主动源OBS探测及地壳结构成像研究
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摘要
渤海海域及邻区位于华北东部，是我国重大地震灾害的频发地区。同时渤海海域蕴藏着丰富的石油资源，是我国新的能源增长点。另外渤海海区几乎为地球深部构造调查资料的空白区。因此在渤海开展深部探测研究，对该区的油气资源勘探开发、防震减灾和科学创新有重大意义。
论文基于主动源OBS探测的广角反射/折射原理，利用大容量气枪枪阵为震源、海底地震仪为探测手段在渤海首次开展人工地震深部地球物理探测试验，获得一条NNW向295km长的二维广角反射/折射地震剖面，通过对数据的分析、处理、震相识别以及反演成像，得到研究测线的地壳结构模型，并进行该区域深部结构的初步解释。主要的研究工作和成果如下：
（1）此次试验使用9300cu.in气枪枪阵作为震源输出的震源子波有效压制气泡效应并具有良好的低频高峰波形，在深部壳幔结构研究中是一次成功的尝试。
（2）耦合和噪音是影响主动源海底地震仪探测的主控因素。此次渤海试验93%站位耦合效果良好，而噪音是造成渤海海底地震仪数据信噪比低下的主要原因。渤中凹陷东南侧基本代表渤海海域的静噪水平，为南海深水海区的10倍以上，整个渤海内噪音呈无规则分布。数据整体质量与水深呈正向关系。
（3）结合渤海区的构造背景，运用正演拟合和相邻站位相关分析的方法对OBS数据进行震相识别和分析。渤海海区内浅层沉积层震相丰富，体现了凸起和凹陷区沉积构造差异；深部壳幔边界震相清晰，反映了不同构造单元莫霍界面的结构特征；地壳内震相缺失或者断续出现。
（4）通过初至层析和逐层层析，研究了渤海新生代沉积地层的结构特征。渤海海域新生代沉积层以沙三段为界划分为两层，第一沉积层速度为1.76—3.5km/s，渤中凹陷处最厚4.2km；庙西凹陷区最厚2.3km；埕宁隆起区厚2.5km；渤南凸起区厚1.7km，胶辽隆起区厚300—400m。第二沉积层速度为4.2—4.5km/s，该层分布在渤中凹陷和庙西凹陷内，渤中凹陷处埋深最深为5.8km,庙西凹陷处埋深3.8km，由渤中凹陷向东西两侧呈尖灭趋势，沙垒田凸起处最浅埋深3.0km，渤南凸起处最浅埋深2.0km，在胶辽隆起区该层缺失。
（5）综合利用初至层析、逐层层析和最小二乘反演法开展OBS数据的地壳深部结构成像研究。沿测线方向，莫霍面埋深整体变化幅度较大，渤中凹陷和郯庐断裂带内存在局部隆升，莫霍面的起伏变化与新生代凸起与凹陷呈现镜像对称关系。渤海内下地壳整体表现为高速，盆地内下地壳速度略高于胶辽隆起区。郯庐断裂带东西两侧存在高低速异常，是向下切穿莫霍面的证据，为上地幔热物质上涌提供通道，并引起壳幔边界的起伏变化，也与渤海海域地壳内强震有直接关系。
The Bohai Sea and its adjacent area in the east part of the North China is a regionthat suffers frequently from severe earthquake disasters; on the other hand, the BohaiSea is rich in oil making it a new energy growth point. However it is almost blank indeep structural information in this area. A study of the deep investigation is thereforesignificant for the exploration and production of oil, for the earthquake prevention anddisaster reduction and for the science innovation.
Based on the principle of wide angle reflection/infraction of active OBS, a295km2D NNW wide angle reflection/refraction seismic profile was acquired for thefirst time in the Bohai Sea using high volume air gun array as the source and OBS asthe receivers. After careful data analysis, processing, phase identification andinversion, the crustal structure model of the survey line was obtained and the deepstructure of this area was interpreted. The main research work and results are asfollows:
(1)An air gun array with total volume of9300cu. in was employed as theseismic source; the output wavelet suppressed the bubbles effectively and showed finelow frequency peak waveforms, making it a successful trial in the study of deepcrustal-mantle structure.
