农药对小菜蛾热生物学特征的影响
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摘要
本文研究了小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella (Linn.))幼虫体温与环境温度的关系,测定了小菜蛾卵、各龄幼虫、蛹及成虫的过冷却点及冰点,观察了小菜蛾幼虫由高温环境转移至低温环境及由低温环境转移至高温环境时的生理性体温调节能力,探讨了阿维菌素、毒死蜱、氟虫腈、高效氯氰菊酯4种小菜蛾防治药剂处理对小菜蛾3龄幼虫体温、体温调节能力、过冷却点及冰点的影响。主要结果如下:
1小菜蛾的生理性体温调节能力较弱,各龄幼虫的体温都与环境温度相近。但是当环境温度设定为16℃或20℃时,小菜蛾幼虫能够通过有限的生理性体温调节能力使其体温高于环境温度,而当环境温度设定为30℃或35℃时,体温略低于环境温度。无论是将小菜蛾幼虫由高温环境转移至低温环境还是将小菜蛾幼虫由低温环境转移至高温环境,其体温都能在较短时间内接近环境温度。阿维菌素、毒死蜱、氟虫腈、高效氯氰菊酯4种药剂处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫后,虽然对其体温调节能力有一定影响,但总体影响较小。
2与恒温动物的研究结果相似,农药处理后小菜蛾体温也表现了初期试虫体温有所降低,其后有所升高的现象。这种现象在环境温度为25℃或30℃时较为明显。以25℃环境下毒死蜱处理为例,处理后12h,被毒死蜱处理过的试虫除800mg/L浓度的处理外,试虫体温都低于对照,其中对照试虫体温为25.19℃,200mg/L浓度处理试虫体温为24.45℃,显著降低(P<0.05);其后毒死蜱处理过试虫体温逐渐高于对照试虫,至48h全部毒死蜱处理试虫体温都高于对照试虫。如对照试虫的体温为24.74℃,100mg/L浓度毒死蜱处理过的试虫体温为25.28℃,差异显著(P<0.05)。
3小菜蛾的过冷却点及结冰点测定结果表明,小菜蛾卵、1-4龄幼虫、蛹、成虫的过冷却点依次为-17.94℃、-7.91℃、-8.57℃、-16.21℃、-13.53℃、-17.07℃及-15.91℃;结冰点依次为-17.73℃、-6.79℃、-6.70℃、-14.73℃、-3.63℃、-16.40℃和-14.95℃。农药处理后对小菜蛾3龄幼虫过冷却点和结冰点都可能产生影响,但是影响结果随农药种类、浓度及处理时间不同而不同。以氟虫腈为例,处理后24h,处理中试虫过冷却点较之对照有所升高,如对照试虫过冷却点为-6.46℃,而1.0mg/L氟虫腈处理过试虫过冷却点为-4.15℃,显著升高(P<0.05);但是48h,除0.5mg/L氟虫腈处理过的试虫外,其余处理试虫过冷却点都与对照试虫相近。有关农药处理对结冰点的影响与过冷却点相似。
In this thesis, the interrelationship between the body temperature of the larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linn.) , and the environmental temperature was investigated, the supercooling point as well as the freezing point of each life stage of diamondback moth was measured, the thermoregulation ability of diamondback moth larvae either from a higher temperature environment to a lower one or from a lower one to a higher one was observed and the effect of 4 insecticides including abamectin, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and cypermethrin on body temperature, thermoregulation ability, supercooling point and freezing point of 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth was studied. The main results were as follows:
1. The physiological thermoregulation ability of diamondback moth larvae was weak for their bogy temperature was always near to the environmental temperature. But when environmental temperature was set at 16℃or 20℃,their body temperature was a little higher than environmental temperature. On the contrarary, while the environmental temperature was set at 30℃or 35℃, the body temperature was a little lower. Because of the poor thermoregulation ability, the body temperature of the diamondback moth larvae could become same as the environmental temperature within a comparatively short time either when they were removed from a higher temperature environment to a lower one or vice versa. The effect of insecticides on thermoregulation ability of the tested insects was also found to be weak.
2. Just like what was found in the endothermal animals, insecticide exposure could firstly decrease and then increase the body temperature of the tested insects, which could be most easily to see when the environmental temperature was set at 25℃or 30℃. Take chlorpyrifos at 25℃as the example, 12h after treatment, the body temperature of all the treated insects was lower than that of control except those from the treatment of chlorpyrifos at the concentration of 800mg/L. Among them, the body temperature of control insects was 25.19℃, and that of the insects from the concentration of 200mg/L treatment was 24.45℃, which was significantly lower (P<0.05). Then the body temperature of the insects from the chlorpyrifos treatments increased and higher than control 48h after treatments. At this time, the body temperature of control insects was 24.74℃and that from the treatment at 100mg/L was 25.28℃. Also, the difference was significant (P<0.05).
3. The supercooling point of egg, first to 4th instar larvae, pupae and adult of diamondback moth was -17.94℃、-7.91℃、-8.57℃、-16.21℃、-13.53℃、-17.07℃and -15.91℃, respectively and the freezing point was -17.73℃、-6.79℃、-6.70℃、-14.73℃、-3.63℃、-16.40℃and -14.95℃, respectively. Effect of insecticide treatment on supercooling point or freezing point of the tested insects could be seen, but that varied with the insecticide type, concentration and the duration after treatment. For example, 24h after fipronil treatment, the supercooling point of the insects from the treatment of 1.0 mg/L was -4.15℃and it was significantly higher than that of control, which was -6.46℃(P<0.05). The effect of insecticides on freezing point was similar with that on supercooling point.
