玉米根茬收获模式及采收机理
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摘要
玉米根茬产量丰富，具有优良的理化及生物质特征，其卓越的开发应用潜力越来越为人们所重视。玉米侧根系发达，粗壮而强韧，向四周生长，与土壤紧密结合，且根系中央常常裹挟大量土壤不易分离，为根茬的机械化收获带来了困难。
根据所参加的国家“863计划”项目，对玉米根茬采收的相关内容进行深入研究，探索了玉米根茬的采收模式，并确定科学、合理的根茬采收工艺路线；对采收过程涉及的理论问题进行了研究，建立了各关键机构的力学模型，挖掘具有模型控制功能的关键参数，并以采收性能为目标实施模型优化；同时研发了一套集铲挖、脱土、升运、集茬于一体的玉米根茬采收试验平台，通过理论模型指导平台的搭建与优化，借助机械试验平台对模型实施验证与修正；最后采用试验优化设计的方法对系统进行优化，通过优化参数确定理想的参数组合模式，以提升系统整体性能。
研究了玉米根茬所处的田间地貌及基础物理属性，获得了与采收有关的土壤和根茬的基础数据，建立了根茬形态与力学模型，为采收系统的研制奠定了基础。采用TRIZ创新理论研究了玉米根茬收获系统的基本组成、功能模式以及关键技术，预测了根茬采收系统的主体结构形式；确定了铲挖与脱土作业的“物-场模型”；化解了机构间的矛盾冲突，为采收系统的创新设计指明了科学的方向。采用虚拟样机技术研制了具有参数可调功能的根茬收获试验平台，为相关采收理论及试验研究奠定了良好的平台基础。借助滑切动力学模型，优化并设计了具有多级滑切角的根茬铲具刃口形式；通过建立根茬在抖动平面上的动力学模型，确定了实现根茬升运及跳动的临界条件，并优化了抖动脱土系统的参数组合形式；根据摩擦自锁理论，建立了根茬喂入临界状态的受力模型，确定了影响根茬喂入性能的关键参数。通过采用理论模态与试验模态相结合的研究方法，获得了根茬采收系统的结构动力学属性，确定了模态参数及系统振型，为系统动态脱土性能的提升提供依据。
结合理论研究对抖动脱土系统和碾压碎土机构进行了试验优化设计，将驱动转速、链条倾角、抖动轮的位置、碾辊间隙作为试验因素，以脱净率和脱土耗时作为优化目标，对抖动脱土系统和碾压碎土机构进行了试验研究并建立了相关模型；采用遗传算法对多目标非线性规划模型实施了寻优，并验证了系统在优化参数下的运行状态，同时采用高速摄影技术记录、分析了根茬抖动脱土过程；最后将收获系统的各可调参数均设置成优化值，实施整机脱土性能综合测试，试验结果表明：系统的脱土率可达86.7%，单个根茬整个处理过程的平均耗时为4.87s。
Yield of crop stubble is rich, which has excellent physical, chemical and biologicalcharacteristics. More and more attention has been paid to the outstanding developmentapplication potential. Lateral stubble system of corn is strong, growing around, andclosely combines with soil. Moreover, the soil is often enveloped in the central of thestubble, which is not easy to separate, bringing difficulty to the mechanization of cornstubble harvest.
Consequently, According to a project supported by National Hi-tech Program, adeep research for relevant contents of corn stubble harvest was performed, exploringharvesting mode, and establishing scientific and reasonable harvesting route. Varioustheory problems, in the process of harvest were studied, and the mechanical models ofkey mechanisms were established, some key parameters which have model controllingfunction were developed, and then the model optimization was conducted aiming at theharvesting performance. Meanwhile, a corn stubble harvest test platform was developed,which set shovel-dig, scouring off soil from stubbles, hoisting and gathering stubble in abody. By means of theoretical model to guide for establishment and optimization of theplatform, the models were validated and revised with mechanical test platform. Finally,we use test optimization design method to optimize the system, through optimizingparameters to determine ideal composite mode of the structural parameters, in order toimprove system performance.
