摩擦式精密排种器的设计与试验研究
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摘要
排种器是精密播种机的核心部件，其性能是保证精密播种机工作质量的前提。随着现代农业科学技术的发展，播种机已成为实现高效、优质、低耗农业生产的关键性技术装备。本论文针对机械式排种器存在排种频率低、种子损伤率高等问题，结合黑龙江省教育厅科学技术研究项目(11551043)，在对国内外相关技术研究的基础上，应用农业机械设计学、计算机仿真、高速摄影等理论和方法，对摩擦式排种器进行了理论分析、结构设计及试验研究。
大豆种子物理力学特性研究为排种器的分析、设计提供了基本参数和设计依据。通过实验测试获得了部分大豆种子的长轴、短轴、中轴直径及单粒质量等数据，计算获得了大豆种子的算数平均径、几何平均径、单粒大豆体积、球形率、密度等基本物理参数；采用倾斜法测试了大豆与聚氯乙烯板、冷轧钢板、镀锌钢板、有机玻璃的静摩擦系数；采用直接剪切法测试了大豆籽粒的内摩擦角；采用注入法测试了大豆籽粒的休止角；通过对整粒大豆的挤压试验，获得了大豆籽粒的最大挤压力、名义抗压极限、弹性模量。
提出了摩擦充种原理，基于该原理设计了新型排种器。通过可行性试验研究表明：依靠摩擦元件、型孔轮对种子的摩擦力使种子流动、受压，来提高排种频率是可行的；立式圆盘结构在充种空间、清种形式等方面优于外窝眼式结构。设计了摩擦型立式圆盘排种器总体结构及壳体、摩擦式排种盘、充种结构、清种钢丝、型孔防堵机构、投种装置等关键部件。
通过对充种力理论分析，获得充种区内种子群各横截面及纵向截面的压力。选用电测法采用全桥单片组桥方案测试了压板对种子的正压力，采用二次正交旋转回归试验设计方法，研究了排种器参数对种子正压力的影响。通过高速影像研究发现，种子充填可以分为直接滑入型孔、慢速挤入型孔、高线速度滑入型孔三种情况；型孔与种子之间的适应性对排种均匀性有较大影响。研究了排种盘转速对充种空间内流出种子粒数及每转流出种子粒数的影响。
基于滑出、滚出型孔的清种原理，设计了新型清种结构。通过对常用的刚性清种板、弹性清种板、旋转清种轮清种过程进行受力分析，把种子受力分为滑出型孔可清种、保持在型孔内不可清种、自锁运动清种三种受力状态，并对种子自锁时运动清种过程进行了分析，发现清种轮容易使种子滚出型孔的清种机理。设计了新型钢丝机械清种结构，对其清种过程进行受力分析及运动仿真分析，探索钢丝清种机理。针对摩擦型立式圆盘排种器提出了采用重力、机械（钢丝）联合清种的方式，通过高速影像观察该方式清种效果良好。
为了提高摩擦型立式圆盘排种器投种的精确性，减小投种过程中种子与土壤接触时种子滑移、弹跳对播种均匀性的影响，在直接投种排种器的基础上设计了二次投种装置，来降低投种口高度，减小种子相对种沟的水平速度及下落速度，提高播种均匀性。对投种过程中的种子进行运动仿真分析及高速影像研究，研究了各因素对种子轨迹、速度、加速度及种子受力的影响，研究了排种盘转速对一次投种口位置、宽度及投种管长度的影响。
采用三因素五水平二次正交旋转回归试验设计方法，对排种器参数进行了优化分析。摩擦型立式圆盘排种器结构简单、性能可靠、排种质量高，可以满足大豆作物高速精密播种的要求。
Planting is an important part of agricultural production process, according to agricultural technologyrequired to planting on time, adequate seeds, environmental conditions, to ensure crop growth anddevelopment. In order to ensure operational efficiency, reduce fuel consumption, supporting the rationalityof the timeliness and the large area planting requirements, the operating speed and seed frequency of seederreached higher requirements. To this end, the mechanical precision metering device has been researched. Tomeet the precision seeding performance, seed-filling acting and dropping frequency were improved. Thehigh-speed precision planting of small size crop or soybeans was expected.
Research of physical properties of soybean seeds provides basic parameter and design basis of seedmetering device. Through experimental testing it is obtained the long-axis diameter of, short axis diameter,middle diameter, and single seed mass of soybean seed. According to the basic data it is obtained ofsoybean seed arithmetic even diameter, geometric even diameter, single seed volume, spherical rate,density and other physical parameters. Using the tilt test, static friction coefficient of soybean and such asPVC plate cold-roll steel sheets, galvanized steel sheet, polymethyl methacrylate are tested. Using directshear test method, soybean seed internal friction angle is tested. Using injection method, angle of repose ofsoybean seed is tested. Base on the whole soybean compressive test, it is obtained the soybean seedscompression properties, nominal compressive limit, and elastic modulus.
