基于EETP指标的夏热冬冷地区居住建筑围护结构热工性能及经济性研究
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摘要
目前,建筑能耗占全国社会总能耗的27%以上。随着社会经济的不断发展以及人们对居住环境要求的日益提高,建筑能耗的比例正不断增加,预计到2020年,建筑能耗将增长到社会总能耗的35%,建筑节能成为中国节能战略的重点。按照我国节能标准设计的建筑,与发达国家相比相差很大,外墙的导热为发达国家的3~4倍,屋顶是2.5~3.5倍,外窗1.5~2.2倍,门窗透气性为3~6倍,因此围护结构保温隔热水平是建筑节能的重要环节。
本文首先针对夏热冬冷地区特殊的气候条件,提出了居住建筑围护结构整体热工性能评价指标EETP(Evaluation on Energy and Thermal Performance)。EETP是用来衡量建筑单位体积和温差所耗能量的指标,该指标将建筑围护结构整体的热工性能看作一个系统,评价围护结构总体热工性能是否满足标准而不是对局部热工性能技能型规定。为衡量围护结构在不同季节的热工性能,EETP指标划分为空调期指标EETPC、采暖期指标EETPH和全年指标EETPY。EETP指标计算公式的参数包括围护结构几何参数、热工参数以及计算用气象参数。围护结构几何参数包括墙体、屋顶、玻璃窗的面积以及建筑体积等可体现出建筑窗墙比和体形系数的参数;热工参数包括建筑外墙、屋面及外窗的传热系数,外墙、屋面的太阳辐射吸收系数及玻璃的遮阳系数;气象用计算参数是建立在在空调期和采暖期基础上,包括室内外平均温差、屋顶和各朝向墙体等效温差以及标准窗的太阳得热因子,室内外平均温差为空调期或采暖期室外平均温度与室内设计温度的差值,等效温差、标准窗太阳得热因子以及外遮阳系数均采用空调期或采暖期内eQUEST模拟软件反算的方法得到。
选取上海、长沙、韶关和成都四个典型城市作为夏热冬冷地区A、B、C和D四个子区的代表,建立了四个城市EETP指标与建筑负荷和能耗的线性回归方程,包括EETPC与峰值冷负荷、累计耗冷量及空调能耗的回归方程,EETPH与峰值热负荷、累计耗热量及采暖能耗的回归方程,以及EETPY指标与全年能耗的关系。为了验证EETP评价指标的准确性,将计算结果分别与eQUEST和DeST软件模拟结果进行对比分析,结果表明应用EETP法进行能耗及负荷计算是合理的,计算结果是可信的。
为使EETP指标更有效的指导居住建筑围护结构优化设计,将其与《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》(JGJ134-2001)中的规定性指标进行拟合,得到满足该地区标准时上海、长沙、韶关和成都四个城市围护结构EETP指标的极限值,当建筑EET指标值低于该地区EETP指标极限值,则认为达到国脚标准的要求。同时在国家标准的基础上,对不同节能程度时的EETPC、EETPH、EETPY指标极限值进行了计算,其结果可为居住建筑围护结构综合优化提供参考依据。
为了得到不同因素对EETP指标及建筑年能耗的影响,本文重点分析了建筑体型系数、外墙/屋面/外窗的传热系数,外墙/屋面的太阳辐射吸收系数、玻璃的遮阳系数和窗墙比等因素,将各个因素对EETP指标及年能耗的影响进行敏感度系数分析,得到了各因素对四个典型城市空调期、采暖期及全年能耗影响的权重,该结果对围护结构节能改造具有指导意义。
围护结构经济性分析是本文的主要研究目的,论文利用得到的EETP计算方法对建筑围护结构进行了全寿命周期围护结构经济性分析,建立了建筑节能技术经济评价模型。该模型是一个开放的模型,对所有节能方案都可以进行描述,同时还可以将不确定性因素增加到模型中,对基础建筑模型的墙体/屋顶、玻璃窗及多种节能方案进行经济性分析,利用评价结果对方案的优化作为直接指导。
本文最后本章介绍了夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能工作存在的问题,并从完善现有的建筑节能标准、建立基于EETP指标的能效标识体系及建立建筑能耗统计制度三个方面对我国节能政策提出了建议。
At present, it is estimated that the building sector consume 27% of total national energy, with the increasing of economic and requirement on living standards, the proportion for building energy consumption in China is increasing. It is estimated that the building sector consumption will be 35% of total in the year of 2020, building energy conservation becomes the key objective of energy conservation. Buildings constructed according to Chinese energy efficiency design standard have a large disparity with developed countries, the heat conduction coefficients of external wall, roof and windows are 3~4 times, 2.5~3.5 times and 1.5~2.2 times higher than those of developed countries, and air permeability through window and door is 3~6 times higher, so reducing the energy consumption of building envelop is the key link of building energy conservation.
