秸秆不同处理还田方式对土壤理化特性和作物生长效应的影响
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摘要
我国干旱半干旱地区,气候干燥、缺水少雨和水土流失导致了农田土壤蓄水保墒能力和耕地土壤质量及生产力的不断降低,是本区农业可持续发展面临的瓶颈问题。如何改进秸秆还田技术,挖掘作物秸秆改良土壤结构,提升土壤肥力和质量的潜力,持续提高旱区农田生产力,是旱区农业值得关注的重要研究课题。本研究通过研究秸秆粉碎、氨化及与无机土壤改良剂(硫酸钙、硫酸铝)混合三种措施施入塿土、黄绵土后对土壤水分特性、土壤结构特性以及水分生产力的影响,对比分析了三种措施对两种土壤的改良效果。主要结论如下：
(1)长秸秆加入土壤后在前期对土壤水分入渗起阻碍作用。粉碎秸秆则能够提高土壤稳定入渗率,但提高幅度较低。秸秆在经过粉碎氨化措施后能显著改善土壤的入渗性能。无机土壤改良剂单独施用提高土壤稳定入渗率及累积入渗量具有显著效果。
(2)秸秆的处理方式对土壤低吸力段持水性影响较为显著。粉碎秸秆在短期内可显著提高塿土的持水能力,表现出较高的即时效应。氨化后效果更加显著。无机土壤改良剂加入土壤后,土壤持水能力较对照有所增加,但效果不如秸秆显著。当其与粉碎氨化秸秆共同施用时,两者之间无明显的交互作用。在试验后期,秸秆的处理方式对土壤持水能力的影响差异减小。不同处理秸秆施入黄绵土后,短期内对土壤持水能力无明显提升作用,连续施入后具有提高土壤持水能力的作用。在试验期内,秸秆较无机土壤改良剂提升土壤持水能力作用较缓慢,但时效性较长。
(3)施入秸秆对低吸力段内土壤的释水能力影响较大。塿土释水能力呈现“高—低—高”趋势,释水能力的降低时期主要发生在秸秆初次施入土壤16周左右。土壤中连续施入秸秆均能提高土壤的释水能力,但提升幅度不大。粉碎氨化秸秆施入塿土后较其他处理具有较高的释水能力,提高了土壤的耐旱性。秸秆对黄绵土释水能力的影响作用缓慢。试验前期施入秸秆对黄绵土释水能力的影响效果不明显。连续施入后,均能提高黄绵土的释水能力,但增幅不大。粉碎氨化秸秆提高土壤释水能力效果最好。
(4)秸秆施入土壤后,在短期内提高了土壤水分的累积蒸发量。秸秆的处理方式对土壤蒸发性能的影响差异较大。粉碎秸秆较长秸秆处理具有较高的土壤蒸发速率。粉碎氨化措施在试验后期能有效抑制土壤的蒸发能力,与无机土壤改良剂混合配施能稳定抑制土壤的蒸发强度,但抑制效果不如单施无机土壤改良剂。
(5)土壤中施入粉碎秸秆能显著增加土壤团聚体评价指标R0.25、MWD、GMD各值,提高土壤结构稳定性。粉碎秸秆与无机土壤改良剂混合配施能进一步提高土壤结构的稳定性。长秸秆、粉碎氨化秸秆对提高土壤水稳性团聚体含量具有一定的迟效性,在施入土壤16周后提高土壤团聚体各评价指标效果显著。无机土壤改良剂对土壤团聚体各评价指标无明显的改良作用。
(6)秸秆施入塿土后,土壤孔隙分形维数总体表现为“高—低—高”的趋势,秸秆对塿土土壤孔隙结构的改善作用主要发生在初次施入和连续施入试验16周左右。粉碎氨化秸秆改善土壤孔隙结构连通性具有稳定性和长效性。秸秆施入黄绵土在短期内降低了土壤孔隙的连通性。随着秸秆的分解,土壤孔隙连通性逐渐得到改善。长秸秆对土壤孔隙连通性的改善作用较粉碎和氨化秸秆差。粉碎氨化秸秆与无机土壤结构改良剂混合配施改良土壤孔隙分形维数效果较优。不同处理秸秆施入土壤后,均能逐渐改善土壤孔隙的均匀性和连通性,效果较单施无机土壤改良剂措施优。
(7)短期内,秸秆的粉碎程度对秸秆的分解速率无明显作用,在试验后期则能显著提高秸秆的分解速率,氨化秸秆能显著提高秸秆自身的分解速度。当与无机土壤改良剂混合配施后则会降低土壤中有机C的矿化速率。
(8)秸秆混合施入土壤后,延缓了作物进入旺盛生长的时期。粉碎氨化秸秆与硫酸钙混合施用能显著提高夏玉米的生长速率。其中氨化秸秆措施促进作物干物质的累积主要发生在苗期和乳熟期。各处理在初次施入土壤后,夏玉米籽粒产量的影响差异不显著。其中长秸秆氨化翻压处理在提高籽粒产量,粉碎氨化翻压处理在提高生物量方面较其他处理高。
(9)夏玉米水分利用效率试验结果表明,长秸秆氨化、粉碎秸秆氨化、长秸秆氨化+硫酸钙、粉碎秸秆+硫酸钙处理的作物耗水系数分别较对照降低4.31%、1.91%、3.11%、2.01%；WUE分别较对照处理增加3.29%、3.64%、2.25%、0.87%。氨化秸秆施入土壤后,在提高作物产量、水分利用效率方面起到一定作用。
秸秆经过不同处理方式后施入塿土、黄绵土后,均能有效改良土壤,就本研究时段内的改良效果而言,粉碎秸秆综合表现最优。
The declining soil water storage capacity, soil quality and productivity, caused by such factors as dry climate, little precipitation, soil erosion, were a crucial bottleneck of the sustainable development of agriculture in China's arid and semi-arid region. How to improve the straw incorporation technology, dig latent capacity of crops straw on improving soil structure, fertility and quality, continuously improve farmland productivity, was worth to pay close attention as an important research subject in the arid agricultural production. This thesis analyzed three measures (i.e. cut, aminated or mixed with inorganic soil amendment) on soil water characteristics, soil structure as well as the biological effects by indoor simulated tests and field trials respectively. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The long straw apparently decreased soil water infiltration in the preliminary studies. The soil with pulverized straw can improve soil stable infiltration rate, but the increase was lower. The pulverized and ammoniated straw could significantly improve soil infiltration capacity. Inorganic soil amendment had a significant effect on soil stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration.
