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橘小实蝇监测、生物防治及蛋白铒剂应用机理
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摘要
1蛋白饵剂对橘小实蝇的作用机理
     通过对蛋白饵剂作用于橘小实蝇的生理生化影响,初步探讨了其对橘小实蝇的作用机理。蛋白饵剂能够显著减少橘小实蝇雌雄成虫的寿命,且使橘小实蝇产卵量明显减少,所产卵均不孵化;饲喂蛋白饵剂使橘小实蝇精子长度(128.846um)显著短于饲喂人工饲料的橘小实蝇精子长度(141.425um);蛋白饵剂对橘小实蝇卵巢长度与宽度并无影响。通过对橘小实蝇中肠消化酶的研究,发现蛋白饵剂能够有效降低淀粉酶(1.97),脂肪酶(19.32)和蛋白酶(28.87)的活性,这可能造成橘小实蝇营养缺乏,从而导致寿命缩短致死。
     2橘小实蝇田间种群动态与预测
     通过2007年-2010年4年监测,福建省漳州市长泰五四农场橘小实蝇种群动态分布在5月中旬-6月上旬均有1个高峰,此时果园内并无橘小实蝇寄主植物成熟,但种群数量偏大,此高峰是由前1年越冬虫蛹羽化所造成。三种果树(常规芦柑、晚熟芦柑与蜜柚)园中,常规芦柑在12月初采收,10月下旬开始转色,此时田间气温在28℃左右,园内橘小实蝇种群有2个高峰;蜜柚由于9月下旬采收,转色期在8月,此时田间温度过高,橘小实蝇种群很小;晚熟芦柑成熟期为第二年2月,转色期在第二年1月,田间温度在10℃以下,橘小实蝇种群亦很小,因此蜜柚和晚熟芦柑均只有1个高峰,说明第2个高峰的存在与否和作物转色期时橘小实蝇田间种群数量的多少有关。通过监测果园内,果园边界及果园外橘小实蝇种群数量变化,发现伴随常规芦柑开始转色(10月上旬),果园外橘小实蝇向果园内大量迁移。使用蛋白饵剂在常规芦柑园中可诱到雌雄成虫,且雌雄成虫数量相差不大,说明应用蛋白饵剂可将雌性成虫数量可以作为监测对象。
     利用时间序列分析,建立ARIMA(1,0,3)模型方程:x_t=0.57x_(t-1)+(0.278) w_(t-1)+(0.406) w_(t-2)+(-0.296)w_(t-3),且该模型拟和数据的趋势变化和原始数据基本一致,原始数据均落在拟和值的95%可信区间内。而随着预测时间的延长,预测值的95%可信区间变宽,即预测的精度降低。
     3橘小实蝇生物防治技术
     2008年五四农场常规芦柑园内性诱灭雄,对照区有橘小实蝇种群有2个高峰,而试验区仅有前1个高峰,对照区第2个高峰9月26日时96.0头/瓶,此时试验区仅有11.6头/瓶。
     蛋白饵剂与GF-120诱杀橘小实蝇最佳配比均为1:4,其效果明显优于GF-120(蛋白饵剂:94头;GF-120:67头)。
     橘小实蝇不育雄虫田间释放回收率在2.351%-3.763%,3次扩散距离最近为82.80m,最远为207.89m;最长在田间存活为15d,最短为12d。不育率89.61%-93.14%,而对照区不育率从17.52%-22.43%。
     阿里山潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇田间平均寄生率为36.2%-46.1%,其中最高为62.2%,最低为23.3%。
     2009年底清理试验区内所有落果,检查落果原因,49.13%是由橘小实蝇为害造成。清园后,第2年(2010年)5月种群数量则极少(少于10.0头/瓶)。由于橘小实蝇以蛹在土中过冬,清园可以有效减少橘小实蝇第1年过冬虫蛹,从而达到降低第2年春季种群数量的目的。
     2009年9月-2009年11月综合生物防治蜜柚对照区内蜜柚为害率最高为34.15%,平均为26.88%;五四农场试验区为害率最高为5.88%,平均3.20%;芦柑对照区普通芦柑为害率最高为13.89%,平均11.53%;而五四果场试验区为害率最高为1.03%,平均0.47%。
1Mechanism of Protein Bait with oriental fruit fly
     Study showed the mechanism of the oriental fruit fly through the role of Protein Bait in itsphysiological and biochemical effects. Protein Bait could significantly reduce the male and femaleadult oriental fruit fly longivity expectancy (mortality14.44%) and fecundity significantly reduced(30) with no hatching. Fed Protein Bait made oriental fruit fly sperm length (128.846um) wassignificantly shorter than artificial food (141.425um). Protein Bait was no impact on oriental fruitfly ovary length and width. Oriental fruit fly fed with Protein Bait could effectively reduce thea-amylase (1.97), the activity of lipase (19.32) and protease (28.87), which may be caused by thelack of a small oriental fruit fly nutrition, and thus resulting in reduced life.
     2Field population dynamics of oriental fruit fly
     Monitoring field population dynamics of oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) inWusi Farm, Changtai, Zhangzhou,2007-2010, there was a highest-population point between Mayand June. It was caused by pupae emergency which survived in the soil. There were twohighest-population points in general orange garden and only one in serotinous orange garden andshaddock garden. It explained the second point was related to the maturity of crops. Using Proteinbait could monitor female oriental fruit fly and there was no obvious difference between male andfemale (Oct5,7.8/trap). That showed that female dynamics could act as monitor methods oforiental fruit fly. Founded model ARIMA(1,0,3):
     x_t=0.57x_(t-1)+(0.278) w_(t-1)+(0.406) w_(t-2)+(-0.296)w_(t-3).
     And the trend variation of fit value of the model were as same as original data. The original datalocated in the95%confidence. It was found that prediction accuracy decreased and95%confidence were broadened as the prediction ex_tended.
     3Biological control on oriental fruit fly
     Male annihilation was launched in general orange garden in2008, Wusi Farm. There were twohighest-population points in test field but only one in CK field.11.6/trap was found in test fieldand96.0/trap in CK field, Sep26.
     Best proportion of Protein bait, GF-120mixed with water were1:4. The effect of Protein baitwas better than GF-120(94:67).
     Parasitic rate of oriental fruit fly by Fopius arisanus (Sonan) parastited was between36.2%-46.1%and highest62.2%lowest23.3%.
     Infested fruits were clear and checked and was found50%damages was caused by oriental fruitfly. Sanitation in the field at the end of2009reduced the population of oriental fruit fly in2010(28.0/trap2009April-May,10.0/trap2010April-May).
     Biological control was made in Wusi Farm from September to November,2009. Damage rateby oriental fruit fly in shaddock garden was average3.20%(average) and5.88%(highest).Damage rate in CK shaddock garden was26.88%(average) and34.15%(highest). Damage rateby oriental fruit fly in general orange garden was average0.47%(average) and1.03%(highest).And damage rate in CK general orange garden was11.53%(average) and13.89%(highest).
引文
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