基于嵌入式SMALLRTOS51操作系统的动态汽车衡仪表的设计与实现
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摘要
随着我国经济的腾飞,国家在交通建设上的投资也越来越大,仅山西省2008年交通建设投资规模就达220亿元。由于利益的驱使,各地车辆超限超载现象严重,导致对道路的破坏严重,甚至压断桥梁,阻断交通,造成了不可估计的经济损失。此类现象,不但导致公路桥梁使用寿命大大缩短,而且增加了国家在道路维修上的费用,造成了巨大浪费。动态汽车衡称重系统正是为减少此类现象而设计的。由于其称重过程简单、精度较高,且不易阻塞交通等优点,得到了广泛的应用。动态汽车衡称重系统的使用,很大程度上减少了超限超载现象的发生,减少了道路桥梁的压力,为国家节约了不少开支。
动态汽车衡称重系统在我国已有多年的发展。其核心技术—称重仪表—的研究和开发格外受人关注。纵观前人的研究,有的用PC机或DSP作为硬件平台,有的用嵌入式LINUX操作系统做系统支持。这些方法要么成本过高,要么技术上实现困难。本文总结前人经验的基础上,提出了用单片机作为硬件平台,并使用SAMLLRTOS51操作系统作为系统支持,来设计一种新型动态汽车衡仪表。不但降低了仪表成本,且技术上较容易实现。
主要的研究工作包括以下几方面:
首先根据实际需要设计硬件电路。包括数据单片机外围电路的设计、数据采集电路的设计、数据通讯电路的设计和显示电路的设计。
然后进行采样数据的分析及滤波器的选择与设计。动态称量时,一辆车经过称量平台,系统采样到的数据不但有真实数据,还有其他夹杂的干扰。这就需要采集大量的数据,进行仿真实验,以找到最佳的数字滤波器。
其次进行采样数据有效区域的选择。车辆经过称量秤台时,由于上下秤台时以及经过秤台表面时的抖动所带来的干扰,导致很多采样值偏离真实值。为了节约计算时间、减少计算量和提高计算精度,必须进行采样数据有效区域的选择。
最后进行称重算法的C语言实现。本文采用查表法,将仿真到的最佳滤波器系数做成表,作为代码写进单片机中,当计算时直接查表计算,简化了计算,节约了时间。最后将采样数据与滤波器进行卷积计算,以得到最终滤波结果。
By the economic soar of motherland,Chinese government increasingly invests in communications construction.For instance,the communications construction investment scale of Shan'xi Province in 2008 is about 22 billion yuan.However,because of money's driving,the serious phenomena of vehicles which exceed the weight limits can be found in every region.Those vehicles have done great damage to the pavements and bridges,chocked up traffic and caused out of estimating economic losses.Not only has the phenomena greatly shorted the lifespan of these roads and bridges,but also greatly increased road maintenance charge of the government.Dynamic vehicle weighbridge system has been designed for restraining the phenomena of vehicles which exceed the weight limits.Because of its many virtues such as simply weighing process, high calculate precision,not easily chock up traffic and etc,the system has been used universally.Making use of dynamic vehicle weighbridge system has controlled the phenomena of vehicles which exceed the weight limits,decreased the stress of pavements and bridges and saved large expenses for the government to a great extent.
The technology of dynamic vehicle weighbridge has been developed for many years in our country.The research and development for the key technology of the system which is the weighing instrument has always been paid close attention.According the previous study,some people use PC motherboard or DSP as hardware platform and some others use embedded Linux operating system for system support.These methods either bring high cost or not easy to carry out in technical.In this paper,a realization of a new dynamic vehicle weighing instrument has been put forward.The new instrument uses single chip microcontroller as the platform and used the SMALLRTOS51 embedded operating system for system support.This method not only decreases the cost of instrument but also puts it easy to carry out in technical.
The main contents can be summed up as follows:
Firstly,make hardware design,including the circuit design of the single chip microcontroller,data sampling,data communication and display.
