北京野鸭湖湿地自然保护区灰鹤（Grus grus）的越冬生态研究
|
摘要
2005～2007年，笔者对北京野鸭湖湿地自然保护区越冬灰鹤(Grus grus)的种群数量、食性和栖息地选择规律进行了系统研究。通过2005／2006、2006／2007两个冬季的多次野外调查及详细的数据分析，初步查明了在野鸭湖自然保护区越冬灰鹤的种群数量不少于200只；收割后遗留在农田的玉米(Zea mays)是其冬季最大宗的食物；灰鹤对4种主要的栖息地(生境)类型的选择性由强到弱依次是：玉米地、沼泽草甸、水库(冰面)和草场。以下是具体的研究结果：
1．2006年12月下旬～2007年2月下旬采用夜宿地直接计数法进行了5次越冬灰鹤种群数量调查，分别记录到越冬灰鹤215只～283只，平均数量为245±27((?)±SE.)只／次。因此判定，2006／2007年冬季在北京野鸭湖自然保护区越冬的灰鹤种群数量不少于200只。在进行种群数量调查的同时，还对越冬灰鹤种群的年龄结构进行了探讨。结果表明，越冬灰鹤的幼体新增率(Recruitment Ratio)为10.78％，处于正常值范围(10％～15％)内。在统计的48个家族群中，最多的为两成一幼家族，占总数的43.75％；其次为两成两幼家族，占22.92％；再次为两成家族，占18.75％，其他年龄组成的家族群占总数的比例不超过15％。
2．采用鹤类粪便分析法结合野外观察对北京野鸭湖自然保护区越冬灰鹤进行了食性分析。结果表明，在野鸭湖越冬的灰鹤为专一的植食性，通过粪便分析鉴定出灰鹤冬季取食的植物共有7科16种。收割后散落田间的谷物为其冬季食物的主要来源：其中玉米为最大宗食物，粪便中的总发现频率(F)为89.50％，其后依次为高粱(Sorghun bicolar)、冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)、黄豆(Glycine max)。除农作物外，灰鹤还取食少量湿地植物的种子或植株，但其最大总发现频率仅为9.13％。此外，粪便中还发现石子、砂粒等辅助消化的物质，总发现频率为15.98％。进一步采用显微粪便分析法对最大宗食物——玉米在整个越冬期内的含量变化情况进行了定量分析：单因素方差分析(ANOVA)表明，在整个越冬期玉米占总体食物组成的比例(f)并不稳定，出现了显著性差异(F=101.35，df=359，p=0.00＜0.05)。进一步进行多重比较分析发现，在越冬期前期玉米占总食物组成的比例较高，12月下旬以后逐渐下降，直至2月份才逐渐趋于平稳。
3．栖息地选择性分析结果表明，灰鹤对4种主要栖息地(生境)类型的选择性由强到弱依次是：玉米地、沼泽草甸、水库(冰面)和草场。利用3S技术建立了野鸭湖越冬灰鹤栖息地选择的多元Logistic回归数学模型。模型显示，食物因子(FOD)的回归系数为0.438，远高于其他栖息地变量，是影响越冬灰鹤栖息地选择的主要因子。此外，越冬灰鹤的出现频率(p)与距人工林距离(DFP)、距鱼塘距离(DFP)、距公路距离(DPR)呈正相关(b＞0)；与距灌丛距离(DSH)、距农村居民点距离(DVI)、距农场建筑物距离(DTB)、距保护区内其他建筑物距离(DOB)、距冬钓者距离(DWF)呈负相关(b＜0)。
4．根据研究结果，并结合野外实际调查，对野鸭湖越冬灰鹤的保护工作提出如下建议：(1)建立野鸭湖越冬灰鹤数量监测机制；(2)加强越冬灰鹤日常巡查工作；(3)建立灰鹤及其他鸟类救护热线电话并向附近村民宣传鸟类救护知识；(4)在灰鹤越冬中后期适量进行人工投食；(5)在保护区退化湿地内适量保留一些玉米地；(6)减少冬季玉米地中的烧荒、翻地现象；(7)限制保护区内的放牧活动；(8)限制保护区内的冬钓活动并积极引导。
The population size, food selection and habitat selection of Common cranes(Grus grus)wintering Beijing Yeyahu Wetland Natural Reserve had been studied from 2005 to 2007.According to plentiful fieldwork and particular data analysis, we found the population size of common cranes wintering in Yeyahu were not less than 200, Cereal was the main component of food sources for wintering common cranes, the grade of selectivity of 4 main habitat type were maize land, marsh, reserve and grassland(in descendible sequences). The detailed extent is as follow:
1. 5 times population census of wintering common cranes had been carried out in Yeyahu natural reverse from December, 2006 to Feburary, 2007, separately recorded wintering common cranes from 215 to 283, average number were 245±27 (x|- ±SE).Based on these results, we deduced that the total number of the common cranes wintering in Yeyahu Natural Reserve were not less than 200. At the