The friction principle of seed was put forward, according to the friction principle a new typeseed-metering device was designed. Through friction seed-metering device of cell wheel feed type andvertical disc type was tested, the performance experiment demonstrated that the seeds were driven to flowby the friction on the friction part and model-hole and the filling power increased as well as the efficiencywas improved. The vertical plate precision seed-metering device is fined than cell wheel feed precisionseed-metering device on the seed entering space and seed-dropping device. A new type seed-meteringdevice was design on arranged structure, shell, friction seed-plate, seed entering space, seed-droppingdevice etc.
Based on the theoretical analysis of filling force, seeds cross section and longitudinal cross-sectionpressure was obtained in the seed entering space. A central composite relatable orthogonal experimentaldesign of response surface methodology was employed to develop the second order polynomial regressionmodels.
Positive pressure of seed was obtained in the electric measurement. Using high-speed imagingtechnique founded: seed filling is direct slide type-hole, slow squeezing type-hole, and high speed slidinginto the type-hole. And seeding uniformity is affected by the type-hole and seed shape, size. Seed fillingspace within the outflow of seed particle number and seed number per turn were investigated on the seedplate rotate speed.
Based on slide-out, roll out seed-clearing principles, a new type of seed-clearing structure wasdesigned. The mechanical analysis for commonly seed-clearing structure of rigid clear plate, elastic clearplate, rotate wheel. The seed-clearing type is that seed slid off the hole to clearing-seed, seeds remain in thetype-hole can not be clear, seeds self-locking movement clearing-seed. The kinematics analysis ofself-locking seeds was analyzed. The rotate seed-clearing mechanism has been discovered. A new type ofwire machinery clearing-seed structure was designed. The mechanical and kinematics of seeds wereanalyzed in wire-steel seed-clearing process. Wire clear mechanism was explored. The clearing-seed ofjoint gravity and mechanical is used in the friction vertical plate precision seed-metering device. Usinghigh-speed imaging technique to observe, clearing-seed was fine.
In order to improve accuracy of throwing of friction vertical plate precision seed-metering device,reduce the seed slipping, bouncing on seed uniformity influences of dropping process. twice droppingdevice was designed based on direct seed-dropping device. The dropping mouth height was reduced. TheSeed relative seed-ditch horizontal velocity and the falling speed were reduced. The seed space wasimproved uniformity. The seed of seed-dropping process was analyzed by motion simulation andhigh-speed image analysis. Seed trajectory, velocity, acceleration, and seeds force were analyzed on variousfactors. The direct seed-dropping mouth position and width, seed-dropping tube length was analyzed onvarious seed plate rotate speed. Seeds were collision and bouncing in the rotate seed-dropping tube.
A central composite relatable orthogonal experimental design of response surface methodology wasemployed to develop the second order polynomial regression models. An optimum combination ofseed-metering device parameters was obtained. Friction vertical plate precision seed-metering device issimple structure, reliable performance, high quality, and high speed for precision seeding soybean crops.
大豆种子物理力学特性研究为排种器的分析、设计提供了基本参数和设计依据。通过实验测试获得了部分大豆种子的长轴、短轴、中轴直径及单粒质量等数据，计算获得了大豆种子的算数平均径、几何平均径、单粒大豆体积、球形率、密度等基本物理参数；采用倾斜法测试了大豆与聚氯乙烯板、冷轧钢板、镀锌钢板、有机玻璃的静摩擦系数；采用直接剪切法测试了大豆籽粒的内摩擦角；采用注入法测试了大豆籽粒的休止角；通过对整粒大豆的挤压试验，获得了大豆籽粒的最大挤压力、名义抗压极限、弹性模量。
提出了摩擦充种原理，基于该原理设计了新型排种器。通过可行性试验研究表明：依靠摩擦元件、型孔轮对种子的摩擦力使种子流动、受压，来提高排种频率是可行的；立式圆盘结构在充种空间、清种形式等方面优于外窝眼式结构。设计了摩擦型立式圆盘排种器总体结构及壳体、摩擦式排种盘、充种结构、清种钢丝、型孔防堵机构、投种装置等关键部件。
通过对充种力理论分析，获得充种区内种子群各横截面及纵向截面的压力。选用电测法采用全桥单片组桥方案测试了压板对种子的正压力，采用二次正交旋转回归试验设计方法，研究了排种器参数对种子正压力的影响。通过高速影像研究发现，种子充填可以分为直接滑入型孔、慢速挤入型孔、高线速度滑入型孔三种情况；型孔与种子之间的适应性对排种均匀性有较大影响。研究了排种盘转速对充种空间内流出种子粒数及每转流出种子粒数的影响。
基于滑出、滚出型孔的清种原理，设计了新型清种结构。通过对常用的刚性清种板、弹性清种板、旋转清种轮清种过程进行受力分析，把种子受力分为滑出型孔可清种、保持在型孔内不可清种、自锁运动清种三种受力状态，并对种子自锁时运动清种过程进行了分析，发现清种轮容易使种子滚出型孔的清种机理。设计了新型钢丝机械清种结构，对其清种过程进行受力分析及运动仿真分析，探索钢丝清种机理。针对摩擦型立式圆盘排种器提出了采用重力、机械（钢丝）联合清种的方式，通过高速影像观察该方式清种效果良好。
为了提高摩擦型立式圆盘排种器投种的精确性，减小投种过程中种子与土壤接触时种子滑移、弹跳对播种均匀性的影响，在直接投种排种器的基础上设计了二次投种装置，来降低投种口高度，减小种子相对种沟的水平速度及下落速度，提高播种均匀性。对投种过程中的种子进行运动仿真分析及高速影像研究，研究了各因素对种子轨迹、速度、加速度及种子受力的影响，研究了排种盘转速对一次投种口位置、宽度及投种管长度的影响。
采用三因素五水平二次正交旋转回归试验设计方法，对排种器参数进行了优化分析。摩擦型立式圆盘排种器结构简单、性能可靠、排种质量高，可以满足大豆作物高速精密播种的要求。
Planting is an important part of agricultural production process, according to agricultural technologyrequired to planting on time, adequate seeds, environmental conditions, to ensure crop growth anddevelopment. In order to ensure operational efficiency, reduce fuel consumption, supporting the rationalityof the timeliness and the large area planting requirements, the operating speed and seed frequency of seederreached higher requirements. To this end, the mechanical precision metering device has been researched. Tomeet the precision seeding performance, seed-filling acting and dropping frequency were improved. Thehigh-speed precision planting of small size crop or soybeans was expected.
