人力资本对城市竞争力的作用机理与实证研究
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摘要
随着全球经济的迅速发展,城市之间的竞争日趋激烈。研究城市竞争力中的人力资本及其投资问题具有重大的理论与现实意义。本文以城市竞争力和人力资本理论为基础,以人力资本及其投资对城市竞争力的影响机制为主线,通过建立相关分析框架与理论模型,采用多种计量方法,从不同层面上展开实证研究,有效验证了人力资本与城市竞争力之间的内在关系和相互作用机理,并据此提出相应的政策与建议。
首先,从人力资本形成的特性出发,确定出了影响人力资本形成的四大要素——教育、培训、健康和迁移。创造性地提出了人力资本生命周期的概念,讨论了在不同生命周期人力资本的四大影响因素对其形成的作用。其次,在研究和分析国内外城市竞争力理论模型的基础上,结合人力资本的内在运行规律,建立了人力资本对城市竞争力的作用模型。在该模型中系统建立了人力资本与科技创新、企业发展、产业结构的内在关系,形成了一个三层次的理论研究模型。在此基础上进一步构建了人力资本与城市竞争力的结构方程概念模型,选择全国地市一级的267个城市为研究样本,搜集相关数据后输入LISREL8.7软件进行结构方程模型的拟合,研究所提出的十个假设中有九个的T值和完全标准化参数估计值均达到要求,假设得到了验证。研究结果表明：人力资本通过对科技创新、企业发展和产业结构的作用而对城市竞争力产生重要的影响,但人力资本通过对城市基础设施来影响城市竞争力的作用并不显著。接着,对人力资本投资与城市竞争力的动态关系进行了实证研究。以西安市为研究对象,对该城市从1975～2005年的人力资本投资与城市竞争力之间的时间序列关系进行验证。先运用协整分析探讨二者之间的长期稳定关系和短期均衡关系,再进一步运用格兰杰因果关系检验法考察两者之间的因果关系。研究表明：人力资本投资对城市竞争力的短期影响是很小的,而对城市竞争力的长期影响比较显著,则两者存在着一个长期稳定的比例关系；城市竞争力与人力资本投资之间存在着明显的互动关系,即人力资本投资能够带动城市竞争力的提高,而城市竞争力的迅速提高也会使得人力资本投资加快,二者之间是一个互相促进互相增长的关系。最后,从人力资本的健康、教育、培训和迁移的要素出发,提出了城市人力资本投资的制度安排与建议。第一,完善城市医疗健康体系,需要做好城市公共卫生服务建设,实施医疗保险体系。第二,加强教育体系的构建,主要是指基础性的教育和高等教育,包括多渠道筹集教育经费,积极扶持民办教育等。第三是人力资本的就业培训和职业培训,尤其要加强对专业人力资本的特殊培训。第四,充分发挥市场和中介的社会化服务作用,扫除人力资本迁移的制度障碍,营造高层次人力资本流动的宽松环境。
本论文的研究成果将有助于进一步深化对城市竞争力问题的研究,也为人力资本理论在经济管理实践中的应用做出了新的探索。
With the rapid development of the global economy, the competitiveness among cities becomes increasing fiercely. Researching on human capital investment in city competitiveness is of great theoretical and practical significance. This article was on the basic of city competitiveness and human capital theory, and made use of the influence system of city competitiveness by human capital investment as the main line, and by establishing of the correlative analysis framework and theoretical model, it launched empirical analysis from different levels, consequently, verified the interrelationship and interaction mechanism between human capital and city competitiveness, and according to which the policy and recommendations were advanced.First, with the beginning of the characteristic of human capital formation, four factors affecting human capital formation were confirmed:namely, education, train, health and transference. The author creatively proposed the concept of human capital lifecycle, and discussed the effects on the formations of it taken by the four major factors affecting human capital at different phases. Secondly, on the basis of researching on and analyzing various models of city competitiveness, the model in which human capital take effect on city competitiveness was established. In this model, internal relations of human capital with technological innovation, enterprise development and industrial structure was systematically constructed, and according to which structure equation modeling of studying on the relationship between human capital and city competitiveness was built. In the empirical studies,267cities which are at the municipal level were selected as the study samples and relevant dates were gathered and put in LISREL8.7 software for structural equation model fitting. In the studies, the value of T in nine of the 10 hypothetical and the fully standard parameters met the requirements estimated, and assumes have been verified. The empirical study results showed that:urban human capital has an important impact on city competitiveness by taking effect on science and technological innovation, enterprise development, while, the role of human capital making use of the urban infrastructure to influence city competitiveness is not significant. Then, the dynamic relationship between human capital investment and urban competitiveness was carried out for an empirical research. Taking Xi'an for a study object, the time series relationship between human capital investment and city competitiveness from 1975 to 2005 has been validated. First, making use of cointegration analysis is to discuss the long-term stability relationship and the short-term relationship between the two, further by Granger causality test inspected the causal relationship between the two. Empirical studies show that:human capital investment take a very small short-term impact on city competitiveness, while, the long-term impact which human capital investment takes on city competitiveness is more significant. Thus, there is the existence of a long-term and stable proportion relationship between city competitiveness and human capital;and there is a clear interaction, namely, human capital investment can promote the improvement of city competitiveness and rapid economic development of urban will also make human capital speed up. The relationship between the two is a co-promoted growth of mutual relations.
Finally, from four different points of view of human capital, institutional arrangements and proposals about city human capital investment were advanced. First, making urban community sanitary services do well need construct good medical treatment and carry out health and foundational education issues; Second, enhancing the constructing of education system is mainly about basic education and junior education, including financing for education by multiple channels, and supporting private education actively.Third, enhance human capital's employment training and occupation training, especially enhance the training on special human capital and government management human capital. Fourth, It should fully show the effect of the market and intermediary socialist service, clear out the system obstacles of human capital transference, and create the loosely environment where high level human capital flows.