(2) The soil with different straw utilization had a different water-holding capacity in the low suction. The pulverized straw can improve water-holding ability of Lou soil after short time straw-incorporation, and showed a higher immediate effect. The pulverized and ammoniated straw showed more significant effect on improving water-holding capacity. After adding inorganic soil amendment to soil, the soil showed a superior water-holding capacity, compared with the control. When the inorganic soil amendment was incorporated with pulverized and/or ammoniated straw respectively, it has little interaction with straw. Difference on the treatments for soil water-holding capacity reduced in the later period of test. The results on Loessial soil test showed that the different straw utilization had no obviously effect on soil water-holding ability the short term. Soil water-holding capacity cannot be improved until continuous straw-incorporation significantly. The different straw utilization had a very slow and long shelf life on soil water-holding capacity, compared with the inorganic soil amendment.
(3) The different straw utilization had great influence on soil water release capacity under the low suctions in Lou soil and Loessial soil respectively. The water release capacity of different treatments showed a "high-low-high" tendency. The reduction of water release capacity mainly occurred after16weeks of incubation. The water release ability would be enhanced effectively after continuous straw utilization, but the ascension range was not too much, in which the pulverized straw's is higher than other treatments, so it can improve the soil drought resistance effectively. The different straw utilization was not obvious effect on soil water release capacity in single Loessial soil test. The different straw utilization could improve soil water release capacity in double straw-incorporation. The pulverized and ammoniated straw worked best with the water release capacity, compared with other treatments.
(4) The soil cumulative evaporation with different straw utilization were increased in the early test in Lou soil and Loessial soil, compared with the control. Soil evaporation performance of the treatment was greatly affected by the manners of straw-incorporation.
The pulverized straw could significantly improve soil evaporation rate, compared with long cut straw. The pulverized and ammoniated straw could effectively reduce soil evaporation capacity, compared with the pulverized straw. The pulverized and ammoniated straw mixed inorganic soil amendment (calcium sulfate, aluminum sulfate) respectively could inhibit soil evaporation capacity effectively, while they still had a higher soil cumulative evaporation, compared with inorganic soil amendment.
(5) When the pulverized straw was incorporated in the Lou soil and Loessial soil, it could significantly increase the soil structure indexes R0.25, MWD and GMD, further improve soil structure stability. When it mixed with inorganic soil amendment, it had a significant effect on soil structure stability. The long straw, pulverized and ammoniated straw showed a late-effectiveness on soil water-stable aggregates, however, it effectively improved the stability of soil water stable aggregates structure after16weeks of incubation. Inorganic soil amendments (calcium sulfate, aluminum sulfate) had no obvious improvement to the water stable aggregates content and soil structure stability.
