碳纳米管负载锰氧化物的NH_3-SCR反应性能及机理研究
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摘要
碳纳米管是具有纳米管腔结构的一种新型碳材料，具有机械强度高、热稳定性好、限域效应以及良好的导电性等独特的物化性质，已被应用于多个领域，包括作为催化剂载体，而以氨作为还原剂的选择性催化还原技术（NH_3-SCR）是目前国内外用于控制固定源氮氧化物排放的一项主要技术，但是对碳纳米管作为NH_3-SCR催化剂载体的研究相对较少，本文就对其在SCR中的应用进行研究。
本课题选择多壁碳纳米管作为NH_3-SCR的催化剂载体，制备出不同的催化剂，并对系列催化剂进行NH_3-SCR活性评价和结构表征，最后结合原位红外漫反射技术（in situDRIFTS）对反应分子在催化剂表面的吸附物种及反应路径进行了探讨。
用低表面张力的乙醇作为溶剂可以将锰氧化物颗粒均匀附着在碳纳米管两壁，得到两壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂，通过二甲苯暂时性封闭碳纳米管的开口端，使锰氧化物颗粒仅引入到碳管的外壁，并且颗粒大小比较均匀，从而得到外壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂。通过活性评价，发现锰氧化物的引入，明显提高了碳纳米管在SCR脱氮反应的活性，并且在整个温度区间，两壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂在SCR反应中的催化活性优于外壁负载型催化剂，尤其是180-300℃范围内。3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400)在整个测试温度范围内，其催化活性明显高于3%Mn-out-CNT_s_(400)。对于两壁负载型催化剂，随着温度的升高催化活性有很大的提高，在250℃时活性达到最大值，并且3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400)对NO_x的转化率均接近100%。
通过结构表征，发现催化剂3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400)和3%Mn-out-CNT_s_(400)的表面锰元素均以Mn~(3+)和Mn~(4+)共存，分子吸附氧和晶格氧共存，且两种价态的锰和两种氧物种在两种催化剂表面的相对含量很接近，这种共存现象为催化剂在SCR反应中的催化活性提供了有利条件；同时，根据不同焙烧温度下制备出的催化剂XPS测试结果与其活性评价作对比，发现催化剂表面含氧的酸性官能团对SCR催化反应有明显的促进作用。Raman结果显示，当部分锰氧化物被引入到碳纳米管内壁时，Mn-O键有明显的红移现象，说明在碳纳米管管腔中的金属与管内壁之间有更强的相互作用；H_2-TPR结果显示，两壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂中的锰氧化物在整个还原温度范围内由常规的三步还原转变成两步还原过程，进一步说明锰氧化物被限制在一定的纳米空间内，容易被还原，跟其所处的电子环境有一定关系。
In situ DRIFTS技术研究表明，对于两壁负载型和外壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂来说，低温时，负载型碳纳米管催化剂表面NH_3-SCR反应以物理吸附为主，伴有极微弱的化学反应；高温时，催化剂表面SCR反应以遵循L-H机理为主，只是两种催化剂上的关键中间产物有所不同，在两壁负载型催化剂上为[NH_4]_2N_2O_2，而外壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂上则为[NH_2]_2N_2O_2。
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as one of the new carbon material, have been reported to beapplied in the various fields based on their unique electronic properties and nano-channelstructure, such as high mechanical strength, thermol-chemical stability, confinement effect,and well conductivity, etc. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_xwith NH_3is one of themost effective flue gas cleaning technologies for stationary sources, but CNTs as the carrier ofNH_3-SCR catalysts still need to be studied.
A series of MnO_x/MWCNTs catalysts were prepared by the different methods. Thecatalytic activity messurement and chemical characteristics were carried out. And then thereaction process on the surface was discussed by in situ DRIFTS analysis.
For loading MnO_xparticles on both inside and outside surfaces of CNTs, ethanol wasused as a solvent for manganese acetate because of its low surface tension, which canfacilitate the introduction of metal salt solution into CNT channels by a wet chemical method.For introducing MnO_xparticles only outside the CNT channels, xylene was chosen totemporarily block the CNT channels before decoration of the exterior CNT surface withMnO_x. Deionized water was used as a solvent for manganese acetate, which can preventmanganese acetate from infiltrating the channels. It was found that MnO_xenhanced thecatalytic activity of CNTs in NH_3-SCR, and Mn-both-CNTs played the better activity thanMn-out-CNTs all over the whole temperature range, especially3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400)in180-300℃. For Mn-both-CNTs, the catalytic activity increased with the increasingtemperature. NO_xconversion can reach nearly100%at250℃over3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400).
It was found that Mn~(3+)and Mn~(4+)coexisted and the relative ratio between them was verysimilar on the surface between3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400)and3%Mn-out-CNT_s_(400), and somolecule adsorbed oxygen and lattice oxygen was. This coexistence and the surface acidfunctional group can increase the catalytic activity. The result of Raman showed that theMn-O band had the distinct red shift when some manganese was confined in the CNTchannels. In addition, the catalyst,3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400), showed a two-step reduction process of the MnO_x, which illustrated the stronger interaction between metallic oxides and the innersurface when part of metal oxides was introduced into the CNT channel. It could be easier forthe inside metal to donate more electrons, leading to be reduced easily.