(2)Coupling and noise were the main factors affecting active OBS investigation.Ninety-three percent of the OBS stations in this study were good in coupling, leavingnoise to be the primary cause for the low S/N ratio of the data. The noise in thesoutheast Bozhong sag which were more than10times of that in the deep water areain the South China Sea was representative of the noise level in the Bohai Sea, wherethe noise were randomly distributed. The quality of the data showed a positivecorrelation with water depth.
(3)In combination with the tectonic setting of the Bohai area, the methods of forward fitting and correlation analysis among adjacent stations were utilized toanalyze the OBS data and to do the phase identification. There were abundant phasesfrom shallow sedimentary layers showing the structural difference between embossingand depressing regions; the seismic phase from the crustal-mantle boundary wasdistinct indicating the structural features of Moho in various tectonic units; phasesfrom inside the crust were absent or discontinuous.
(4)The structural features of the Cenozoic stratum were studied by first-arrivaltomography and layer-by-layer tomography. The Cenozoic stratum was divided into2layer by the Member3of Shahejie. The velocity of the first layer was1.76km/s to3.5km/s; the biggest thickness in the Bozhong depressing area was4.2km while it was1.7km in the Bonan depression; the thickness of the Chengning Bonan and Jiaoliaoembossing regions were2.5km,1.7km and300to400m, respectively. The velocityof the second layer which appeared mainly in the Bozhong and Miaoxi depressionswas4.2km/s to4.5km/s; the deepest point of the Bozhong depression was5.8kmand it went thinner from the center to the east and to the west; the depth of the Miaoxidepression was3.8km; the shallowest points of the Chengning and Bonan embossingareas were3.0km and2.0km, respectively; this layer disappeared in the Jiaoliaoembossing region.
(5)The deep structure imaging was achieved by comprehensive first-arrivaltomography, layer-by-layer tomography and least square inversions. The depth ofMoho varied significantly along the direction of the survey line; there existed regionalembossing in the Bozhong depression and the Tanlu fault area; and variation in thedepth of Moho was mirror symmetry to the Cenozoic embossing; the velocity of thelower crust was generally high while the velocity of the lower crust in the depressionswas slightly higher than that of ht Jiaoliao embossing area; a high and low velocityanomaly appeared in the east and west of Tanlu fault respectively, indicating its cutoffof Moho, providing a channel for the upwelling of thermal material from the uppermantle, causing the variation in the relief of the mantle boundary and being relateddirectly with strong earthquakes in the curst in the Bohai Sea.
论文基于主动源OBS探测的广角反射/折射原理，利用大容量气枪枪阵为震源、海底地震仪为探测手段在渤海首次开展人工地震深部地球物理探测试验，获得一条NNW向295km长的二维广角反射/折射地震剖面，通过对数据的分析、处理、震相识别以及反演成像，得到研究测线的地壳结构模型，并进行该区域深部结构的初步解释。主要的研究工作和成果如下：
（1）此次试验使用9300cu.in气枪枪阵作为震源输出的震源子波有效压制气泡效应并具有良好的低频高峰波形，在深部壳幔结构研究中是一次成功的尝试。
（2）耦合和噪音是影响主动源海底地震仪探测的主控因素。此次渤海试验93%站位耦合效果良好，而噪音是造成渤海海底地震仪数据信噪比低下的主要原因。渤中凹陷东南侧基本代表渤海海域的静噪水平，为南海深水海区的10倍以上，整个渤海内噪音呈无规则分布。数据整体质量与水深呈正向关系。
（3）结合渤海区的构造背景，运用正演拟合和相邻站位相关分析的方法对OBS数据进行震相识别和分析。渤海海区内浅层沉积层震相丰富，体现了凸起和凹陷区沉积构造差异；深部壳幔边界震相清晰，反映了不同构造单元莫霍界面的结构特征；地壳内震相缺失或者断续出现。
（4）通过初至层析和逐层层析，研究了渤海新生代沉积地层的结构特征。渤海海域新生代沉积层以沙三段为界划分为两层，第一沉积层速度为1.76—3.5km/s，渤中凹陷处最厚4.2km；庙西凹陷区最厚2.3km；埕宁隆起区厚2.5km；渤南凸起区厚1.7km，胶辽隆起区厚300—400m。第二沉积层速度为4.2—4.5km/s，该层分布在渤中凹陷和庙西凹陷内，渤中凹陷处埋深最深为5.8km,庙西凹陷处埋深3.8km，由渤中凹陷向东西两侧呈尖灭趋势，沙垒田凸起处最浅埋深3.0km，渤南凸起处最浅埋深2.0km，在胶辽隆起区该层缺失。
（5）综合利用初至层析、逐层层析和最小二乘反演法开展OBS数据的地壳深部结构成像研究。沿测线方向，莫霍面埋深整体变化幅度较大，渤中凹陷和郯庐断裂带内存在局部隆升，莫霍面的起伏变化与新生代凸起与凹陷呈现镜像对称关系。渤海内下地壳整体表现为高速，盆地内下地壳速度略高于胶辽隆起区。郯庐断裂带东西两侧存在高低速异常，是向下切穿莫霍面的证据，为上地幔热物质上涌提供通道，并引起壳幔边界的起伏变化，也与渤海海域地壳内强震有直接关系。
The Bohai Sea and its adjacent area in the east part of the North China is a regionthat suffers frequently from severe earthquake disasters; on the other hand, the BohaiSea is rich in oil making it a new energy growth point. However it is almost blank indeep structural information in this area. A study of the deep investigation is thereforesignificant for the exploration and production of oil, for the earthquake prevention anddisaster reduction and for the science innovation.
