湖南永顺楠木林群落研究
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摘要
永顺县位于湖南省西部,湘西土家族苗族自治州北部,在中国植被区划上属于中亚热带常绿阔叶林南部亚地带,地带性植被为常绿阔叶林。永顺有较大面积的天然林,植物种类丰富,森林类型多样。其中以利川润楠(Machilus lichuanensis)、宜昌润楠(Machilus ichangensis)、闽楠(Phoebe bournei)等为优势种的几类群落,是该处最具特色的森林类型,很有研究价值。本文对永顺楠木林群落植物区系、群落学特征、生态学特征等方面进行了研究。结果如下：
1.永顺楠木林群落具有如下四大特点：(1)群落的珍贵性；(2)组成的丰富性；(3)环境的脆弱性；(4)群落的稳定性。
2.经调查统计,八个楠木林群落中,共有维管植物118科,279属,404种。植物区系性质同时具有热带性质和温带性质的特点,、并体现了武陵山地显著的亚热带植物区系的特点。
3.对楠木林群落的数量特征与结构特征的分析发现,楠木在群落中占有绝对的优势地位,重要值居第一位,且远大于其它树种。
4.楠木种群在群落中呈随机状分布,与其它种群间无明显相关性。楠木种群具有生态位宽度大、与主要种群间生态位相似比例高、与其它种群间生态位重叠值波动较小等特点,对资源的利用程度较高及对当地环境的适应性较好。这些反应楠木分布较范围广,环境适应能力强。
5.楠木林群落物种多样性丰富、稳定性良好,种群年龄结构基本为金字塔型。群落为典型的增长类型,具有自我调节、自我更新、自我完善的能力。
6.楠木林分布在海拔300—800m的山坡中、下部和沟谷区,坡度较陡,常有岩石裸露,林地土壤疏松、湿润,腐殖质层较厚,土壤肥力高。群落与海拔高度的关系为：随着楠木海拔高度的变化,楠木生长发育规律受到一定影响。在海拔600m位置,楠木种群的平均树高与胸径达最大值,楠木生长状况良好,长势旺盛。
7.对楠木林群落演替阶段、演替程度、演替规律等方面的研究表明,楠木林群落系演替程度较高的稳定性群落,为永顺当地的顶极群落之一。
Yongshun county is located in western Hunan Province, the northern part of the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture. According to the division of China vegetation, Yongshun belongs to south Asia strip of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the middle subtropics; and its climate vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved forest. Yongshun has a larger area of natural forests, with the characteristics of rich species, diverse forest types. Three communities whose dominant species are Machilus lichuanensis, Machilus ichangensis and Phoebe bournei, are the most unique and special forest types, and deserve studying well. This paper discusses and studies the following aspects of Machilus and Phoebe communities in Yongshun:the flora of community, the characteristics of community, the ecological features and so on. The results of the study are as follows:
1. The Machilus and Phoebe communities Yongshun have four important characteristics, that is, (1) the rarity of the communities, (2) the richness of the made-up species, (3) the frangibility of the ecological environment, and (4) the stability of the communities.
2. The investigation and analysis showed that, in the eight Machilus and Phoebe community sample lands, there are 404 species of vascular plants, belonging to 118 families,279 genera. The flora characteristic shows that there are both tropical elements and temperate elements, and it also reflect obvious subtropical flora characteristics of Wuling Mountain.
3. The analysis of amount features and structure characteristics of Machilus and Phoebe forests find that in the communities, Machilus and Phoebe occupies an absolute advantageous position, and its importance value takes the first place, which is much larger than other species in the community.
4. The spatial patterns of Machilus and Phoebe population in the community are random. Machilus and Phoebe population has no obvious correlation with other populations. Machilus and Phoebe population shows large niche width themselves, high niche similarity proportion among other populations, small fluctuation of niche overlap with other populations, high degree of the use of resources, and better adaptability to local environment. All of those reflect that Machilus and Phoebe population has a wide distribution and a good ability to adapt to the environment.
5. Machilus and Phoebe forests has the rich species diversity and nice stability, and its population age structure basically is pyramid-type. Machilus and Phoebe communities belong to growth-type, with the capability of self-regulation, self-renewal, self-improvement.
6. Machilus and Phoebe communities which lie at an altitude of 300-800m, distribute in the mid hillside, lower valley, or steep slope areas. There are many bare rocks; soil is loose and moist; humus layer is thick; and soil fertility is high. The relationship between Machilus and Phoebe community and altitude is that the growth and development of Machilus and Phoebe will be affected to some extent as the altitude changes. At the altitude of 600m, the average height and diameter of Machilus and Phoebe population reach the maximum, where it also grows well and strong.