DRIFTS found that the reactant was physically absorbed on the catalyst surface at thelow temperature, along with very weak chemical reaction. However, catalytic reaction tookplace and the routine of the SCR reaction on the MnO_x/MWCNTs catalysts mainly belongedto the L-H mechanism at the high temperature, but different intermediate products could bedetected between these two catalysts. One was [NH_4]_2N_2O_2，and another was [NH_2]_2N_2O_2.
本课题选择多壁碳纳米管作为NH_3-SCR的催化剂载体，制备出不同的催化剂，并对系列催化剂进行NH_3-SCR活性评价和结构表征，最后结合原位红外漫反射技术（in situDRIFTS）对反应分子在催化剂表面的吸附物种及反应路径进行了探讨。
用低表面张力的乙醇作为溶剂可以将锰氧化物颗粒均匀附着在碳纳米管两壁，得到两壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂，通过二甲苯暂时性封闭碳纳米管的开口端，使锰氧化物颗粒仅引入到碳管的外壁，并且颗粒大小比较均匀，从而得到外壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂。通过活性评价，发现锰氧化物的引入，明显提高了碳纳米管在SCR脱氮反应的活性，并且在整个温度区间，两壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂在SCR反应中的催化活性优于外壁负载型催化剂，尤其是180-300℃范围内。3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400)在整个测试温度范围内，其催化活性明显高于3%Mn-out-CNT_s_(400)。对于两壁负载型催化剂，随着温度的升高催化活性有很大的提高，在250℃时活性达到最大值，并且3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400)对NO_x的转化率均接近100%。
通过结构表征，发现催化剂3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400)和3%Mn-out-CNT_s_(400)的表面锰元素均以Mn~(3+)和Mn~(4+)共存，分子吸附氧和晶格氧共存，且两种价态的锰和两种氧物种在两种催化剂表面的相对含量很接近，这种共存现象为催化剂在SCR反应中的催化活性提供了有利条件；同时，根据不同焙烧温度下制备出的催化剂XPS测试结果与其活性评价作对比，发现催化剂表面含氧的酸性官能团对SCR催化反应有明显的促进作用。Raman结果显示，当部分锰氧化物被引入到碳纳米管内壁时，Mn-O键有明显的红移现象，说明在碳纳米管管腔中的金属与管内壁之间有更强的相互作用；H_2-TPR结果显示，两壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂中的锰氧化物在整个还原温度范围内由常规的三步还原转变成两步还原过程，进一步说明锰氧化物被限制在一定的纳米空间内，容易被还原，跟其所处的电子环境有一定关系。
In situ DRIFTS技术研究表明，对于两壁负载型和外壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂来说，低温时，负载型碳纳米管催化剂表面NH_3-SCR反应以物理吸附为主，伴有极微弱的化学反应；高温时，催化剂表面SCR反应以遵循L-H机理为主，只是两种催化剂上的关键中间产物有所不同，在两壁负载型催化剂上为[NH_4]_2N_2O_2，而外壁负载型碳纳米管催化剂上则为[NH_2]_2N_2O_2。
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as one of the new carbon material, have been reported to beapplied in the various fields based on their unique electronic properties and nano-channelstructure, such as high mechanical strength, thermol-chemical stability, confinement effect,and well conductivity, etc. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_xwith NH_3is one of themost effective flue gas cleaning technologies for stationary sources, but CNTs as the carrier ofNH_3-SCR catalysts still need to be studied.
A series of MnO_x/MWCNTs catalysts were prepared by the different methods. Thecatalytic activity messurement and chemical characteristics were carried out. And then thereaction process on the surface was discussed by in situ DRIFTS analysis.
For loading MnO_xparticles on both inside and outside surfaces of CNTs, ethanol wasused as a solvent for manganese acetate because of its low surface tension, which canfacilitate the introduction of metal salt solution into CNT channels by a wet chemical method.For introducing MnO_xparticles only outside the CNT channels, xylene was chosen totemporarily block the CNT channels before decoration of the exterior CNT surface withMnO_x. Deionized water was used as a solvent for manganese acetate, which can preventmanganese acetate from infiltrating the channels. It was found that MnO_xenhanced thecatalytic activity of CNTs in NH_3-SCR, and Mn-both-CNTs played the better activity thanMn-out-CNTs all over the whole temperature range, especially3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400)in180-300℃. For Mn-both-CNTs, the catalytic activity increased with the increasingtemperature. NO_xconversion can reach nearly100%at250℃over3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400).
It was found that Mn~(3+)and Mn~(4+)coexisted and the relative ratio between them was verysimilar on the surface between3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400)and3%Mn-out-CNT_s_(400), and somolecule adsorbed oxygen and lattice oxygen was. This coexistence and the surface acidfunctional group can increase the catalytic activity. The result of Raman showed that theMn-O band had the distinct red shift when some manganese was confined in the CNTchannels. In addition, the catalyst,3%Mn-both-CNT_s_(400), showed a two-step reduction process of the MnO_x, which illustrated the stronger interaction between metallic oxides and the innersurface when part of metal oxides was introduced into the CNT channel. It could be easier forthe inside metal to donate more electrons, leading to be reduced easily.
DRIFTS found that the reactant was physically absorbed on the catalyst surface at thelow temperature, along with very weak chemical reaction. However, catalytic reaction tookplace and the routine of the SCR reaction on the MnO_x/MWCNTs catalysts mainly belongedto the L-H mechanism at the high temperature, but different intermediate products could bedetected between these two catalysts. One was [NH_4]_2N_2O_2，and another was [NH_2]_2N_2O_2.
引文
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