In this paper, the research results will help deepen studying on city competitiveness; also has made new explorations of the applications of human capital theory in the practice of economic and management.
首先,从人力资本形成的特性出发,确定出了影响人力资本形成的四大要素——教育、培训、健康和迁移。创造性地提出了人力资本生命周期的概念,讨论了在不同生命周期人力资本的四大影响因素对其形成的作用。其次,在研究和分析国内外城市竞争力理论模型的基础上,结合人力资本的内在运行规律,建立了人力资本对城市竞争力的作用模型。在该模型中系统建立了人力资本与科技创新、企业发展、产业结构的内在关系,形成了一个三层次的理论研究模型。在此基础上进一步构建了人力资本与城市竞争力的结构方程概念模型,选择全国地市一级的267个城市为研究样本,搜集相关数据后输入LISREL8.7软件进行结构方程模型的拟合,研究所提出的十个假设中有九个的T值和完全标准化参数估计值均达到要求,假设得到了验证。研究结果表明：人力资本通过对科技创新、企业发展和产业结构的作用而对城市竞争力产生重要的影响,但人力资本通过对城市基础设施来影响城市竞争力的作用并不显著。接着,对人力资本投资与城市竞争力的动态关系进行了实证研究。以西安市为研究对象,对该城市从1975～2005年的人力资本投资与城市竞争力之间的时间序列关系进行验证。先运用协整分析探讨二者之间的长期稳定关系和短期均衡关系,再进一步运用格兰杰因果关系检验法考察两者之间的因果关系。研究表明：人力资本投资对城市竞争力的短期影响是很小的,而对城市竞争力的长期影响比较显著,则两者存在着一个长期稳定的比例关系；城市竞争力与人力资本投资之间存在着明显的互动关系,即人力资本投资能够带动城市竞争力的提高,而城市竞争力的迅速提高也会使得人力资本投资加快,二者之间是一个互相促进互相增长的关系。最后,从人力资本的健康、教育、培训和迁移的要素出发,提出了城市人力资本投资的制度安排与建议。第一,完善城市医疗健康体系,需要做好城市公共卫生服务建设,实施医疗保险体系。第二,加强教育体系的构建,主要是指基础性的教育和高等教育,包括多渠道筹集教育经费,积极扶持民办教育等。第三是人力资本的就业培训和职业培训,尤其要加强对专业人力资本的特殊培训。第四,充分发挥市场和中介的社会化服务作用,扫除人力资本迁移的制度障碍,营造高层次人力资本流动的宽松环境。
本论文的研究成果将有助于进一步深化对城市竞争力问题的研究,也为人力资本理论在经济管理实践中的应用做出了新的探索。
With the rapid development of the global economy, the competitiveness among cities becomes increasing fiercely. Researching on human capital investment in city competitiveness is of great theoretical and practical significance. This article was on the basic of city competitiveness and human capital theory, and made use of the influence system of city competitiveness by human capital investment as the main line, and by establishing of the correlative analysis framework and theoretical model, it launched empirical analysis from different levels, consequently, verified the interrelationship and interaction mechanism between human capital and city competitiveness, and according to which the policy and recommendations were advanced.First, with the beginning of the characteristic of human capital formation, four factors affecting human capital formation were confirmed:namely, education, train, health and transference. The author creatively proposed the concept of human capital lifecycle, and discussed the effects on the formations of it taken by the four major factors affecting human capital at different phases. Secondly, on the basis of researching on and analyzing various models of city competitiveness, the model in which human capital take effect on city competitiveness was established. In this model, internal relations of human capital with technological innovation, enterprise development and industrial structure was systematically constructed, and according to which structure equation modeling of studying on the relationship between human capital and city competitiveness was built. In the empirical studies,267cities which are at the municipal level were selected as the study samples and relevant dates were gathered and put in LISREL8.7 software for structural equation model fitting. In the studies, the value of T in nine of the 10 hypothetical and the fully standard parameters met the requirements estimated, and assumes have been verified. The empirical study results showed that:urban human capital has an important impact on city competitiveness by taking effect on science and technological innovation, enterprise development, while, the role of human capital making use of the urban infrastructure to influence city competitiveness is not significant. Then, the dynamic relationship between human capital investment and urban competitiveness was carried out for an empirical research. Taking Xi'an for a study object, the time series relationship between human capital investment and city competitiveness from 1975 to 2005 has been validated. First, making use of cointegration analysis is to discuss the long-term stability relationship and the short-term relationship between the two, further by Granger causality test inspected the causal relationship between the two. Empirical studies show that:human capital investment take a very small short-term impact on city competitiveness, while, the long-term impact which human capital investment takes on city competitiveness is more significant. Thus, there is the existence of a long-term and stable proportion relationship between city competitiveness and human capital;and there is a clear interaction, namely, human capital investment can promote the improvement of city competitiveness and rapid economic development of urban will also make human capital speed up. The relationship between the two is a co-promoted growth of mutual relations.
Finally, from four different points of view of human capital, institutional arrangements and proposals about city human capital investment were advanced. First, making urban community sanitary services do well need construct good medical treatment and carry out health and foundational education issues; Second, enhancing the constructing of education system is mainly about basic education and junior education, including financing for education by multiple channels, and supporting private education actively.Third, enhance human capital's employment training and occupation training, especially enhance the training on special human capital and government management human capital. Fourth, It should fully show the effect of the market and intermediary socialist service, clear out the system obstacles of human capital transference, and create the loosely environment where high level human capital flows.
In this paper, the research results will help deepen studying on city competitiveness; also has made new explorations of the applications of human capital theory in the practice of economic and management.
引文
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