 times,2.34 times,1.25 times,1.1 times and 1.7 times than those under hot test condition. The THC emission increased significantly, but the NOx emission had little change.
The on-road test system based on PEMS was integrated. So the emission and energy consumption of a series-parallel hybrid vehicle were tested by the test system. And the emission and energy consumption of test vehicle were also tested on heavy-duty chassis dynamometer based on PEMS. The test results showed that, through on board driving cycle testing system (OBDCTS), the driver could reproduce the test cycle with high accuracy, the correlation coefficient between actual speed and target speed was around 0.98, the slope of the fitted line was greater than 0.97. Repeatability of test results showed that, in addition to HC and PM emissions, the repeatability of several other measurement parameters could guarantee less than 10%, which could meet the test accuracy. Test results show that, the on-road test method based on PEMS is feasible.
The comparative results between two test methods show that, the driver could reproduce the test cycles with high accuracy, but under the test method based on heavy-duty chassis dynamometer, the driver could reproduce the test cycles better. From repeatability of test results, the repeatability of heavy-duty chassis dynamometer test method was better than those under on-road test method. From the view of the relevance and consistency of test results, the deviation of fuel consumption per hundred kilometers under two test methods was 0.1497%; but the deviation of emission results under two test methods were higher, the consistency between two test methods was poor, the deviation between two test methods were about 5%-20%. The emission results of test vehicle under on-road test condition were worse than those under heavy-duty chassis dynamometer test condition. But the test results of two test programs had better correlation, the correlation coefficient was 0.9986.
本文调研了国内外HD-HEV能耗排放测试的方法和相关标准,并针对基于重型底盘测功机及全流定容稀释采样系统(FFDSS, Full-Flow Dilution Sampling System)的测试方法和基于PEMS的实际道路测试方法进行了深入试验研究。
集成了重型底盘测功机及FFDSS测试系统,利用该系统测量了一辆并联式混合动力车辆的能耗和排放情况,试验结果表明,重型底盘测功机可以以小于3%误差模拟试验车辆的行驶阻力,混合动力车辆的制动能量回收过程也可以复现。在测试结果重复性方面,除HC和PM排放外,试验车辆CO排放因子各重复测试相对误差小于7%, CO2、NOx、百公里油耗和测试里程各重复测试相对误差则小于5%,测试有比较好的可重复性。冷热态测试结果表明,冷态测试条件试验车辆燃油消耗量、HC、CO、CO2和PM排放明显高于热态测试条件,混合动力模式下分别是热态测试条件的1.1倍、2.34倍、1.25倍、1.1倍和1.7倍,HC排放明显增加,NOx排放受冷热态测试条件影响不明显。
集成了基于PEMS的实际道路测试系统,利用该系统测量了一辆混联式混合动力车辆的能耗排放情况,同时利用PEMS也在底盘测功机上测量了试验车辆的能耗排放。实际道路测试结果表明,通过工况跟踪系统,驾驶员可以较好的复现测试循环,跟踪车速与实际车速的相关性系数在0.98附近,目标车速与跟踪车速拟合直线的斜率大于0.97；在试验结果重复性方面,除HC和PM里程排放因子外,其他几个测量参数的重复性可以保证在10%以内,满足试验精度要求,实际道路测试方案也是可行的。
重型底盘测功机和实际道路测试方案的对比结果表明,两种测试方案,试验车辆均能够以较高的精度复现测试循环,底盘测功机方案试验车辆跟踪行驶循环好于实际道路；从测试结果重复性对比来看,底盘测功机试验测试结果重复性好于实际道路测试；从测试结果相关性和一致性来看,两种测试方案试验车辆的百公里油耗结果偏差0.1497%,但从排放结果看,两种测试方案排放结果偏差过大,一致性较差,偏差在5%-20%之间。实际道路测试条件试验车辆的排放结果比底盘测功机测试恶劣,但两种测试方案测试结果相关性较好,相关性系数为0.9986。
Energy crisis and environmental pollution urge people to study and develop the new energy vehicles. Because of its higher fuel economy and emission reduction effect, HD-HEV has become the research and development hot spots of many automobile manufacturers. As the improvement of technology, HEVs have entered the commercialization and market stages. But in order to promote the technical maturity and market penetration of HD-HEV, We must establish the intact evaluation system.
In this paper, the test methods and relevant standards of emission and energy consumption of HD-HEV were investigated. And two test methods were studied deeply, separately the method based on heavy-duty chassis dynamometer and full-Flow dilution sampling system, the on-road test based on PEMS.
The test system of heavy-duty chassis dynamometer and FFDSS was integrated. The emission and energy consumption of a parallel hybrid vehicle were tested by the test system. The test results showed that, the heavy-duty chassis dynamometer could simulate the on-road driving resistance of test vehicle under the error of less than 2.5%, the braking energy recovery process of test vehicle could also be reproduced. Repeatability of test results showed that, in addition to HC and PM emissions, the relative error of emission factor of CO was less than 7%, the relative errors of emission factor of CO2 and NOx, fuel consumption per hundred kilometers, test mileage each test was less than 5%, test results have better repeatability. Test results of emission and energy consumption under cold and hot test conditions showed that, under cold test condition, fuel consumption, emission factors of THC, CO, CO2 and PM were separately 1.1 times,2.34 times,1.25 times,1.1 times and 1.7 times than those under hot test condition. The THC emission increased significantly, but the NOx emission had little change.