same time of population census, the age structure of wintering common cranes had also been examined. The result showed that the parameter of age structure — Recruitment Ratio was 10.78% in the winter of 2006/2007, at the range of normal value (10%～15%) .In total 48 family flocks, the most age structure was "two adults, one juvenile", accounting for 43.75%; "Two adults, one juvenile" was in the next place, accounting for 22.92%, "Two adults, none juvenile" was in the third place, accounting for 18.75%, and other age structure was seldom.
2. Food composition and selection of wintering common cranes were studied by analyzing the feces from 2005 to 2007. Common cranes in Beijing were herbivorous in Yeyahu. Total 16 plant species which belong to 7 families were found in common crane's feces. Cereal was the main component of food sources for wintering common cranes, accounting for 89.50%, which is maize(Zea mays), broomcorn (Sorghun bicolar), soybean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) . Besides agricultural plants, some species of natural plants in the wetland which belong to 5 families could also be found in their feces, accounting for 9.13%. Besides plants, it
was found some small stones in common crane's feces, accounting for 10.33% of total feces composition. According to ANOVA test, it was founded that there was evident difference in the compositions of maize in the whole wintering periods (F= 101.35, df=359, p=0.00<0.05) .The proposition of maize is extraordinary high in the prophase of wintering period; where after, the value was graduate descending until February.
3. The result of habitat selection showed that the grade of selectivity of 4 main habitat types were maize land, marsh, reserve and grassland (in descendible sequences). The logistic regress model has been built based on 3S Technology. The model showed that food was the most important factor impacting on the common cranes' habitat selection. Furthermore, the appearance frequencies of common cranes were positively relative to the habitat variables of distance forest plantation(DFP),distance to fish pound (DFP) and distance to paved roads(DPR); and were negatively relative to the habitat variables of distance of shrub (DSH), distance to villages(DVI),distance to farmtown buildings(DTB),distance to other building(DOB),distance to winter fisher(DWF).
4. Based on these results, 8 suggestions have also been proposed for the conservation work of wintering common cranes wintering in Yeyahu Natural Reverse.