This paper puts forward evaluation of energy and thermal performance (EETP) index for the residential envelopes according to the climate of hot summer and cold winter zone. EETP index is used to judge the energy consumption per building volume and temperature difference between indoor and outdoor,and EETP index regards the whole envelope as a system by judging whether the whole thermal performance meet the standard or not instead of standing on points of each component of building envelope. In order to show the thermal performance of envelopes in different seasons, EETP index is classified into EETPC which is the cooling season index, EETPH which is the heating season index, and EETPY which is the whole year index. Geometrical parameters, thermal parameters and meteorologic parameters are included within EETP expressions. Geometrical parameters of envelope include building volume and areas of wall, roof and window, which can reflect the window to wall ration (WWR), building’s shape coefficient; thermal parameters include heat-transfer coefficients of external wall, roof and window, solar radiation absorptance of external wall and roof, shading coefficient of external window; the meteorologic parameters which is gained based on cooling season and heating season include the mean temperature difference between outdoor and indoor, standard solar factor and the equivalent temperature difference of opaque envelope; the meteorologic parameters are on the basis of cooling and heating season, and have been calculated from the results of energy simulation tool eQUEST.
The four cities of Shanghai, Changsha, Shaoguan, and Chengdu are selected to represent, A, B, C and D subzone of hot summer and cold winter zone in China, respectively. The regression equations of EETP index with cooling/heating load and energy consumption were built up, including the formulae of EETPC with peak cooling load, accumulative cooling load and energy consumption for cooling, respectively, the formulae of EETPH with peak heating load, accumulative heating load, and energy consumption for heating respectively, and the correlation ship of EETPY with energy consumption both for cooling and heating. In order to validate the veracity of the EETP methodology, peak load, accumulative cooling/heating load, and energy consumptions of two cases selected at random have been calculated in the four cities using EETP method, and DeST and eQUEST simulation software, respectively, Results indicate that the algorithm is reasonable, the results are effective and exact.
With the key objective to make EETP an indicator of the impact of the envelop on the energy use in residential buildings, the maximum allowable values of EETP were determined in the four cities when meeting the compulsory indices of“Design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone”(JGJ134-2001), if the EETP value of some building is lower than maximum allowable value, the building meets the Standard. The corresponding allowable EETPC, EETPH, EETPY when achieving different energy-saving degrees on basis of it were also analyzed, these can be the reverences of residential envelope optimization designs.
In order to analyze the effects of influence factors on EETP index and energy consumption, this paper focused on the factors of building’s shape coefficient, heat transfer coefficient of wall/roof/window, solar radiation absorptance of wall/roof, shading coefficient of window and WWR, the sensitivity coefficient of each parameter on EETP index and energy consumption were also calculated, the weight coefficients of each parameter of cooling season, heating season and the whole year were gained in the four cities, it has important meanings to carry out energy conservation on building envelope.
The economic analysis of envelope is the object of this study, the life cycle economic evaluation of building envelop was proposed based on EETP theory, an economic evaluation model for building energy conservation technology was established. The model is exoteric, all energy conservation design can be described, and uncertain factors are contained. The model can optimize the design of basic building components, including walls/roof, windows and insulation layers. Economic evaluation results can be the guidance for the optimization of projects.