Secondly,make analysis for the sample data to the choice and designing the digital filter.When a vehicle passes the weighing platform,the sample data not only includes the true value but also includes some others interferences.So a mass of sample data and many times simulate experiment should be need to determine the best digital filter.
Thirdly,do the choice for the effective sample data.Because of the wobbling interference by the vehicle when weighing,there are some sample data have large error according the true value.The choice for the effective sample data has been need to save calculating time,to simple calculation and to improve the calculate precision.
Finaly,make the realization of weighing algorithm in c language.This paper adopts check table method which compiles the best digital filter's coefficient into code then programs into the single chip microcontroller. Checking table when calculating,this method not only simples the calculation but also saves calculating time.The result can be acquired after a convolution had been done between the sample data and the digital filter's coefficient.
动态汽车衡称重系统在我国已有多年的发展。其核心技术—称重仪表—的研究和开发格外受人关注。纵观前人的研究,有的用PC机或DSP作为硬件平台,有的用嵌入式LINUX操作系统做系统支持。这些方法要么成本过高,要么技术上实现困难。本文总结前人经验的基础上,提出了用单片机作为硬件平台,并使用SAMLLRTOS51操作系统作为系统支持,来设计一种新型动态汽车衡仪表。不但降低了仪表成本,且技术上较容易实现。
主要的研究工作包括以下几方面:
首先根据实际需要设计硬件电路。包括数据单片机外围电路的设计、数据采集电路的设计、数据通讯电路的设计和显示电路的设计。
然后进行采样数据的分析及滤波器的选择与设计。动态称量时,一辆车经过称量平台,系统采样到的数据不但有真实数据,还有其他夹杂的干扰。这就需要采集大量的数据,进行仿真实验,以找到最佳的数字滤波器。
其次进行采样数据有效区域的选择。车辆经过称量秤台时,由于上下秤台时以及经过秤台表面时的抖动所带来的干扰,导致很多采样值偏离真实值。为了节约计算时间、减少计算量和提高计算精度,必须进行采样数据有效区域的选择。
最后进行称重算法的C语言实现。本文采用查表法,将仿真到的最佳滤波器系数做成表,作为代码写进单片机中,当计算时直接查表计算,简化了计算,节约了时间。最后将采样数据与滤波器进行卷积计算,以得到最终滤波结果。
By the economic soar of motherland,Chinese government increasingly invests in communications construction.For instance,the communications construction investment scale of Shan'xi Province in 2008 is about 22 billion yuan.However,because of money's driving,the serious phenomena of vehicles which exceed the weight limits can be found in every region.Those vehicles have done great damage to the pavements and bridges,chocked up traffic and caused out of estimating economic losses.Not only has the phenomena greatly shorted the lifespan of these roads and bridges,but also greatly increased road maintenance charge of the government.Dynamic vehicle weighbridge system has been designed for restraining the phenomena of vehicles which exceed the weight limits.Because of its many virtues such as simply weighing process, high calculate precision,not easily chock up traffic and etc,the system has been used universally.Making use of dynamic vehicle weighbridge system has controlled the phenomena of vehicles which exceed the weight limits,decreased the stress of pavements and bridges and saved large expenses for the government to a great extent.
The technology of dynamic vehicle weighbridge has been developed for many years in our country.The research and development for the key technology of the system which is the weighing instrument has always been paid close attention.According the previous study,some people use PC motherboard or DSP as hardware platform and some others use embedded Linux operating system for system support.These methods either bring high cost or not easy to carry out in technical.In this paper,a realization of a new dynamic vehicle weighing instrument has been put forward.The new instrument uses single chip microcontroller as the platform and used the SMALLRTOS51 embedded operating system for system support.This method not only decreases the cost of instrument but also puts it easy to carry out in technical.
The main contents can be summed up as follows:
Firstly,make hardware design,including the circuit design of the single chip microcontroller,data sampling,data communication and display.
Secondly,make analysis for the sample data to the choice and designing the digital filter.When a vehicle passes the weighing platform,the sample data not only includes the true value but also includes some others interferences.So a mass of sample data and many times simulate experiment should be need to determine the best digital filter.