(6) The soil porosity fractal dimension in soil low suction showed a "high-low-high" tendency under different straw utilization in Lou soil test. The treatments with different straw utilization all were strongly effective to improving the soil porosity fractal dimension after16weeks of incubation in single and double test respectively. The pulverized and ammoniated straw showed stability and a long-term characteristic to uniformity and connectivity of the soil pore. While straw reduced uniformity and connectivity of soil pore in the early Loessial soil test. With the decomposition of straw, soil pore connectivity was improved gradually. Compared with pulverized and ammoniated straw, Long straw was poor in improving soil pore connectivity. When the pulverized and ammoniated straw were mixed with inorganic soil structural amendment, the effect was more obvious on improving soil pore fractal dimension. The different straw utilization could more effectively improve the uniformity and connectivity of soil pores compared with inorganic soil amendment used alone.
(7) The pulverized straw could significantly increase the proportion of decomposed straw, compared with long straw. While the effect of the pulverized and ammoniated straw on the proportion of decomposed straw reached the significant level significantly. The inorganic soil amendments (calcium sulfate, aluminum sulfate) would respectively reduce organic carbon mineralization rate.
(8) The different straw utilization had late-effectiveness on vigorous growth period of summer maize. The pulverized and ammoniated straw mixed with calcium sulfate amendment could improve summer maize growth rate significantly compared with other treatments. The effect of the different straw utilization on cumulative dry matter of summer maize was a fluctuant process, in which the promoting functions of the pulverized and ammoniated straw occurred mainly in seedling stage and milk stage. There was not obvious influence on grain yield among treatments. The long and ammoniated straw could increase the grain yield, and the pulverized and ammoniated straw was more significant than other treatments on biomass yield among the treatments.
(9) The results of water use efficiency test show:Compared with the control, crop water consumption coefficient of long ammoniated straw、pulverized and ammoniated straw、long ammoniated straw pulverized and ammoniated straw、pulverized and ammoniated straw pulverized and ammoniated straw decreased by4.31%,1.91%,3.11%,2.01%respectively, and WUE of these treatments respectively increased by3.29%、3.64%、2.25%、0.87%. When ammoniated straw were added into soil, it played a positive role in increasing crop yield, water use efficiency.
This study showed that the effects of different straw incorporation manners on soil physical properties, the recommended way to select the comminuted incorporation manners could be preferable in the long run.
(1)长秸秆加入土壤后在前期对土壤水分入渗起阻碍作用。粉碎秸秆则能够提高土壤稳定入渗率,但提高幅度较低。秸秆在经过粉碎氨化措施后能显著改善土壤的入渗性能。无机土壤改良剂单独施用提高土壤稳定入渗率及累积入渗量具有显著效果。
(2)秸秆的处理方式对土壤低吸力段持水性影响较为显著。粉碎秸秆在短期内可显著提高塿土的持水能力,表现出较高的即时效应。氨化后效果更加显著。无机土壤改良剂加入土壤后,土壤持水能力较对照有所增加,但效果不如秸秆显著。当其与粉碎氨化秸秆共同施用时,两者之间无明显的交互作用。在试验后期,秸秆的处理方式对土壤持水能力的影响差异减小。不同处理秸秆施入黄绵土后,短期内对土壤持水能力无明显提升作用,连续施入后具有提高土壤持水能力的作用。在试验期内,秸秆较无机土壤改良剂提升土壤持水能力作用较缓慢,但时效性较长。
(3)施入秸秆对低吸力段内土壤的释水能力影响较大。塿土释水能力呈现“高—低—高”趋势,释水能力的降低时期主要发生在秸秆初次施入土壤16周左右。土壤中连续施入秸秆均能提高土壤的释水能力,但提升幅度不大。粉碎氨化秸秆施入塿土后较其他处理具有较高的释水能力,提高了土壤的耐旱性。秸秆对黄绵土释水能力的影响作用缓慢。试验前期施入秸秆对黄绵土释水能力的影响效果不明显。连续施入后,均能提高黄绵土的释水能力,但增幅不大。粉碎氨化秸秆提高土壤释水能力效果最好。