1．2006年12月下旬～2007年2月下旬采用夜宿地直接计数法进行了5次越冬灰鹤种群数量调查，分别记录到越冬灰鹤215只～283只，平均数量为245±27((?)±SE.)只／次。因此判定，2006／2007年冬季在北京野鸭湖自然保护区越冬的灰鹤种群数量不少于200只。在进行种群数量调查的同时，还对越冬灰鹤种群的年龄结构进行了探讨。结果表明，越冬灰鹤的幼体新增率(Recruitment Ratio)为10.78％，处于正常值范围(10％～15％)内。在统计的48个家族群中，最多的为两成一幼家族，占总数的43.75％；其次为两成两幼家族，占22.92％；再次为两成家族，占18.75％，其他年龄组成的家族群占总数的比例不超过15％。
2．采用鹤类粪便分析法结合野外观察对北京野鸭湖自然保护区越冬灰鹤进行了食性分析。结果表明，在野鸭湖越冬的灰鹤为专一的植食性，通过粪便分析鉴定出灰鹤冬季取食的植物共有7科16种。收割后散落田间的谷物为其冬季食物的主要来源：其中玉米为最大宗食物，粪便中的总发现频率(F)为89.50％，其后依次为高粱(Sorghun bicolar)、冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)、黄豆(Glycine max)。除农作物外，灰鹤还取食少量湿地植物的种子或植株，但其最大总发现频率仅为9.13％。此外，粪便中还发现石子、砂粒等辅助消化的物质，总发现频率为15.98％。进一步采用显微粪便分析法对最大宗食物——玉米在整个越冬期内的含量变化情况进行了定量分析：单因素方差分析(ANOVA)表明，在整个越冬期玉米占总体食物组成的比例(f)并不稳定，出现了显著性差异(F=101.35，df=359，p=0.00＜0.05)。进一步进行多重比较分析发现，在越冬期前期玉米占总食物组成的比例较高，12月下旬以后逐渐下降，直至2月份才逐渐趋于平稳。
3．栖息地选择性分析结果表明，灰鹤对4种主要栖息地(生境)类型的选择性由强到弱依次是：玉米地、沼泽草甸、水库(冰面)和草场。利用3S技术建立了野鸭湖越冬灰鹤栖息地选择的多元Logistic回归数学模型。模型显示，食物因子(FOD)的回归系数为0.438，远高于其他栖息地变量，是影响越冬灰鹤栖息地选择的主要因子。此外，越冬灰鹤的出现频率(p)与距人工林距离(DFP)、距鱼塘距离(DFP)、距公路距离(DPR)呈正相关(b＞0)；与距灌丛距离(DSH)、距农村居民点距离(DVI)、距农场建筑物距离(DTB)、距保护区内其他建筑物距离(DOB)、距冬钓者距离(DWF)呈负相关(b＜0)。
4．根据研究结果，并结合野外实际调查，对野鸭湖越冬灰鹤的保护工作提出如下建议：(1)建立野鸭湖越冬灰鹤数量监测机制；(2)加强越冬灰鹤日常巡查工作；(3)建立灰鹤及其他鸟类救护热线电话并向附近村民宣传鸟类救护知识；(4)在灰鹤越冬中后期适量进行人工投食；(5)在保护区退化湿地内适量保留一些玉米地；(6)减少冬季玉米地中的烧荒、翻地现象；(7)限制保护区内的放牧活动；(8)限制保护区内的冬钓活动并积极引导。
The population size, food selection and habitat selection of Common cranes(Grus grus)wintering Beijing Yeyahu Wetland Natural Reserve had been studied from 2005 to 2007.According to plentiful fieldwork and particular data analysis, we found the population size of common cranes wintering in Yeyahu were not less than 200, Cereal was the main component of food sources for wintering common cranes, the grade of selectivity of 4 main habitat type were maize land, marsh, reserve and grassland(in descendible sequences). The detailed extent is as follow:
1. 5 times population census of wintering common cranes had been carried out in Yeyahu natural reverse from December, 2006 to Feburary, 2007, separately recorded wintering common cranes from 215 to 283, average number were 245±27 (x|- ±SE).Based on these results, we deduced that the total number of the common cranes wintering in Yeyahu Natural Reserve were not less than 200. At the same time of population census, the age structure of wintering common cranes had also been examined. The result showed that the parameter of age structure — Recruitment Ratio was 10.78% in the winter of 2006/2007, at the range of normal value (10%～15%) .In total 48 family flocks, the most age structure was "two adults, one juvenile", accounting for 43.75%; "Two adults, one juvenile" was in the next place, accounting for 22.92%, "Two adults, none juvenile" was in the third place, accounting for 18.75%, and other age structure was seldom.