Finally, this paper discussed the shortages of energy conservation work in hot summer and cold winter zone, and gave some suggestions from revising energy efficiency standard for residential buildings, improving energy efficiency label and establishing energy consumption statistical system for residential building.
本文首先针对夏热冬冷地区特殊的气候条件,提出了居住建筑围护结构整体热工性能评价指标EETP(Evaluation on Energy and Thermal Performance)。EETP是用来衡量建筑单位体积和温差所耗能量的指标,该指标将建筑围护结构整体的热工性能看作一个系统,评价围护结构总体热工性能是否满足标准而不是对局部热工性能技能型规定。为衡量围护结构在不同季节的热工性能,EETP指标划分为空调期指标EETPC、采暖期指标EETPH和全年指标EETPY。EETP指标计算公式的参数包括围护结构几何参数、热工参数以及计算用气象参数。围护结构几何参数包括墙体、屋顶、玻璃窗的面积以及建筑体积等可体现出建筑窗墙比和体形系数的参数;热工参数包括建筑外墙、屋面及外窗的传热系数,外墙、屋面的太阳辐射吸收系数及玻璃的遮阳系数;气象用计算参数是建立在在空调期和采暖期基础上,包括室内外平均温差、屋顶和各朝向墙体等效温差以及标准窗的太阳得热因子,室内外平均温差为空调期或采暖期室外平均温度与室内设计温度的差值,等效温差、标准窗太阳得热因子以及外遮阳系数均采用空调期或采暖期内eQUEST模拟软件反算的方法得到。
选取上海、长沙、韶关和成都四个典型城市作为夏热冬冷地区A、B、C和D四个子区的代表,建立了四个城市EETP指标与建筑负荷和能耗的线性回归方程,包括EETPC与峰值冷负荷、累计耗冷量及空调能耗的回归方程,EETPH与峰值热负荷、累计耗热量及采暖能耗的回归方程,以及EETPY指标与全年能耗的关系。为了验证EETP评价指标的准确性,将计算结果分别与eQUEST和DeST软件模拟结果进行对比分析,结果表明应用EETP法进行能耗及负荷计算是合理的,计算结果是可信的。
为使EETP指标更有效的指导居住建筑围护结构优化设计,将其与《夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能设计标准》(JGJ134-2001)中的规定性指标进行拟合,得到满足该地区标准时上海、长沙、韶关和成都四个城市围护结构EETP指标的极限值,当建筑EET指标值低于该地区EETP指标极限值,则认为达到国脚标准的要求。同时在国家标准的基础上,对不同节能程度时的EETPC、EETPH、EETPY指标极限值进行了计算,其结果可为居住建筑围护结构综合优化提供参考依据。
为了得到不同因素对EETP指标及建筑年能耗的影响,本文重点分析了建筑体型系数、外墙/屋面/外窗的传热系数,外墙/屋面的太阳辐射吸收系数、玻璃的遮阳系数和窗墙比等因素,将各个因素对EETP指标及年能耗的影响进行敏感度系数分析,得到了各因素对四个典型城市空调期、采暖期及全年能耗影响的权重,该结果对围护结构节能改造具有指导意义。
围护结构经济性分析是本文的主要研究目的,论文利用得到的EETP计算方法对建筑围护结构进行了全寿命周期围护结构经济性分析,建立了建筑节能技术经济评价模型。该模型是一个开放的模型,对所有节能方案都可以进行描述,同时还可以将不确定性因素增加到模型中,对基础建筑模型的墙体/屋顶、玻璃窗及多种节能方案进行经济性分析,利用评价结果对方案的优化作为直接指导。
本文最后本章介绍了夏热冬冷地区居住建筑节能工作存在的问题,并从完善现有的建筑节能标准、建立基于EETP指标的能效标识体系及建立建筑能耗统计制度三个方面对我国节能政策提出了建议。
At present, it is estimated that the building sector consume 27% of total national energy, with the increasing of economic and requirement on living standards, the proportion for building energy consumption in China is increasing. It is estimated that the building sector consumption will be 35% of total in the year of 2020, building energy conservation becomes the key objective of energy conservation. Buildings constructed according to Chinese energy efficiency design standard have a large disparity with developed countries, the heat conduction coefficients of external wall, roof and windows are 3~4 times, 2.5~3.5 times and 1.5~2.2 times higher than those of developed countries, and air permeability through window and door is 3~6 times higher, so reducing the energy consumption of building envelop is the key link of building energy conservation.
