我国小额贷款公司规范发展问题研究
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摘要
近年来,面向贫困人群的金融创新工具小额贷款逐渐成为发展中国家应对农村金融市场中信息不对称问题的有力武器。小额贷款不仅是对传统贷款方式的一种创新,也解决了社会弱势群体的融资瓶颈问题,降低了弱势群体的融资门槛。我国从05年开始试点小额贷款公司,08年在全国开始推广,小额贷款公司从无到有,从少到多,截至2011年12月末,全国共有小额贷款公司4282家,贷款余额3915亿元,全年累计新增贷款1935亿元。小额贷款公司在融资领域正发挥作用,但在这疯狂增长的数字背后隐藏着的是整个小贷行业,乃至全国的金融风险。因此,本文开展小额贷款公司规范发展问题研究有着实际的现实价值。
国内传统的小额贷款研究往往偏重于小额贷款的基本原理和社会意义分析,已有文献大多停留在对小额贷款公司加强政府扶持及向民营银行发展的初步阶段。本文的重点是研究小额贷款公司的规范发展问题,从创新的角度出发,澄清小额贷款发展中的重要概念和原则。首先运用系统分析法分析我国小额贷款公司的来由,准确掌握小额贷款公司的最新情况,并分析市场上类似小额贷款机构的现状；其次将小额贷款公司分别与地下钱庄和国外小额贷款机构进行比较分析,指出我国小额贷款公司存在的问题,而且通过数据、图表形象分析了这一问题。
通过分析比较,当前我国小额贷款公司主要面临五大问题,一是任何小额贷款都不可避免的经济学困境；二是小额贷款的资金来源及其可持续发展；三是小额贷款公司的放贷利率；四是小额贷款公司的内部经营管理；五是小额贷款公司面临政策环境的约束。产生这些问题的来源可能是小额贷款公司的发展缺乏足够的资金来源渠道、缺乏完善的法律框架和成熟的监管体系、没有合适的市场化利率、贷前贷后的风险控制难度大以及一个良好的外部金融发展环境。
针对上述的问题及原因,本文提出了六点对策。首先要从政府监管入手,对小额贷款公司要疏堵结合,引导小额贷款公司健康有序发展；其次政府应该明确小额贷款公司的法律地位,让小额贷款公司享受真正的金融组织待遇；第三是要拓宽小额贷款公司的融资渠道,提高小额贷款公司的融资比例和资本金规模,简化小额贷款公司的融资手续；第四是加大对小额贷款公司的扶持力度,在税收减免、财政补贴等方面给予适当扶持,降低其运营成本,提升盈利水平；第五是从小额贷款公司出发,加强自身的规范操作,建立健全贷款风险补偿机制；第六是提高信贷员的业务素质、培养他们敬业精神以及艰苦的工作作风。
In recent years, micro-credit is becoming a powerful weapon to deal with the problem of asymmetric information in rural financial markets for poor people in developing countries as a financial innovation. Microcredit is not only an innovation of traditional credit, but also solves the financing bottleneck problem of the socially vulnerable groups, reducing the financing threshold of the vulnerable groups. From2005to2008the country began to promote small loan company from less to more, at the end of December2011, there were4282small loan companies, loan balance of3915billion yuan, annual total new loans of193.5billion yuan. Small loan companies are playing a role in the field of finance, but hidden behind this crazy growth figures, there is the small loans industry and even the country's financial risk. Therefore, there is a real practical reality to embark on the development of small loan companies standardize research for us.
Domestic traditional micro-credit is often biased towards the analysis of the basic principles of microfinance and social significance. Abundant researches stay in the initial stage of strengthening government support to turn micro-credit to private banks. This paper focuses on the study of small loan companies credit model, and analyze it as a new financial service model. From an innovation point of view, paper clarifies important concepts and principles in the development of microfinance. Firstly, the system analysis method and the small loan companies reason, grasping of the latest situation of the small loan companies accurately, and analysis on similar micro-credit institution in the market; Secondly, we analyze comparatively on the small loan companies and underground banks, the micro-credit institution abroad. It points out the existing problems in Chinese small loan companies and analyzes this problem by the data and charts.