7. Studies on the succession stage, succession degree, succession law of the Machilus and Phoebe communities, demonstrate that Machilus and Phoebe communities are a kind of stable one, with a high succession degree. And they are also one of the local climax communities in Yongshun.
1.永顺楠木林群落具有如下四大特点：(1)群落的珍贵性；(2)组成的丰富性；(3)环境的脆弱性；(4)群落的稳定性。
2.经调查统计,八个楠木林群落中,共有维管植物118科,279属,404种。植物区系性质同时具有热带性质和温带性质的特点,、并体现了武陵山地显著的亚热带植物区系的特点。
3.对楠木林群落的数量特征与结构特征的分析发现,楠木在群落中占有绝对的优势地位,重要值居第一位,且远大于其它树种。
4.楠木种群在群落中呈随机状分布,与其它种群间无明显相关性。楠木种群具有生态位宽度大、与主要种群间生态位相似比例高、与其它种群间生态位重叠值波动较小等特点,对资源的利用程度较高及对当地环境的适应性较好。这些反应楠木分布较范围广,环境适应能力强。
5.楠木林群落物种多样性丰富、稳定性良好,种群年龄结构基本为金字塔型。群落为典型的增长类型,具有自我调节、自我更新、自我完善的能力。
6.楠木林分布在海拔300—800m的山坡中、下部和沟谷区,坡度较陡,常有岩石裸露,林地土壤疏松、湿润,腐殖质层较厚,土壤肥力高。群落与海拔高度的关系为：随着楠木海拔高度的变化,楠木生长发育规律受到一定影响。在海拔600m位置,楠木种群的平均树高与胸径达最大值,楠木生长状况良好,长势旺盛。
7.对楠木林群落演替阶段、演替程度、演替规律等方面的研究表明,楠木林群落系演替程度较高的稳定性群落,为永顺当地的顶极群落之一。
Yongshun county is located in western Hunan Province, the northern part of the Xiangxi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture. According to the division of China vegetation, Yongshun belongs to south Asia strip of evergreen broad-leaved forest in the middle subtropics; and its climate vegetation is evergreen broad-leaved forest. Yongshun has a larger area of natural forests, with the characteristics of rich species, diverse forest types. Three communities whose dominant species are Machilus lichuanensis, Machilus ichangensis and Phoebe bournei, are the most unique and special forest types, and deserve studying well. This paper discusses and studies the following aspects of Machilus and Phoebe communities in Yongshun:the flora of community, the characteristics of community, the ecological features and so on. The results of the study are as follows:
1. The Machilus and Phoebe communities Yongshun have four important characteristics, that is, (1) the rarity of the communities, (2) the richness of the made-up species, (3) the frangibility of the ecological environment, and (4) the stability of the communities.
2. The investigation and analysis showed that, in the eight Machilus and Phoebe community sample lands, there are 404 species of vascular plants, belonging to 118 families,279 genera. The flora characteristic shows that there are both tropical elements and temperate elements, and it also reflect obvious subtropical flora characteristics of Wuling Mountain.
3. The analysis of amount features and structure characteristics of Machilus and Phoebe forests find that in the communities, Machilus and Phoebe occupies an absolute advantageous position, and its importance value takes the first place, which is much larger than other species in the community.
4. The spatial patterns of Machilus and Phoebe population in the community are random. Machilus and Phoebe population has no obvious correlation with other populations. Machilus and Phoebe population shows large niche width themselves, high niche similarity proportion among other populations, small fluctuation of niche overlap with other populations, high degree of the use of resources, and better adaptability to local environment. All of those reflect that Machilus and Phoebe population has a wide distribution and a good ability to adapt to the environment.
5. Machilus and Phoebe forests has the rich species diversity and nice stability, and its population age structure basically is pyramid-type. Machilus and Phoebe communities belong to growth-type, with the capability of self-regulation, self-renewal, self-improvement.
6. Machilus and Phoebe communities which lie at an altitude of 300-800m, distribute in the mid hillside, lower valley, or steep slope areas. There are many bare rocks; soil is loose and moist; humus layer is thick; and soil fertility is high. The relationship between Machilus and Phoebe community and altitude is that the growth and development of Machilus and Phoebe will be affected to some extent as the altitude changes. At the altitude of 600m, the average height and diameter of Machilus and Phoebe population reach the maximum, where it also grows well and strong.
7. Studies on the succession stage, succession degree, succession law of the Machilus and Phoebe communities, demonstrate that Machilus and Phoebe communities are a kind of stable one, with a high succession degree. And they are also one of the local climax communities in Yongshun.
引文
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