2. Food composition and selection of wintering common cranes were studied by analyzing the feces from 2005 to 2007. Common cranes in Beijing were herbivorous in Yeyahu. Total 16 plant species which belong to 7 families were found in common crane's feces. Cereal was the main component of food sources for wintering common cranes, accounting for 89.50%, which is maize(Zea mays), broomcorn (Sorghun bicolar), soybean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) . Besides agricultural plants, some species of natural plants in the wetland which belong to 5 families could also be found in their feces, accounting for 9.13%. Besides plants, it
was found some small stones in common crane's feces, accounting for 10.33% of total feces composition. According to ANOVA test, it was founded that there was evident difference in the compositions of maize in the whole wintering periods (F= 101.35, df=359, p=0.00<0.05) .The proposition of maize is extraordinary high in the prophase of wintering period; where after, the value was graduate descending until February.
3. The result of habitat selection showed that the grade of selectivity of 4 main habitat types were maize land, marsh, reserve and grassland (in descendible sequences). The logistic regress model has been built based on 3S Technology. The model showed that food was the most important factor impacting on the common cranes' habitat selection. Furthermore, the appearance frequencies of common cranes were positively relative to the habitat variables of distance forest plantation(DFP),distance to fish pound (DFP) and distance to paved roads(DPR); and were negatively relative to the habitat variables of distance of shrub (DSH), distance to villages(DVI),distance to farmtown buildings(DTB),distance to other building(DOB),distance to winter fisher(DWF).
4. Based on these results, 8 suggestions have also been proposed for the conservation work of wintering common cranes wintering in Yeyahu Natural Reverse.
引文
[1]．蔡其侃．北京鸟类志[M]．北京：北京出版社，1987．
[2]．王岐山 马鸣 高育仁 中国动物志 鸟纲 第五卷 鹤形目 鸻形目 鸥形目[M] 北京：科学出版社，2006
[3]．Ellis D H，Gee G F，Mirande C M．鹤类生物学及饲养管理与保护[M]．张金国主译．北京：中国林业出版社，2003
[4]．陆建建 中国湿地[M] 上海：华东师范大学出版社，1990
[5]．王有辉，王虹．中国灰鹤的现状与研究进展[J]．贵州科学，2004，22(3)：65～71．
[6]．Johnsgard, Paul A Cranes of the World。Bloomington. Indiana University press, 1983
[7]．杨晓君，杨芳主编．云贵高原黑颈鹤的现状及保护．昆明：云南民族出版社，2005
[8]．杨兆芬，王岐山 中国鹤类保护现状[J] 武夷科学 2000，16：182～186
[9]．杨德华．灰鹤的冬季生态观察[J]．动物学杂志，1982，(3)：6～7
[10]．陈卫 胡东 付必谦 北京湿地生物多样性研究[M] 北京：科学出版社，2007
[11]．张跃文 灰鹤(Grus grus)在瓦房店市的越冬[J] 中国水鸟研究 上海：华东师范大学出版社，1994
[12]．李筑眉 李凤山 黑颈鹤研究[M] 上海：上海科技教育出版社，2005
[13]．李凤山 聂卉 叶长虹，黑颈鹤越冬期间植物性食物的显微分析[J] 动物学研究 1997，18(1)：51～57
[14]．汤国安 杨昕 ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M] 北京：科学出版社，2006
[15]．高玮 鸟类生态学[M] 长春：东北师范大学出版社，1993
[16]．马逸清 李晓民 丹顶鹤研究[M] 上海：上海科技教育出版社，2002
[17]．李凤山 杨芳，云贵高原黑颈鹤的种群数量和分布[J] 动物学杂志 2003，38(3)：43～46
[18]．王有辉 王虹，中国灰鹤的分布与数量现状[J] 四川动物 2003，22(1)：35～38