Through analysis and comparison, the current small loan companies in China faces five major problems, firstly, any micro-credit inevitable plight of Economics; Secondly, funding source of micro-credit and sustainable development; Thirdly, lending interest rates of small loan companies; Fourthly, the internal management of small loan companies; Fifthly, small loan companies face the constraints of the policy environment. The source of these problems may be the development of small loan company lack of adequate funding sources, the lack of a perfect legal framework and regulatory system, no suitable market-oriented interest rate, difficult risk control before and after the loan, good external financial environment of development.
According to the above problems and the reasons, this paper presents six-point measures. Firstly, it guides small loan companies orderly from government supervision; Secondly, the government should clear the legal status of small loan companies to make them enjoy the real treatment of the financial organization; Thirdly, it needs to broaden the financing channels for small loan companies, expanding the financing proportion of small loan companies and the size of the capital, simplifying financing procedures of small loan companies; Fourthly, it increases support for small loan companies and give appropriate support in tax breaks and financial subsidies, in order to reduce operational costs and improve profitability; Fifthly, it strengthens the standard operation and establish the loan risk compensation mechanism; Sixth, it improves the professional quality of the loan officer, to cultivate their professionalism and hard work style.
国内传统的小额贷款研究往往偏重于小额贷款的基本原理和社会意义分析,已有文献大多停留在对小额贷款公司加强政府扶持及向民营银行发展的初步阶段。本文的重点是研究小额贷款公司的规范发展问题,从创新的角度出发,澄清小额贷款发展中的重要概念和原则。首先运用系统分析法分析我国小额贷款公司的来由,准确掌握小额贷款公司的最新情况,并分析市场上类似小额贷款机构的现状；其次将小额贷款公司分别与地下钱庄和国外小额贷款机构进行比较分析,指出我国小额贷款公司存在的问题,而且通过数据、图表形象分析了这一问题。
通过分析比较,当前我国小额贷款公司主要面临五大问题,一是任何小额贷款都不可避免的经济学困境；二是小额贷款的资金来源及其可持续发展；三是小额贷款公司的放贷利率；四是小额贷款公司的内部经营管理；五是小额贷款公司面临政策环境的约束。产生这些问题的来源可能是小额贷款公司的发展缺乏足够的资金来源渠道、缺乏完善的法律框架和成熟的监管体系、没有合适的市场化利率、贷前贷后的风险控制难度大以及一个良好的外部金融发展环境。
针对上述的问题及原因,本文提出了六点对策。首先要从政府监管入手,对小额贷款公司要疏堵结合,引导小额贷款公司健康有序发展；其次政府应该明确小额贷款公司的法律地位,让小额贷款公司享受真正的金融组织待遇；第三是要拓宽小额贷款公司的融资渠道,提高小额贷款公司的融资比例和资本金规模,简化小额贷款公司的融资手续；第四是加大对小额贷款公司的扶持力度,在税收减免、财政补贴等方面给予适当扶持,降低其运营成本,提升盈利水平；第五是从小额贷款公司出发,加强自身的规范操作,建立健全贷款风险补偿机制；第六是提高信贷员的业务素质、培养他们敬业精神以及艰苦的工作作风。
In recent years, micro-credit is becoming a powerful weapon to deal with the problem of asymmetric information in rural financial markets for poor people in developing countries as a financial innovation. Microcredit is not only an innovation of traditional credit, but also solves the financing bottleneck problem of the socially vulnerable groups, reducing the financing threshold of the vulnerable groups. From2005to2008the country began to promote small loan company from less to more, at the end of December2011, there were4282small loan companies, loan balance of3915billion yuan, annual total new loans of193.5billion yuan. Small loan companies are playing a role in the field of finance, but hidden behind this crazy growth figures, there is the small loans industry and even the country's financial risk. Therefore, there is a real practical reality to embark on the development of small loan companies standardize research for us.