Depend on the landform and basic physical attributes of the corn stubble field, weobtain basic data of the soil and corn stubble and the morphological and mechanicalmodel were established, which provided basis for development of harvest system. Basedon TRIZ theory and method, the basic composition of corn stubble harvest system,function mode, and key technologies were studied, the main structure form of the systemwas forecast, and the “material-field model” for shoveling-digging and scouring soilfrom the stubble was set up. Then the contradiction between mechanisms was resolved,and the scientific direction of innovative design of harvest system was point out. Usingvirtual prototype technology, corn stubble harvest experiment platform whose parametersare adjustable was developed, providing better platform fundation. Shovel blade form forcorn stubble with multi-stage shearing angle was designed and optimized based onslippery cut dynamics model. Through establishing the dynamic model of stubble in the wobble plane, the critical condition in implementing stubble hoisting and beating wasdetermined, and the combined parameter mode of wobble system for separating soil fromstubbles was optimize. Based on friction self-locking theory, the force model in criticalstate was established when stubble is feeding, the key parameters affecting theperformance of stubble feeding was determined. Through the research method ofcombining theoretical and experimental mode, the system dynamics properties of thestubble harvest structure were obtained, the modal parameters and system modes weredetermined, and the basis for the improving system dynamics for scouring was provided.
We combines theoretical study with tests the wobble soil system and rollingpulverize optimization design, considering driving speed, chain inclination, location ofthe wobble wheel, clearance between the two rollers as experimental factors, and thecleaning rate and the efficiency of scouring soil as optimal objective. The research ofscouring soil system and rolling wobble broking soil were performed and the relevantmodel was set up. We applied genetic algorithm of multi-objective nonlinearprogramming model to search the optimization and verified the operation state when thesystem is under the optimizing parameters. Meanwhile, we employed high-speedphotography technology to record and analyze the process when the corn stubble is inwobble state for scouring soil. Finally, the adjustable parameters of the harvest system tooptimal value were set; a comprehensive test for the scouring soil performance of thewhole machine was performed. Therefore, the rate of scouring soil up to86.7%, andsingle stubble through a processing duration take an average time of4.87s.
根据所参加的国家“863计划”项目，对玉米根茬采收的相关内容进行深入研究，探索了玉米根茬的采收模式，并确定科学、合理的根茬采收工艺路线；对采收过程涉及的理论问题进行了研究，建立了各关键机构的力学模型，挖掘具有模型控制功能的关键参数，并以采收性能为目标实施模型优化；同时研发了一套集铲挖、脱土、升运、集茬于一体的玉米根茬采收试验平台，通过理论模型指导平台的搭建与优化，借助机械试验平台对模型实施验证与修正；最后采用试验优化设计的方法对系统进行优化，通过优化参数确定理想的参数组合模式，以提升系统整体性能。
研究了玉米根茬所处的田间地貌及基础物理属性，获得了与采收有关的土壤和根茬的基础数据，建立了根茬形态与力学模型，为采收系统的研制奠定了基础。采用TRIZ创新理论研究了玉米根茬收获系统的基本组成、功能模式以及关键技术，预测了根茬采收系统的主体结构形式；确定了铲挖与脱土作业的“物-场模型”；化解了机构间的矛盾冲突，为采收系统的创新设计指明了科学的方向。采用虚拟样机技术研制了具有参数可调功能的根茬收获试验平台，为相关采收理论及试验研究奠定了良好的平台基础。借助滑切动力学模型，优化并设计了具有多级滑切角的根茬铲具刃口形式；通过建立根茬在抖动平面上的动力学模型，确定了实现根茬升运及跳动的临界条件，并优化了抖动脱土系统的参数组合形式；根据摩擦自锁理论，建立了根茬喂入临界状态的受力模型，确定了影响根茬喂入性能的关键参数。通过采用理论模态与试验模态相结合的研究方法，获得了根茬采收系统的结构动力学属性，确定了模态参数及系统振型，为系统动态脱土性能的提升提供依据。
结合理论研究对抖动脱土系统和碾压碎土机构进行了试验优化设计，将驱动转速、链条倾角、抖动轮的位置、碾辊间隙作为试验因素，以脱净率和脱土耗时作为优化目标，对抖动脱土系统和碾压碎土机构进行了试验研究并建立了相关模型；采用遗传算法对多目标非线性规划模型实施了寻优，并验证了系统在优化参数下的运行状态，同时采用高速摄影技术记录、分析了根茬抖动脱土过程；最后将收获系统的各可调参数均设置成优化值，实施整机脱土性能综合测试，试验结果表明：系统的脱土率可达86.7%，单个根茬整个处理过程的平均耗时为4.87s。
Yield of crop stubble is rich, which has excellent physical, chemical and biologicalcharacteristics. More and more attention has been paid to the outstanding developmentapplication potential. Lateral stubble system of corn is strong, growing around, andclosely combines with soil. Moreover, the soil is often enveloped in the central of thestubble, which is not easy to separate, bringing difficulty to the mechanization of cornstubble harvest.