This paper puts forward evaluation of energy and thermal performance (EETP) index for the residential envelopes according to the climate of hot summer and cold winter zone. EETP index is used to judge the energy consumption per building volume and temperature difference between indoor and outdoor,and EETP index regards the whole envelope as a system by judging whether the whole thermal performance meet the standard or not instead of standing on points of each component of building envelope. In order to show the thermal performance of envelopes in different seasons, EETP index is classified into EETPC which is the cooling season index, EETPH which is the heating season index, and EETPY which is the whole year index. Geometrical parameters, thermal parameters and meteorologic parameters are included within EETP expressions. Geometrical parameters of envelope include building volume and areas of wall, roof and window, which can reflect the window to wall ration (WWR), building’s shape coefficient; thermal parameters include heat-transfer coefficients of external wall, roof and window, solar radiation absorptance of external wall and roof, shading coefficient of external window; the meteorologic parameters which is gained based on cooling season and heating season include the mean temperature difference between outdoor and indoor, standard solar factor and the equivalent temperature difference of opaque envelope; the meteorologic parameters are on the basis of cooling and heating season, and have been calculated from the results of energy simulation tool eQUEST.
The four cities of Shanghai, Changsha, Shaoguan, and Chengdu are selected to represent, A, B, C and D subzone of hot summer and cold winter zone in China, respectively. The regression equations of EETP index with cooling/heating load and energy consumption were built up, including the formulae of EETPC with peak cooling load, accumulative cooling load and energy consumption for cooling, respectively, the formulae of EETPH with peak heating load, accumulative heating load, and energy consumption for heating respectively, and the correlation ship of EETPY with energy consumption both for cooling and heating. In order to validate the veracity of the EETP methodology, peak load, accumulative cooling/heating load, and energy consumptions of two cases selected at random have been calculated in the four cities using EETP method, and DeST and eQUEST simulation software, respectively, Results indicate that the algorithm is reasonable, the results are effective and exact.
With the key objective to make EETP an indicator of the impact of the envelop on the energy use in residential buildings, the maximum allowable values of EETP were determined in the four cities when meeting the compulsory indices of“Design standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone”(JGJ134-2001), if the EETP value of some building is lower than maximum allowable value, the building meets the Standard. The corresponding allowable EETPC, EETPH, EETPY when achieving different energy-saving degrees on basis of it were also analyzed, these can be the reverences of residential envelope optimization designs.
In order to analyze the effects of influence factors on EETP index and energy consumption, this paper focused on the factors of building’s shape coefficient, heat transfer coefficient of wall/roof/window, solar radiation absorptance of wall/roof, shading coefficient of window and WWR, the sensitivity coefficient of each parameter on EETP index and energy consumption were also calculated, the weight coefficients of each parameter of cooling season, heating season and the whole year were gained in the four cities, it has important meanings to carry out energy conservation on building envelope.
The economic analysis of envelope is the object of this study, the life cycle economic evaluation of building envelop was proposed based on EETP theory, an economic evaluation model for building energy conservation technology was established. The model is exoteric, all energy conservation design can be described, and uncertain factors are contained. The model can optimize the design of basic building components, including walls/roof, windows and insulation layers. Economic evaluation results can be the guidance for the optimization of projects.
Finally, this paper discussed the shortages of energy conservation work in hot summer and cold winter zone, and gave some suggestions from revising energy efficiency standard for residential buildings, improving energy efficiency label and establishing energy consumption statistical system for residential building.
引文
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