[19]. Aviles J M, Sanchez J M, Deseada P. 2002. Food Selection of wintering common cranes(Grus Grus) in holm oak(Quercus ilex) dehesas in south-west Spain in a rainy season [J]. Journal of London Zoology, 256:71～79
[20]．Bishop M．A．李凤山 农业耕作活动对西藏越冬黑颈鹤食性及食物可获得性的影响[J] 生物多样性 2002，10(4)：393～398
[21]．吴建平 单继红 王志平 小兴安岭通河林区斑羚冬季食性分析[J] 动物学杂志 2005，40(4)：40～44
[22]．李迪强 蒋志刚 王祖望 普氏原羚的食性分析[J] 动物学研究 1999，20(1)：74～77
[23]．刘丙万 蒋志刚 粪样在野生动物研究中的作用[J] 动物学研究 2002，23(1)：71～76
[24]．高中信 金昆 马建章 陈华豪 呼伦贝尔草原黄羊冬季食性的研究[J] 兽类学报 1995，15(3)：203～208
[25]．广东省昆虫研究所动物室，中山大学生物系．海南岛的鸟兽[M]．北京：科学出版社，1983．
[26]．何晓瑞 吴金亮 滇东北黑颈鹤越冬食性的研究[J] 云南大学学报(自然科学版) 2000，22(6)：460～464
[27]．马建章．黑龙江鸟类志[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1992
[28]．杨维康，钟文勤，高行宜 鸟类栖息地选择研究进展．干旱区研究 2000，17(3)：71～78．
[29]．张文彤 闫洁，2004 SPSS统计分析基础教程[M] 北京：高等教育出版社
[30]. Alejandro velazquez, Heil G. W. Habitat suitability study for the conservation of the volcano rabbit(Romerolagus diazi) [J] Journal of Applied Ecology 1996, 33: 543～554.
[31]. Boyce M.S, Vernier P. R., Nielsen S.E, Schmiegelow F.K.A Evaluating resource selection functions[J] Ecological Modeling 2002,157: 281～300.
[32]. Franco M, A., Brito J.C, Almeida J. Modeling habitat selection of common cranes Grus grus wintering in Portugal using multiple logistic regression[J] Ibis 2000,142: 351～358.
[33]. Guzman J.M.S, G. A. S., Amado C.C, Viejo A.M.D Influence of farming activities in the Iberian Peninsula on the winter habitat use of common crane(Grus grus) in areas of its traditional migratory routes Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment[J] 1999, 72: 207～214.
[34]. Herr A.M, Queen L.P. Crane Habitat Evaluation Using GIS and Remote Sensing Photogram metric Engineering & Remote Sensing [J] 1993, 59(10): 1531～1538.
[35]. Hogmander H., M. J. Estimating distribution maps from atlas data using methods of Statistical Image Analysis [J] Biometrics 1995, 51: 393～404.
[36]. Aviles M. A. Time budget and habitat use of the Common crane wintering in dehesas of southwestern Spain [J] Journal of Canada Zoology 2003, 81:1233～1238.
[37]. Aviles M. A. Common cranes Grus grus and habitat management in holm oak dehesas of Spain [J] Biodiversity and Conservation2004, 13: 2015～2025.
[38]. Layers C.P.,Haines-Young, Avery M.I. The habitat associations of dunlin(Calidris alpina) in the Flow Country of northern Scotland and an improved model for predicting habitat quality[J] Journal of Applied Ecology 1996,33:279～290.
[39]. Guisan A, Zimmermann N.E Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology [J] Ecological Modelling 2000, 135: 147～186.
[40]. Osborne P. E., Tigar B. J. Interpreting bird atlas data using logistic models: an example from Lesotho, Southern Africa [J] Journal of Applied Ecology 1992, 29: 52～62.
[41]. Pan W. Akaike's Information Criterion in generalized Estimating Equations [J] Biometrics 2001, 57: 120～125.
[42]. Pearce J., Simon Ferrier Evaluating the predictive performance of habitat models developed using logistic regression [J]. Ecological Modeling 2000, 133: 225～245.