The on-road test system based on PEMS was integrated. So the emission and energy consumption of a series-parallel hybrid vehicle were tested by the test system. And the emission and energy consumption of test vehicle were also tested on heavy-duty chassis dynamometer based on PEMS. The test results showed that, through on board driving cycle testing system (OBDCTS), the driver could reproduce the test cycle with high accuracy, the correlation coefficient between actual speed and target speed was around 0.98, the slope of the fitted line was greater than 0.97. Repeatability of test results showed that, in addition to HC and PM emissions, the repeatability of several other measurement parameters could guarantee less than 10%, which could meet the test accuracy. Test results show that, the on-road test method based on PEMS is feasible.
The comparative results between two test methods show that, the driver could reproduce the test cycles with high accuracy, but under the test method based on heavy-duty chassis dynamometer, the driver could reproduce the test cycles better. From repeatability of test results, the repeatability of heavy-duty chassis dynamometer test method was better than those under on-road test method. From the view of the relevance and consistency of test results, the deviation of fuel consumption per hundred kilometers under two test methods was 0.1497%; but the deviation of emission results under two test methods were higher, the consistency between two test methods was poor, the deviation between two test methods were about 5%-20%. The emission results of test vehicle under on-road test condition were worse than those under heavy-duty chassis dynamometer test condition. But the test results of two test programs had better correlation, the correlation coefficient was 0.9986.
引文
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[2]乐文峰,余卓平,熊璐.混合动力城市容车现状与示范运营[J].客车技术与研究,2006(5)：5-9.
[3]Niels Sehouten. Fuzzy Logie Control for Parallel Fuzzy Logie Control for Parallel Hybrid Vehieles Using PSAT Hybrid Vehieles Using PSAT. Proceedings of 2001 Joint ADVISOR/PSAT Vehiele Modeling Users Conferenee.Southfield, Miehigan, August 28-29, 2001.
[4]HerbertFox, Christos Efstathiou. Validation of Advisor Results for Heavy Duty Buses.Proceedings of 2001 Joint ADVISOR/PS AT Vehiele Modeling Users Conferenee.Southfield, Miehigan, August 28-29,2001.
[5]Phili PSharer and Aymerie Rousseau.Benefits of Hybridization for Class 2B Trucks.Proeeedings of 2001 Joint ADVISOR/PSATVehiele Modeling Users Conferenee. Southfield, Miehigan, August 28-29,2001.
[6]财政部,科技部.节能与新能源汽车示范推广管理暂行办法.2009.2.
[7]财政部,科技部.节能与新能源汽车示范推广财政补助资金管理暂行办法.2009.2.
[8]国家环境保护总局.GB 17691-2005车用压燃式、气体燃料点燃式发动机与汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ阶段)[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[9]杜骞.重型混合动力电动汽车能耗测试及评价方法研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2008.12.
[10]全国标准化委员会.GB/T 19754-2005重型混合动力电动汽车能量消耗量试验方法[S].2005.
[11]Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium. Hybrid-Electric Drive Heavy-duty Vehicle Testing Project Final Emissions Report[R]. U.S.A.,2000,2.
[12]Technical Research Centre of Finland. Bus emission evaluation:2002-2004 SUMMARY REPORT.2005.
[13]杨钫,王庆年,刘明辉等.混合动力客车的排放污染物测量及分析[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2007,37(2)：291-295.
[14]李孟良,刘伏萍,陈燕涛.基于PEMS的混合动力客车排放和油耗性能评价[J].江苏大学学报(自然科学版),2006,27(1)：27-30.
[15]秦孔建,高俊华,高继东.重型车辆车载排放测试系统的集成和验证[J].汽车工程,2009,31(11)：1081-1085.
[16]J. Gonder and A. Simpson.Measuring and Reporting Fuel Economy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles[R].The 22nd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS-22).Yokohama, Japan, October 23-28,2006
[17]张焱,张汝辉,杨正林.重型混合动力电动汽车排放测试方法探讨[J].118-121.
[18]李战龙.混合动力汽车试验台架的研究与开发[D].长春：吉林大学,2004.6.
[19]Kenji Morita, Kazuki Shimamura,etc. Development of a Fuel Economy and Exhaust Emissions Test Method with HILS for Heavy-Duty HEVs[J]. SAE paper 2008-01-1318.
[20]WP29第60次GRPE污染与能源工作组会议简介[J].汽车标准化,2010,(11).
[21]SAE J2711. Recommended Practice for Measuring Fuel Economy and Emissions of Hybrid-Electric and Conventional Heavy-Duty Vehicles [S].2002.
[22]SAE J1711. Recommended Practice for Measuring the Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy of Hybrid-Electric Vehicles [S].1999.