(4)秸秆施入土壤后,在短期内提高了土壤水分的累积蒸发量。秸秆的处理方式对土壤蒸发性能的影响差异较大。粉碎秸秆较长秸秆处理具有较高的土壤蒸发速率。粉碎氨化措施在试验后期能有效抑制土壤的蒸发能力,与无机土壤改良剂混合配施能稳定抑制土壤的蒸发强度,但抑制效果不如单施无机土壤改良剂。
(5)土壤中施入粉碎秸秆能显著增加土壤团聚体评价指标R0.25、MWD、GMD各值,提高土壤结构稳定性。粉碎秸秆与无机土壤改良剂混合配施能进一步提高土壤结构的稳定性。长秸秆、粉碎氨化秸秆对提高土壤水稳性团聚体含量具有一定的迟效性,在施入土壤16周后提高土壤团聚体各评价指标效果显著。无机土壤改良剂对土壤团聚体各评价指标无明显的改良作用。
(6)秸秆施入塿土后,土壤孔隙分形维数总体表现为“高—低—高”的趋势,秸秆对塿土土壤孔隙结构的改善作用主要发生在初次施入和连续施入试验16周左右。粉碎氨化秸秆改善土壤孔隙结构连通性具有稳定性和长效性。秸秆施入黄绵土在短期内降低了土壤孔隙的连通性。随着秸秆的分解,土壤孔隙连通性逐渐得到改善。长秸秆对土壤孔隙连通性的改善作用较粉碎和氨化秸秆差。粉碎氨化秸秆与无机土壤结构改良剂混合配施改良土壤孔隙分形维数效果较优。不同处理秸秆施入土壤后,均能逐渐改善土壤孔隙的均匀性和连通性,效果较单施无机土壤改良剂措施优。
(7)短期内,秸秆的粉碎程度对秸秆的分解速率无明显作用,在试验后期则能显著提高秸秆的分解速率,氨化秸秆能显著提高秸秆自身的分解速度。当与无机土壤改良剂混合配施后则会降低土壤中有机C的矿化速率。
(8)秸秆混合施入土壤后,延缓了作物进入旺盛生长的时期。粉碎氨化秸秆与硫酸钙混合施用能显著提高夏玉米的生长速率。其中氨化秸秆措施促进作物干物质的累积主要发生在苗期和乳熟期。各处理在初次施入土壤后,夏玉米籽粒产量的影响差异不显著。其中长秸秆氨化翻压处理在提高籽粒产量,粉碎氨化翻压处理在提高生物量方面较其他处理高。
(9)夏玉米水分利用效率试验结果表明,长秸秆氨化、粉碎秸秆氨化、长秸秆氨化+硫酸钙、粉碎秸秆+硫酸钙处理的作物耗水系数分别较对照降低4.31%、1.91%、3.11%、2.01%；WUE分别较对照处理增加3.29%、3.64%、2.25%、0.87%。氨化秸秆施入土壤后,在提高作物产量、水分利用效率方面起到一定作用。
秸秆经过不同处理方式后施入塿土、黄绵土后,均能有效改良土壤,就本研究时段内的改良效果而言,粉碎秸秆综合表现最优。
The declining soil water storage capacity, soil quality and productivity, caused by such factors as dry climate, little precipitation, soil erosion, were a crucial bottleneck of the sustainable development of agriculture in China's arid and semi-arid region. How to improve the straw incorporation technology, dig latent capacity of crops straw on improving soil structure, fertility and quality, continuously improve farmland productivity, was worth to pay close attention as an important research subject in the arid agricultural production. This thesis analyzed three measures (i.e. cut, aminated or mixed with inorganic soil amendment) on soil water characteristics, soil structure as well as the biological effects by indoor simulated tests and field trials respectively. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The long straw apparently decreased soil water infiltration in the preliminary studies. The soil with pulverized straw can improve soil stable infiltration rate, but the increase was lower. The pulverized and ammoniated straw could significantly improve soil infiltration capacity. Inorganic soil amendment had a significant effect on soil stable infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration.
(2) The soil with different straw utilization had a different water-holding capacity in the low suction. The pulverized straw can improve water-holding ability of Lou soil after short time straw-incorporation, and showed a higher immediate effect. The pulverized and ammoniated straw showed more significant effect on improving water-holding capacity. After adding inorganic soil amendment to soil, the soil showed a superior water-holding capacity, compared with the control. When the inorganic soil amendment was incorporated with pulverized and/or ammoniated straw respectively, it has little interaction with straw. Difference on the treatments for soil water-holding capacity reduced in the later period of test. The results on Loessial soil test showed that the different straw utilization had no obviously effect on soil water-holding ability the short term. Soil water-holding capacity cannot be improved until continuous straw-incorporation significantly. The different straw utilization had a very slow and long shelf life on soil water-holding capacity, compared with the inorganic soil amendment.