[43]. Pereira J. M. C., Itami R.M. GIS-Based habitat modeling using Logistic Multiple Regression: A study of the Mt. Graham Red Squirrel [J] Photogram metric Engineering & Remote Sensing 1991, 57(11): 1475～1486.
[44]. Levin S.A. The problem of pattern and scale in Ecology [J] Ecology 1992, 73(6): 1943～1967.
[45]. Walsh A.L, Harris S. Factors determining the abundance of vespertilionid bats in Britain: geographical, land class and local habitat relationships [J] Journal of Applied Ecology 1996, 33: 519～529.
[46]. Wiens J.A., Stenseth N.C. Horne B.V., Ims R.A. Ecological mechanisms and landscape ecology [J] OIKOS 1993,66: 369～380.
[47]．贾非 鸟类栖息地选择研究中的一种数学模型[J] 生物学通报 2003，38(11)：46～47．
[48]．李文军，王子健 丹顶鹤越冬栖息地数学模型的建立[J] 应用生态学报 2000，11(6)：839～842
[49]．张志锋 宫辉力 赵薇 张铁楼 基于3S技术的北京野鸭湖湿地资源的动态变化研究[J] 遥感技术与应用 2003，18(5)：291～296
[50]．Cody, M. L Habitat selection in birds[M]. Academic Press, London, 1985
[51]．马志军 周立志 苏立英 中国鹤类研究文献题录[M] 合肥：安徽大学出版社，2005
[52]．蒋志刚 自然保护野外研究技术[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，2000
[53]．张文彤 董伟，2004 SPSS统计分析高级教程[M] 北京：高等教育出版社
[54]．黑龙江省林业厅．国际鹤类保护与研究[M] 北京：中国林业出版社，1990
[55]．徐宏发 赵云龙 上海市崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区科学考察集[M] 北京：中国林业出版社，2005
[56]．马逸清 中国鹤类研究文集[M] 哈尔滨：黑龙江省教育出版社，1986
[57]．赛道建，王禄东，刘相甫，孙丰霞．在黄河三角洲越冬的鹤类[J]．动物学杂志，1993，28(6)：33～34
[58]．张跃文，金连奎．辽宁首次发现灰鹤越冬群[J]．野生动物，1993，(4)：26～26
[59]．张龙胜，山西河津市黄河滩涂灰鹤越冬数量调查[M] 山西大学学报(自然科学版) 1998，21(2)：183～187
[60]．王宝娟 胡东 刘晓燕 陈卫 北京野鸭湖湿地植物区系分析[J] 首都师范大学学报(自然科学版) 2004，25
[61]．王颖 宫辉力 赵文吉等 北京野鸭湖湿地资源变化特征[J] 地理学报 2005，60(4)：656～664
[62]．贾非，王楠，郑光美 白马鸡繁殖早期栖息地选择和空间分布[J] 动物学报 2005，51(3)：383～392
[2]．王岐山 马鸣 高育仁 中国动物志 鸟纲 第五卷 鹤形目 鸻形目 鸥形目[M] 北京：科学出版社，2006
[3]．Ellis D H，Gee G F，Mirande C M．鹤类生物学及饲养管理与保护[M]．张金国主译．北京：中国林业出版社，2003
[4]．陆建建 中国湿地[M] 上海：华东师范大学出版社，1990
[5]．王有辉，王虹．中国灰鹤的现状与研究进展[J]．贵州科学，2004，22(3)：65～71．
[6]．Johnsgard, Paul A Cranes of the World。Bloomington. Indiana University press, 1983
[7]．杨晓君，杨芳主编．云贵高原黑颈鹤的现状及保护．昆明：云南民族出版社，2005
[8]．杨兆芬，王岐山 中国鹤类保护现状[J] 武夷科学 2000，16：182～186
[9]．杨德华．灰鹤的冬季生态观察[J]．动物学杂志，1982，(3)：6～7
[10]．陈卫 胡东 付必谦 北京湿地生物多样性研究[M] 北京：科学出版社，2007
[11]．张跃文 灰鹤(Grus grus)在瓦房店市的越冬[J] 中国水鸟研究 上海：华东师范大学出版社，1994
[12]．李筑眉 李凤山 黑颈鹤研究[M] 上海：上海科技教育出版社，2005
[13]．李凤山 聂卉 叶长虹，黑颈鹤越冬期间植物性食物的显微分析[J] 动物学研究 1997，18(1)：51～57
[14]．汤国安 杨昕 ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M] 北京：科学出版社，2006