[23]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. SmartWay Fuel Efficiency Test Protocol for Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicles (Working Draft)[S].2007.9.
[24]Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center.Automobile Type Approval Handbook for Japanese Certification[S].2008.
[25]ISO 23274-1. Hybrid-electric road vehicles—Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption measurements —Non-externally chargeable vehicles[S].2007.
[26]ISO 23 274-2. Hybrid-electric road vehicles—Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption measurements—Part 2:Externally chargeable vehicles [S].2007.
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[2]乐文峰,余卓平,熊璐.混合动力城市容车现状与示范运营[J].客车技术与研究,2006(5)：5-9.
[3]Niels Sehouten. Fuzzy Logie Control for Parallel Fuzzy Logie Control for Parallel Hybrid Vehieles Using PSAT Hybrid Vehieles Using PSAT. Proceedings of 2001 Joint ADVISOR/PSAT Vehiele Modeling Users Conferenee.Southfield, Miehigan, August 28-29, 2001.
[4]HerbertFox, Christos Efstathiou. Validation of Advisor Results for Heavy Duty Buses.Proceedings of 2001 Joint ADVISOR/PS AT Vehiele Modeling Users Conferenee.Southfield, Miehigan, August 28-29,2001.
[5]Phili PSharer and Aymerie Rousseau.Benefits of Hybridization for Class 2B Trucks.Proeeedings of 2001 Joint ADVISOR/PSATVehiele Modeling Users Conferenee. Southfield, Miehigan, August 28-29,2001.
[6]财政部,科技部.节能与新能源汽车示范推广管理暂行办法.2009.2.
[7]财政部,科技部.节能与新能源汽车示范推广财政补助资金管理暂行办法.2009.2.
[8]国家环境保护总局.GB 17691-2005车用压燃式、气体燃料点燃式发动机与汽车排气污染物排放限值及测量方法(中国Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ阶段)[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2005.
[9]杜骞.重型混合动力电动汽车能耗测试及评价方法研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2008.12.
[10]全国标准化委员会.GB/T 19754-2005重型混合动力电动汽车能量消耗量试验方法[S].2005.
[11]Northeast Advanced Vehicle Consortium. Hybrid-Electric Drive Heavy-duty Vehicle Testing Project Final Emissions Report[R]. U.S.A.,2000,2.
[12]Technical Research Centre of Finland. Bus emission evaluation:2002-2004 SUMMARY REPORT.2005.
[13]杨钫,王庆年,刘明辉等.混合动力客车的排放污染物测量及分析[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2007,37(2)：291-295.
[14]李孟良,刘伏萍,陈燕涛.基于PEMS的混合动力客车排放和油耗性能评价[J].江苏大学学报(自然科学版),2006,27(1)：27-30.
[15]秦孔建,高俊华,高继东.重型车辆车载排放测试系统的集成和验证[J].汽车工程,2009,31(11)：1081-1085.
[16]J. Gonder and A. Simpson.Measuring and Reporting Fuel Economy of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles[R].The 22nd International Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (EVS-22).Yokohama, Japan, October 23-28,2006
[17]张焱,张汝辉,杨正林.重型混合动力电动汽车排放测试方法探讨[J].118-121.
[18]李战龙.混合动力汽车试验台架的研究与开发[D].长春：吉林大学,2004.6.
[19]Kenji Morita, Kazuki Shimamura,etc. Development of a Fuel Economy and Exhaust Emissions Test Method with HILS for Heavy-Duty HEVs[J]. SAE paper 2008-01-1318.
[20]WP29第60次GRPE污染与能源工作组会议简介[J].汽车标准化,2010,(11).
[21]SAE J2711. Recommended Practice for Measuring Fuel Economy and Emissions of Hybrid-Electric and Conventional Heavy-Duty Vehicles [S].2002.
[22]SAE J1711. Recommended Practice for Measuring the Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy of Hybrid-Electric Vehicles [S].1999.
[23]U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. SmartWay Fuel Efficiency Test Protocol for Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicles (Working Draft)[S].2007.9.
[24]Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center.Automobile Type Approval Handbook for Japanese Certification[S].2008.
[25]ISO 23274-1. Hybrid-electric road vehicles—Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption measurements —Non-externally chargeable vehicles[S].2007.
[26]ISO 23 274-2. Hybrid-electric road vehicles—Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption measurements—Part 2:Externally chargeable vehicles [S].2007.
[27]MAHA.MAHA Dynometer Operating Manual.
[28]MAHA AIP.Operating Manual DynoServer.
[29]刘巽俊.内燃机的排放与控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2003.
[30]AVL.Operating instructions of the CVS.
[31]AVL.Operating instructions of the iGEM.
[32]焦宇飞,梁和平,沈剑平.发动机颗粒排放全流稀释系统设计[J].内燃机工程.2003,(24)4：74-77.
[33]AVL.MANUAL OF THE PSS.
[34]AVL.MANUAL OF AMA i60.
[35]AVL AMAi60 Emission Measurement Technology.
[36]AVL.MANUAL OF 735S/753C.
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