(3) The different straw utilization had great influence on soil water release capacity under the low suctions in Lou soil and Loessial soil respectively. The water release capacity of different treatments showed a "high-low-high" tendency. The reduction of water release capacity mainly occurred after16weeks of incubation. The water release ability would be enhanced effectively after continuous straw utilization, but the ascension range was not too much, in which the pulverized straw's is higher than other treatments, so it can improve the soil drought resistance effectively. The different straw utilization was not obvious effect on soil water release capacity in single Loessial soil test. The different straw utilization could improve soil water release capacity in double straw-incorporation. The pulverized and ammoniated straw worked best with the water release capacity, compared with other treatments.
(4) The soil cumulative evaporation with different straw utilization were increased in the early test in Lou soil and Loessial soil, compared with the control. Soil evaporation performance of the treatment was greatly affected by the manners of straw-incorporation.
The pulverized straw could significantly improve soil evaporation rate, compared with long cut straw. The pulverized and ammoniated straw could effectively reduce soil evaporation capacity, compared with the pulverized straw. The pulverized and ammoniated straw mixed inorganic soil amendment (calcium sulfate, aluminum sulfate) respectively could inhibit soil evaporation capacity effectively, while they still had a higher soil cumulative evaporation, compared with inorganic soil amendment.
(5) When the pulverized straw was incorporated in the Lou soil and Loessial soil, it could significantly increase the soil structure indexes R0.25, MWD and GMD, further improve soil structure stability. When it mixed with inorganic soil amendment, it had a significant effect on soil structure stability. The long straw, pulverized and ammoniated straw showed a late-effectiveness on soil water-stable aggregates, however, it effectively improved the stability of soil water stable aggregates structure after16weeks of incubation. Inorganic soil amendments (calcium sulfate, aluminum sulfate) had no obvious improvement to the water stable aggregates content and soil structure stability.
(6) The soil porosity fractal dimension in soil low suction showed a "high-low-high" tendency under different straw utilization in Lou soil test. The treatments with different straw utilization all were strongly effective to improving the soil porosity fractal dimension after16weeks of incubation in single and double test respectively. The pulverized and ammoniated straw showed stability and a long-term characteristic to uniformity and connectivity of the soil pore. While straw reduced uniformity and connectivity of soil pore in the early Loessial soil test. With the decomposition of straw, soil pore connectivity was improved gradually. Compared with pulverized and ammoniated straw, Long straw was poor in improving soil pore connectivity. When the pulverized and ammoniated straw were mixed with inorganic soil structural amendment, the effect was more obvious on improving soil pore fractal dimension. The different straw utilization could more effectively improve the uniformity and connectivity of soil pores compared with inorganic soil amendment used alone.
(7) The pulverized straw could significantly increase the proportion of decomposed straw, compared with long straw. While the effect of the pulverized and ammoniated straw on the proportion of decomposed straw reached the significant level significantly. The inorganic soil amendments (calcium sulfate, aluminum sulfate) would respectively reduce organic carbon mineralization rate.
(8) The different straw utilization had late-effectiveness on vigorous growth period of summer maize. The pulverized and ammoniated straw mixed with calcium sulfate amendment could improve summer maize growth rate significantly compared with other treatments. The effect of the different straw utilization on cumulative dry matter of summer maize was a fluctuant process, in which the promoting functions of the pulverized and ammoniated straw occurred mainly in seedling stage and milk stage. There was not obvious influence on grain yield among treatments. The long and ammoniated straw could increase the grain yield, and the pulverized and ammoniated straw was more significant than other treatments on biomass yield among the treatments.
(9) The results of water use efficiency test show:Compared with the control, crop water consumption coefficient of long ammoniated straw、pulverized and ammoniated straw、long ammoniated straw pulverized and ammoniated straw、pulverized and ammoniated straw pulverized and ammoniated straw decreased by4.31%,1.91%,3.11%,2.01%respectively, and WUE of these treatments respectively increased by3.29%、3.64%、2.25%、0.87%. When ammoniated straw were added into soil, it played a positive role in increasing crop yield, water use efficiency.
This study showed that the effects of different straw incorporation manners on soil physical properties, the recommended way to select the comminuted incorporation manners could be preferable in the long run.
引文
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