Thirdly,do the choice for the effective sample data.Because of the wobbling interference by the vehicle when weighing,there are some sample data have large error according the true value.The choice for the effective sample data has been need to save calculating time,to simple calculation and to improve the calculate precision.
Finaly,make the realization of weighing algorithm in c language.This paper adopts check table method which compiles the best digital filter's coefficient into code then programs into the single chip microcontroller. Checking table when calculating,this method not only simples the calculation but also saves calculating time.The result can be acquired after a convolution had been done between the sample data and the digital filter's coefficient.
引文
[1]全国治理车辆超限超载工作简报第一期,2005.5.12.
[2]马海平,李晓林.基于嵌入式Linux的动态汽车衡的设计与实现.太原:原理工大学.2007.
[3]胡文彬,安连生,许东来.高速公路动态车辆称重系统的实验性研究.北京:北京工业大学,2001.
[4]韩昱,李丽宏.公路动态称重系统的研究.太原:太原理工大学,2006.
[5]陈明计,周立功.嵌入式操作系统SmallRTOS51原理及应用.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2004.
[6]刘健荣.便携式汽车超重监测系统闭.北京:公路交通科技,1995,12(2)
[7]王振清.公路超限运输概论[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1997.
[8]张寿鸿.对山西省轴式汽车衡现状的评估.自动化仪表,1999,33(9):165-168.
[9]程路,张宏建,曹向辉.车辆动态称重技术.仪器仪表学报,2006,27(8):943-947.
[10]曹忠勇.中国交通研究与探索.北京:中国铁道出版社,1997.
[11]中国机动车安全检测技术委员会主编.汽车安全检测微机控制系统.北京:警官教育出版社,1996.
[12]马晓君,张则,祝思亮.动态电子汽车衡称重系统数学模型的建立.佳木斯大学学报,2006,24(3):379-381.
[13]许王尧.嵌入式计算系统设计原理.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[14]汤子赢,哲凤屏,汤小舟.计算机操作系统.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1999.
[15]梁原华.动态秤重系统分析.哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学出版,2003.
[16]赵新民.智能仪器原理及设计.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1990.
[17]代汝泉.汽车综合性能检测站计算机网络系统.汽车运输,2000,21(4):89-92.
[18]徐爱钧.智能化测量控制仪表原理与设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2000.
[19]贾伯年,俞朴.传感器技术.南京:东南大学出版社,1996.
[20]陈德池.传感器及其应用.北京:中国铁道出版社,1993.
[21]任俊,修吉平.AD7714的工作原理及其应用.半导体技术,2002,(10):51-56
[22]杨高波,简清华.24位A/D转换器AD7714与80C51的接口及编程.中国仪 器仪表,2000,(6):29-32
[23]张贤达.现代信号处理.北京:清华大学出版社,1995.
[24]黄文梅.信号分析与处理——MATLAB语言及运用.长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2000.
[25]凌杰,龙水根.优化算法在汽车动态称重系统中的应用.西安公路交通大学学报,2001,26(3):57-60.
[26]李刚.数字信号微处理器的原理及其开发应用.天津大学出版社,2000:121-132
[27]韩路跃,杜行检.基于MATLAB的时间序列建模与预测.计算机仿真,2005,22(4):105-107,182.
[28]蔡坤,陈惠滨,陈仅星.基于二阶系统的动态汽车衡称重方法及应用.传感技术学报,2005,18(4):906-909.
[29]Niedzwiecki.M,Wasilewski.A.New algorithms for the dynamic weighing of freight trains.Control Eng Practice,1997,5(5):603-618.
[30]S.Mallat.A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing.Beijing:China Machine Press,2002.
[31]S.Mallat.A theory of multi-resolution signal decomposition:The Wavelet representation.IEEE pattern Anal,1989,11(7):674-693.
[32]W.Shu.Dynamic weighing under nonzero initial conditions.IEEE Transaction on instrumentation and measurement,1993,42(4):806-811.