1小菜蛾的生理性体温调节能力较弱,各龄幼虫的体温都与环境温度相近。但是当环境温度设定为16℃或20℃时,小菜蛾幼虫能够通过有限的生理性体温调节能力使其体温高于环境温度,而当环境温度设定为30℃或35℃时,体温略低于环境温度。无论是将小菜蛾幼虫由高温环境转移至低温环境还是将小菜蛾幼虫由低温环境转移至高温环境,其体温都能在较短时间内接近环境温度。阿维菌素、毒死蜱、氟虫腈、高效氯氰菊酯4种药剂处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫后,虽然对其体温调节能力有一定影响,但总体影响较小。
2与恒温动物的研究结果相似,农药处理后小菜蛾体温也表现了初期试虫体温有所降低,其后有所升高的现象。这种现象在环境温度为25℃或30℃时较为明显。以25℃环境下毒死蜱处理为例,处理后12h,被毒死蜱处理过的试虫除800mg/L浓度的处理外,试虫体温都低于对照,其中对照试虫体温为25.19℃,200mg/L浓度处理试虫体温为24.45℃,显著降低(P<0.05);其后毒死蜱处理过试虫体温逐渐高于对照试虫,至48h全部毒死蜱处理试虫体温都高于对照试虫。如对照试虫的体温为24.74℃,100mg/L浓度毒死蜱处理过的试虫体温为25.28℃,差异显著(P<0.05)。
3小菜蛾的过冷却点及结冰点测定结果表明,小菜蛾卵、1-4龄幼虫、蛹、成虫的过冷却点依次为-17.94℃、-7.91℃、-8.57℃、-16.21℃、-13.53℃、-17.07℃及-15.91℃;结冰点依次为-17.73℃、-6.79℃、-6.70℃、-14.73℃、-3.63℃、-16.40℃和-14.95℃。农药处理后对小菜蛾3龄幼虫过冷却点和结冰点都可能产生影响,但是影响结果随农药种类、浓度及处理时间不同而不同。以氟虫腈为例,处理后24h,处理中试虫过冷却点较之对照有所升高,如对照试虫过冷却点为-6.46℃,而1.0mg/L氟虫腈处理过试虫过冷却点为-4.15℃,显著升高(P<0.05);但是48h,除0.5mg/L氟虫腈处理过的试虫外,其余处理试虫过冷却点都与对照试虫相近。有关农药处理对结冰点的影响与过冷却点相似。
In this thesis, the interrelationship between the body temperature of the larvae of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Linn.) , and the environmental temperature was investigated, the supercooling point as well as the freezing point of each life stage of diamondback moth was measured, the thermoregulation ability of diamondback moth larvae either from a higher temperature environment to a lower one or from a lower one to a higher one was observed and the effect of 4 insecticides including abamectin, chlorpyrifos, fipronil and cypermethrin on body temperature, thermoregulation ability, supercooling point and freezing point of 3rd instar larvae of diamondback moth was studied. The main results were as follows:
1. The physiological thermoregulation ability of diamondback moth larvae was weak for their bogy temperature was always near to the environmental temperature. But when environmental temperature was set at 16℃or 20℃,their body temperature was a little higher than environmental temperature. On the contrarary, while the environmental temperature was set at 30℃or 35℃, the body temperature was a little lower. Because of the poor thermoregulation ability, the body temperature of the diamondback moth larvae could become same as the environmental temperature within a comparatively short time either when they were removed from a higher temperature environment to a lower one or vice versa. The effect of insecticides on thermoregulation ability of the tested insects was also found to be weak.
2. Just like what was found in the endothermal animals, insecticide exposure could firstly decrease and then increase the body temperature of the tested insects, which could be most easily to see when the environmental temperature was set at 25℃or 30℃. Take chlorpyrifos at 25℃as the example, 12h after treatment, the body temperature of all the treated insects was lower than that of control except those from the treatment of chlorpyrifos at the concentration of 800mg/L. Among them, the body temperature of control insects was 25.19℃, and that of the insects from the concentration of 200mg/L treatment was 24.45℃, which was significantly lower (P<0.05). Then the body temperature of the insects from the chlorpyrifos treatments increased and higher than control 48h after treatments. At this time, the body temperature of control insects was 24.74℃and that from the treatment at 100mg/L was 25.28℃. Also, the difference was significant (P<0.05).
3. The supercooling point of egg, first to 4th instar larvae, pupae and adult of diamondback moth was -17.94℃、-7.91℃、-8.57℃、-16.21℃、-13.53℃、-17.07℃and -15.91℃, respectively and the freezing point was -17.73℃、-6.79℃、-6.70℃、-14.73℃、-3.63℃、-16.40℃and -14.95℃, respectively. Effect of insecticide treatment on supercooling point or freezing point of the tested insects could be seen, but that varied with the insecticide type, concentration and the duration after treatment. For example, 24h after fipronil treatment, the supercooling point of the insects from the treatment of 1.0 mg/L was -4.15℃and it was significantly higher than that of control, which was -6.46℃(P<0.05). The effect of insecticides on freezing point was similar with that on supercooling point.
引文
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