Based on the principle of wide angle reflection/infraction of active OBS, a295km2D NNW wide angle reflection/refraction seismic profile was acquired for thefirst time in the Bohai Sea using high volume air gun array as the source and OBS asthe receivers. After careful data analysis, processing, phase identification andinversion, the crustal structure model of the survey line was obtained and the deepstructure of this area was interpreted. The main research work and results are asfollows:
(1)An air gun array with total volume of9300cu. in was employed as theseismic source; the output wavelet suppressed the bubbles effectively and showed finelow frequency peak waveforms, making it a successful trial in the study of deepcrustal-mantle structure.
(2)Coupling and noise were the main factors affecting active OBS investigation.Ninety-three percent of the OBS stations in this study were good in coupling, leavingnoise to be the primary cause for the low S/N ratio of the data. The noise in thesoutheast Bozhong sag which were more than10times of that in the deep water areain the South China Sea was representative of the noise level in the Bohai Sea, wherethe noise were randomly distributed. The quality of the data showed a positivecorrelation with water depth.
(3)In combination with the tectonic setting of the Bohai area, the methods of forward fitting and correlation analysis among adjacent stations were utilized toanalyze the OBS data and to do the phase identification. There were abundant phasesfrom shallow sedimentary layers showing the structural difference between embossingand depressing regions; the seismic phase from the crustal-mantle boundary wasdistinct indicating the structural features of Moho in various tectonic units; phasesfrom inside the crust were absent or discontinuous.
(4)The structural features of the Cenozoic stratum were studied by first-arrivaltomography and layer-by-layer tomography. The Cenozoic stratum was divided into2layer by the Member3of Shahejie. The velocity of the first layer was1.76km/s to3.5km/s; the biggest thickness in the Bozhong depressing area was4.2km while it was1.7km in the Bonan depression; the thickness of the Chengning Bonan and Jiaoliaoembossing regions were2.5km,1.7km and300to400m, respectively. The velocityof the second layer which appeared mainly in the Bozhong and Miaoxi depressionswas4.2km/s to4.5km/s; the deepest point of the Bozhong depression was5.8kmand it went thinner from the center to the east and to the west; the depth of the Miaoxidepression was3.8km; the shallowest points of the Chengning and Bonan embossingareas were3.0km and2.0km, respectively; this layer disappeared in the Jiaoliaoembossing region.
(5)The deep structure imaging was achieved by comprehensive first-arrivaltomography, layer-by-layer tomography and least square inversions. The depth ofMoho varied significantly along the direction of the survey line; there existed regionalembossing in the Bozhong depression and the Tanlu fault area; and variation in thedepth of Moho was mirror symmetry to the Cenozoic embossing; the velocity of thelower crust was generally high while the velocity of the lower crust in the depressionswas slightly higher than that of ht Jiaoliao embossing area; a high and low velocityanomaly appeared in the east and west of Tanlu fault respectively, indicating its cutoffof Moho, providing a channel for the upwelling of thermal material from the uppermantle, causing the variation in the relief of the mantle boundary and being relateddirectly with strong earthquakes in the curst in the Bohai Sea.
引文
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