[33]M.Halimic,W.Balachandran,M.Hodzic,F.Cecelja.Performance improvement of dynamic weighing systems using linear quadratic Gaussian controller.IMTC,2003.
[34]Alanv.oppenheim,Alans.Willsky.信号与系统.西安交通大学出版社,1998:40-84
[2]马海平,李晓林.基于嵌入式Linux的动态汽车衡的设计与实现.太原:原理工大学.2007.
[3]胡文彬,安连生,许东来.高速公路动态车辆称重系统的实验性研究.北京:北京工业大学,2001.
[4]韩昱,李丽宏.公路动态称重系统的研究.太原:太原理工大学,2006.
[5]陈明计,周立功.嵌入式操作系统SmallRTOS51原理及应用.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2004.
[6]刘健荣.便携式汽车超重监测系统闭.北京:公路交通科技,1995,12(2)
[7]王振清.公路超限运输概论[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1997.
[8]张寿鸿.对山西省轴式汽车衡现状的评估.自动化仪表,1999,33(9):165-168.
[9]程路,张宏建,曹向辉.车辆动态称重技术.仪器仪表学报,2006,27(8):943-947.
[10]曹忠勇.中国交通研究与探索.北京:中国铁道出版社,1997.
[11]中国机动车安全检测技术委员会主编.汽车安全检测微机控制系统.北京:警官教育出版社,1996.
[12]马晓君,张则,祝思亮.动态电子汽车衡称重系统数学模型的建立.佳木斯大学学报,2006,24(3):379-381.
[13]许王尧.嵌入式计算系统设计原理.北京:机械工业出版社,2002.
[14]汤子赢,哲凤屏,汤小舟.计算机操作系统.西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1999.
[15]梁原华.动态秤重系统分析.哈尔滨:哈尔滨理工大学出版,2003.
[16]赵新民.智能仪器原理及设计.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1990.
[17]代汝泉.汽车综合性能检测站计算机网络系统.汽车运输,2000,21(4):89-92.
[18]徐爱钧.智能化测量控制仪表原理与设计.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,2000.
[19]贾伯年,俞朴.传感器技术.南京:东南大学出版社,1996.
[20]陈德池.传感器及其应用.北京:中国铁道出版社,1993.
[21]任俊,修吉平.AD7714的工作原理及其应用.半导体技术,2002,(10):51-56
[22]杨高波,简清华.24位A/D转换器AD7714与80C51的接口及编程.中国仪 器仪表,2000,(6):29-32
[23]张贤达.现代信号处理.北京:清华大学出版社,1995.
[24]黄文梅.信号分析与处理——MATLAB语言及运用.长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2000.
[25]凌杰,龙水根.优化算法在汽车动态称重系统中的应用.西安公路交通大学学报,2001,26(3):57-60.
[26]李刚.数字信号微处理器的原理及其开发应用.天津大学出版社,2000:121-132
[27]韩路跃,杜行检.基于MATLAB的时间序列建模与预测.计算机仿真,2005,22(4):105-107,182.
[28]蔡坤,陈惠滨,陈仅星.基于二阶系统的动态汽车衡称重方法及应用.传感技术学报,2005,18(4):906-909.
[29]Niedzwiecki.M,Wasilewski.A.New algorithms for the dynamic weighing of freight trains.Control Eng Practice,1997,5(5):603-618.
[30]S.Mallat.A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing.Beijing:China Machine Press,2002.
[31]S.Mallat.A theory of multi-resolution signal decomposition:The Wavelet representation.IEEE pattern Anal,1989,11(7):674-693.
[32]W.Shu.Dynamic weighing under nonzero initial conditions.IEEE Transaction on instrumentation and measurement,1993,42(4):806-811.
[33]M.Halimic,W.Balachandran,M.Hodzic,F.Cecelja.Performance improvement of dynamic weighing systems using linear quadratic Gaussian controller.IMTC,2003.
[34]Alanv.oppenheim,Alans.Willsky.信号与系统.西安交通大学出版社,1998:40-84