[15]．高玮 鸟类生态学[M] 长春：东北师范大学出版社，1993
[16]．马逸清 李晓民 丹顶鹤研究[M] 上海：上海科技教育出版社，2002
[17]．李凤山 杨芳，云贵高原黑颈鹤的种群数量和分布[J] 动物学杂志 2003，38(3)：43～46
[18]．王有辉 王虹，中国灰鹤的分布与数量现状[J] 四川动物 2003，22(1)：35～38
[19]. Aviles J M, Sanchez J M, Deseada P. 2002. Food Selection of wintering common cranes(Grus Grus) in holm oak(Quercus ilex) dehesas in south-west Spain in a rainy season [J]. Journal of London Zoology, 256:71～79
[20]．Bishop M．A．李凤山 农业耕作活动对西藏越冬黑颈鹤食性及食物可获得性的影响[J] 生物多样性 2002，10(4)：393～398
[21]．吴建平 单继红 王志平 小兴安岭通河林区斑羚冬季食性分析[J] 动物学杂志 2005，40(4)：40～44
[22]．李迪强 蒋志刚 王祖望 普氏原羚的食性分析[J] 动物学研究 1999，20(1)：74～77
[23]．刘丙万 蒋志刚 粪样在野生动物研究中的作用[J] 动物学研究 2002，23(1)：71～76
[24]．高中信 金昆 马建章 陈华豪 呼伦贝尔草原黄羊冬季食性的研究[J] 兽类学报 1995，15(3)：203～208
[25]．广东省昆虫研究所动物室，中山大学生物系．海南岛的鸟兽[M]．北京：科学出版社，1983．
[26]．何晓瑞 吴金亮 滇东北黑颈鹤越冬食性的研究[J] 云南大学学报(自然科学版) 2000，22(6)：460～464
[27]．马建章．黑龙江鸟类志[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，1992
[28]．杨维康，钟文勤，高行宜 鸟类栖息地选择研究进展．干旱区研究 2000，17(3)：71～78．
[29]．张文彤 闫洁，2004 SPSS统计分析基础教程[M] 北京：高等教育出版社
[30]. Alejandro velazquez, Heil G. W. Habitat suitability study for the conservation of the volcano rabbit(Romerolagus diazi) [J] Journal of Applied Ecology 1996, 33: 543～554.
[31]. Boyce M.S, Vernier P. R., Nielsen S.E, Schmiegelow F.K.A Evaluating resource selection functions[J] Ecological Modeling 2002,157: 281～300.
[32]. Franco M, A., Brito J.C, Almeida J. Modeling habitat selection of common cranes Grus grus wintering in Portugal using multiple logistic regression[J] Ibis 2000,142: 351～358.
[33]. Guzman J.M.S, G. A. S., Amado C.C, Viejo A.M.D Influence of farming activities in the Iberian Peninsula on the winter habitat use of common crane(Grus grus) in areas of its traditional migratory routes Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment[J] 1999, 72: 207～214.
[34]. Herr A.M, Queen L.P. Crane Habitat Evaluation Using GIS and Remote Sensing Photogram metric Engineering & Remote Sensing [J] 1993, 59(10): 1531～1538.
[35]. Hogmander H., M. J. Estimating distribution maps from atlas data using methods of Statistical Image Analysis [J] Biometrics 1995, 51: 393～404.
[36]. Aviles M. A. Time budget and habitat use of the Common crane wintering in dehesas of southwestern Spain [J] Journal of Canada Zoology 2003, 81:1233～1238.