Domestic traditional micro-credit is often biased towards the analysis of the basic principles of microfinance and social significance. Abundant researches stay in the initial stage of strengthening government support to turn micro-credit to private banks. This paper focuses on the study of small loan companies credit model, and analyze it as a new financial service model. From an innovation point of view, paper clarifies important concepts and principles in the development of microfinance. Firstly, the system analysis method and the small loan companies reason, grasping of the latest situation of the small loan companies accurately, and analysis on similar micro-credit institution in the market; Secondly, we analyze comparatively on the small loan companies and underground banks, the micro-credit institution abroad. It points out the existing problems in Chinese small loan companies and analyzes this problem by the data and charts.
Through analysis and comparison, the current small loan companies in China faces five major problems, firstly, any micro-credit inevitable plight of Economics; Secondly, funding source of micro-credit and sustainable development; Thirdly, lending interest rates of small loan companies; Fourthly, the internal management of small loan companies; Fifthly, small loan companies face the constraints of the policy environment. The source of these problems may be the development of small loan company lack of adequate funding sources, the lack of a perfect legal framework and regulatory system, no suitable market-oriented interest rate, difficult risk control before and after the loan, good external financial environment of development.
According to the above problems and the reasons, this paper presents six-point measures. Firstly, it guides small loan companies orderly from government supervision; Secondly, the government should clear the legal status of small loan companies to make them enjoy the real treatment of the financial organization; Thirdly, it needs to broaden the financing channels for small loan companies, expanding the financing proportion of small loan companies and the size of the capital, simplifying financing procedures of small loan companies; Fourthly, it increases support for small loan companies and give appropriate support in tax breaks and financial subsidies, in order to reduce operational costs and improve profitability; Fifthly, it strengthens the standard operation and establish the loan risk compensation mechanism; Sixth, it improves the professional quality of the loan officer, to cultivate their professionalism and hard work style.
引文
1刘洁,我国小额贷款公司运营模式分析及政策建议,上海师范大学,2010
1庞云辉,我国小额贷款公司发展研究,2010,
1李楠,Z市农村信用社农户小额贷款发展问题研究,《现代商贸工业》,2009。
2金珍珍,论小额贷款公司的机遇与挑战, 《现代商贸工业》,2009
1顾列铭,地下钱庄何去何从, 《百姓》,2008。