Research of physical properties of soybean seeds provides basic parameter and design basis of seedmetering device. Through experimental testing it is obtained the long-axis diameter of, short axis diameter,middle diameter, and single seed mass of soybean seed. According to the basic data it is obtained ofsoybean seed arithmetic even diameter, geometric even diameter, single seed volume, spherical rate,density and other physical parameters. Using the tilt test, static friction coefficient of soybean and such asPVC plate cold-roll steel sheets, galvanized steel sheet, polymethyl methacrylate are tested. Using directshear test method, soybean seed internal friction angle is tested. Using injection method, angle of repose ofsoybean seed is tested. Base on the whole soybean compressive test, it is obtained the soybean seedscompression properties, nominal compressive limit, and elastic modulus.
The friction principle of seed was put forward, according to the friction principle a new typeseed-metering device was designed. Through friction seed-metering device of cell wheel feed type andvertical disc type was tested, the performance experiment demonstrated that the seeds were driven to flowby the friction on the friction part and model-hole and the filling power increased as well as the efficiencywas improved. The vertical plate precision seed-metering device is fined than cell wheel feed precisionseed-metering device on the seed entering space and seed-dropping device. A new type seed-meteringdevice was design on arranged structure, shell, friction seed-plate, seed entering space, seed-droppingdevice etc.
Based on the theoretical analysis of filling force, seeds cross section and longitudinal cross-sectionpressure was obtained in the seed entering space. A central composite relatable orthogonal experimentaldesign of response surface methodology was employed to develop the second order polynomial regressionmodels.
Positive pressure of seed was obtained in the electric measurement. Using high-speed imagingtechnique founded: seed filling is direct slide type-hole, slow squeezing type-hole, and high speed slidinginto the type-hole. And seeding uniformity is affected by the type-hole and seed shape, size. Seed fillingspace within the outflow of seed particle number and seed number per turn were investigated on the seedplate rotate speed.
Based on slide-out, roll out seed-clearing principles, a new type of seed-clearing structure wasdesigned. The mechanical analysis for commonly seed-clearing structure of rigid clear plate, elastic clearplate, rotate wheel. The seed-clearing type is that seed slid off the hole to clearing-seed, seeds remain in thetype-hole can not be clear, seeds self-locking movement clearing-seed. The kinematics analysis ofself-locking seeds was analyzed. The rotate seed-clearing mechanism has been discovered. A new type ofwire machinery clearing-seed structure was designed. The mechanical and kinematics of seeds wereanalyzed in wire-steel seed-clearing process. Wire clear mechanism was explored. The clearing-seed ofjoint gravity and mechanical is used in the friction vertical plate precision seed-metering device. Usinghigh-speed imaging technique to observe, clearing-seed was fine.
In order to improve accuracy of throwing of friction vertical plate precision seed-metering device,reduce the seed slipping, bouncing on seed uniformity influences of dropping process. twice droppingdevice was designed based on direct seed-dropping device. The dropping mouth height was reduced. TheSeed relative seed-ditch horizontal velocity and the falling speed were reduced. The seed space wasimproved uniformity. The seed of seed-dropping process was analyzed by motion simulation andhigh-speed image analysis. Seed trajectory, velocity, acceleration, and seeds force were analyzed on variousfactors. The direct seed-dropping mouth position and width, seed-dropping tube length was analyzed onvarious seed plate rotate speed. Seeds were collision and bouncing in the rotate seed-dropping tube.
A central composite relatable orthogonal experimental design of response surface methodology wasemployed to develop the second order polynomial regression models. An optimum combination ofseed-metering device parameters was obtained. Friction vertical plate precision seed-metering device issimple structure, reliable performance, high quality, and high speed for precision seeding soybean crops.
引文
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