Consequently, According to a project supported by National Hi-tech Program, adeep research for relevant contents of corn stubble harvest was performed, exploringharvesting mode, and establishing scientific and reasonable harvesting route. Varioustheory problems, in the process of harvest were studied, and the mechanical models ofkey mechanisms were established, some key parameters which have model controllingfunction were developed, and then the model optimization was conducted aiming at theharvesting performance. Meanwhile, a corn stubble harvest test platform was developed,which set shovel-dig, scouring off soil from stubbles, hoisting and gathering stubble in abody. By means of theoretical model to guide for establishment and optimization of theplatform, the models were validated and revised with mechanical test platform. Finally,we use test optimization design method to optimize the system, through optimizingparameters to determine ideal composite mode of the structural parameters, in order toimprove system performance.
Depend on the landform and basic physical attributes of the corn stubble field, weobtain basic data of the soil and corn stubble and the morphological and mechanicalmodel were established, which provided basis for development of harvest system. Basedon TRIZ theory and method, the basic composition of corn stubble harvest system,function mode, and key technologies were studied, the main structure form of the systemwas forecast, and the “material-field model” for shoveling-digging and scouring soilfrom the stubble was set up. Then the contradiction between mechanisms was resolved,and the scientific direction of innovative design of harvest system was point out. Usingvirtual prototype technology, corn stubble harvest experiment platform whose parametersare adjustable was developed, providing better platform fundation. Shovel blade form forcorn stubble with multi-stage shearing angle was designed and optimized based onslippery cut dynamics model. Through establishing the dynamic model of stubble in the wobble plane, the critical condition in implementing stubble hoisting and beating wasdetermined, and the combined parameter mode of wobble system for separating soil fromstubbles was optimize. Based on friction self-locking theory, the force model in criticalstate was established when stubble is feeding, the key parameters affecting theperformance of stubble feeding was determined. Through the research method ofcombining theoretical and experimental mode, the system dynamics properties of thestubble harvest structure were obtained, the modal parameters and system modes weredetermined, and the basis for the improving system dynamics for scouring was provided.
We combines theoretical study with tests the wobble soil system and rollingpulverize optimization design, considering driving speed, chain inclination, location ofthe wobble wheel, clearance between the two rollers as experimental factors, and thecleaning rate and the efficiency of scouring soil as optimal objective. The research ofscouring soil system and rolling wobble broking soil were performed and the relevantmodel was set up. We applied genetic algorithm of multi-objective nonlinearprogramming model to search the optimization and verified the operation state when thesystem is under the optimizing parameters. Meanwhile, we employed high-speedphotography technology to record and analyze the process when the corn stubble is inwobble state for scouring soil. Finally, the adjustable parameters of the harvest system tooptimal value were set; a comprehensive test for the scouring soil performance of thewhole machine was performed. Therefore, the rate of scouring soil up to86.7%, andsingle stubble through a processing duration take an average time of4.87s.
引文
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