[37]. Aviles M. A. Common cranes Grus grus and habitat management in holm oak dehesas of Spain [J] Biodiversity and Conservation2004, 13: 2015～2025.
[38]. Layers C.P.,Haines-Young, Avery M.I. The habitat associations of dunlin(Calidris alpina) in the Flow Country of northern Scotland and an improved model for predicting habitat quality[J] Journal of Applied Ecology 1996,33:279～290.
[39]. Guisan A, Zimmermann N.E Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology [J] Ecological Modelling 2000, 135: 147～186.
[40]. Osborne P. E., Tigar B. J. Interpreting bird atlas data using logistic models: an example from Lesotho, Southern Africa [J] Journal of Applied Ecology 1992, 29: 52～62.
[41]. Pan W. Akaike's Information Criterion in generalized Estimating Equations [J] Biometrics 2001, 57: 120～125.
[42]. Pearce J., Simon Ferrier Evaluating the predictive performance of habitat models developed using logistic regression [J]. Ecological Modeling 2000, 133: 225～245.
[43]. Pereira J. M. C., Itami R.M. GIS-Based habitat modeling using Logistic Multiple Regression: A study of the Mt. Graham Red Squirrel [J] Photogram metric Engineering & Remote Sensing 1991, 57(11): 1475～1486.
[44]. Levin S.A. The problem of pattern and scale in Ecology [J] Ecology 1992, 73(6): 1943～1967.
[45]. Walsh A.L, Harris S. Factors determining the abundance of vespertilionid bats in Britain: geographical, land class and local habitat relationships [J] Journal of Applied Ecology 1996, 33: 519～529.
[46]. Wiens J.A., Stenseth N.C. Horne B.V., Ims R.A. Ecological mechanisms and landscape ecology [J] OIKOS 1993,66: 369～380.
[47]．贾非 鸟类栖息地选择研究中的一种数学模型[J] 生物学通报 2003，38(11)：46～47．
[48]．李文军，王子健 丹顶鹤越冬栖息地数学模型的建立[J] 应用生态学报 2000，11(6)：839～842
[49]．张志锋 宫辉力 赵薇 张铁楼 基于3S技术的北京野鸭湖湿地资源的动态变化研究[J] 遥感技术与应用 2003，18(5)：291～296
[50]．Cody, M. L Habitat selection in birds[M]. Academic Press, London, 1985
[51]．马志军 周立志 苏立英 中国鹤类研究文献题录[M] 合肥：安徽大学出版社，2005
[52]．蒋志刚 自然保护野外研究技术[M]．北京：中国林业出版社，2000
[53]．张文彤 董伟，2004 SPSS统计分析高级教程[M] 北京：高等教育出版社
[54]．黑龙江省林业厅．国际鹤类保护与研究[M] 北京：中国林业出版社，1990
[55]．徐宏发 赵云龙 上海市崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区科学考察集[M] 北京：中国林业出版社，2005
[56]．马逸清 中国鹤类研究文集[M] 哈尔滨：黑龙江省教育出版社，1986
[57]．赛道建，王禄东，刘相甫，孙丰霞．在黄河三角洲越冬的鹤类[J]．动物学杂志，1993，28(6)：33～34
[58]．张跃文，金连奎．辽宁首次发现灰鹤越冬群[J]．野生动物，1993，(4)：26～26
[59]．张龙胜，山西河津市黄河滩涂灰鹤越冬数量调查[M] 山西大学学报(自然科学版) 1998，21(2)：183～187
[60]．王宝娟 胡东 刘晓燕 陈卫 北京野鸭湖湿地植物区系分析[J] 首都师范大学学报(自然科学版) 2004，25
[61]．王颖 宫辉力 赵文吉等 北京野鸭湖湿地资源变化特征[J] 地理学报 2005，60(4)：656～664
[62]．贾非，王楠，郑光美 白马鸡繁殖早期栖息地选择和空间分布[J] 动物学报 2005，51(3)：383～392