2刘洁,我国小额贷款公司运营模式分析及政策建议,上海师范大学,2010。
3舒畅,盛华小额贷款公司战略研究,重庆大学,2009。
4严盛虎,中国小额信贷可持续发展研究,北京林业大学,2004。
1杨海平,我国小额信贷发展研究综述, 《武汉金融》,2010。
1程恩江、徐忠,中国小额贷款发展报告,财经网,2007。
1江乾坤,小额贷款创新的“浙江模式”解析.生产力研究,2008年第17期
12008年5月银监会发布《关于小额贷款公司试点的指导意见》中有关“小额贷款公司的资金来源”规定。
22008年5月银监会发布《关于小额贷款公司试点的指导意见》中有关“小额贷款公司的资金运用”规定。
1工绯,小额贷款的模式与信贷技术研究,对外经济贸易大学,2007。
杨坤,构建适应农村金融需求的小额信贷体系研究,天津财经大学,2009。
1李德品,农村信用社小额信贷问题的研究,山东农业大学,2009。
[1]爱得华·s·肖,经济发展中的金融深化上海：上海三联书店,1988
[2]陈华、李启航,中国小额信贷发展研究：一个国际比较的视角[J),经济前沿,2007(5)
[3]曹亚楠,农信社小额信贷业务对农户的金融支持研究[D],中央民族大学,2007
[4]李德品,农村信用社小额信贷问题的研究,山东农业大学硕士学位论文,2009
[5]杜晓山、孙若梅,中国小额信贷的实践和政策思考,财贸经济,2000年7期
[6]杜晓山,非政府组织小额信贷机构可能的发展前景[J],中国农村经济,2008,(5)
[7]顾列铭,地下钱庄何去何从,《百姓》,2008
[8]何广文,以金融创新促进农村信用合作社小额贷款业务健康发展,中国农村信用合作,2002年第2期
[9]韩红,中国农村小额信贷制度模式与管理体系研究[D],西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2008
[10]何剑伟,中国农村小额信贷发展研究[D],西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2008
[11]何志明,农村小额信贷模式的研究[D],吉林农业大学硕士学位论文,2007
[12]焦瑾璞,探索发展小额信贷的有效模式[J],中国金融,2007,(2)
[13]江乾坤,小额信贷创新的“浙江模式”解析,生产力研究,2008年第17期
[14]金珍珍,论小额贷款公司的机遇与挑战,现代商贸工业,2009
[15]李明贤、李学文,孟加拉国小额信贷发展的宏观经济基础及中国小额信贷的发展(J)农业经济问题,2008,(9)
[16]刘雪莲,基于博弈论的中国农村小额信贷问题研究,农业经济研究,2008年2期
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[18]李楠,Z市农村信用社农户小额贷款发展问题研究,《现代商贸工业》,2009
[19]庞云辉,我国小额贷款公司发展研究,中央财经大学硕士学位论文,2010
[20]舒畅,盛华小额贷款公司战略研究,重庆大学硕士学位论文,2009
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[23]严盛虎,中国小额信贷可持续发展研究,北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2004
[24]杨海平,我国小额信贷发展研究综述,武汉金融,2010
[25]杨坤,构建适应农村金融需求的小额信贷体系研究,天津财经大学硕士学位论文,2009
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1庞云辉,我国小额贷款公司发展研究,2010,
1李楠,Z市农村信用社农户小额贷款发展问题研究,《现代商贸工业》,2009。
2金珍珍,论小额贷款公司的机遇与挑战, 《现代商贸工业》,2009
1顾列铭,地下钱庄何去何从, 《百姓》,2008。
2刘洁,我国小额贷款公司运营模式分析及政策建议,上海师范大学,2010。
3舒畅,盛华小额贷款公司战略研究,重庆大学,2009。
4严盛虎,中国小额信贷可持续发展研究,北京林业大学,2004。
1杨海平,我国小额信贷发展研究综述, 《武汉金融》,2010。
1程恩江、徐忠,中国小额贷款发展报告,财经网,2007。
1江乾坤,小额贷款创新的“浙江模式”解析.生产力研究,2008年第17期
12008年5月银监会发布《关于小额贷款公司试点的指导意见》中有关“小额贷款公司的资金来源”规定。
22008年5月银监会发布《关于小额贷款公司试点的指导意见》中有关“小额贷款公司的资金运用”规定。
1工绯,小额贷款的模式与信贷技术研究,对外经济贸易大学,2007。
杨坤,构建适应农村金融需求的小额信贷体系研究,天津财经大学,2009。
1李德品,农村信用社小额信贷问题的研究,山东农业大学,2009。
[1]爱得华·s·肖,经济发展中的金融深化上海：上海三联书店,1988
[2]陈华、李启航,中国小额信贷发展研究：一个国际比较的视角[J),经济前沿,2007(5)
[3]曹亚楠,农信社小额信贷业务对农户的金融支持研究[D],中央民族大学,2007
[4]李德品,农村信用社小额信贷问题的研究,山东农业大学硕士学位论文,2009
[5]杜晓山、孙若梅,中国小额信贷的实践和政策思考,财贸经济,2000年7期
[6]杜晓山,非政府组织小额信贷机构可能的发展前景[J],中国农村经济,2008,(5)
[7]顾列铭,地下钱庄何去何从,《百姓》,2008
[8]何广文,以金融创新促进农村信用合作社小额贷款业务健康发展,中国农村信用合作,2002年第2期
[9]韩红,中国农村小额信贷制度模式与管理体系研究[D],西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2008
[10]何剑伟,中国农村小额信贷发展研究[D],西北农林科技大学硕士学位论文,2008
[11]何志明,农村小额信贷模式的研究[D],吉林农业大学硕士学位论文,2007
[12]焦瑾璞,探索发展小额信贷的有效模式[J],中国金融,2007,(2)
[13]江乾坤,小额信贷创新的“浙江模式”解析,生产力研究,2008年第17期
[14]金珍珍,论小额贷款公司的机遇与挑战,现代商贸工业,2009
[15]李明贤、李学文,孟加拉国小额信贷发展的宏观经济基础及中国小额信贷的发展(J)农业经济问题,2008,(9)
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