旧城住区更新工程的公众参与研究
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摘要
“十五”期间,全国城镇约5亿平方米的危旧住房得到改造,近5000万个城镇家庭改善了住房条件,这些危旧住房大部分都集中在旧城住区,这个拆迁安置的规模相当于100多个三峡工程的移民工作量。近年来全国范围内不断出现的“钉子户”现象,使得社会各方达成“旧城住区更新工程从本质上说其成功的关键在于要反映公众的心声和利益”的共识,将工程与社会的关系视为影响工程最终成败的关键。在西气东输、南水北调等大型工程和城市基础设施工程中,对工程社会问题的重视被提升到前所未有的高度,成为构建和谐社会的重要内容。一门新型学科——工程社会学也正孕育而生。本文选择工程学和社会学交叉领域为切入点,以旧城住区更新工程建设中的公众参与分析和引导为视角,通过系统研究工程与公众、社会文化、社会结构、社会网络、生活方式、经济水平、环境质量等多方面的关系,对工程社会学进行了拓展研究。
旧城住区更新是城市管理面临的永恒主题之一,是由一系列具体更新工程构成的。旧城住区更新工程建设目标不仅仅是更新地块利用的优化,还要促使城市整个系统的可持续发展。在可持续发展理念引导下,旧城住区更新工程需要动员所有社会团体和全体民众的积极参与,有必要深入探索能有效引导工程项目全寿命期中公众参与的旧城住区更新管理理论;这也是我国持续推进旧城住区更新“政府主导、专家指导、社会参与、企业投入”运行机制的迫切需求。
本文以作者亲身参与的2项国家重点科技攻关课题和中欧合作研究项目为基础,在与旧城住区相关政府管理部门合作实践经验上,以旧城住区更新为背景,探讨了旧城住区更新工程全过程的公众参与理论与应用问题,旨在促进和谐社会建设新时期对更新工程项目管理的发展需求。本文首先探讨了旧城住区更新工程公众参与的主要理论,包括“可持续发展”、“工程社会学”、“现代城市管理和城市更新”、“复杂系统及其演化”与“伙伴关系模式”等前沿理论,并对国内外旧城住区更新公众参与的理论与实践进行了整合。然后从以下5个方面对旧城住区更新工程的公众参与模式进行了深入研究:
1、旧城住区更新工程公众参与演化机理分析。将城市住区的历史发展分为五个阶段,对城市住区演化过程中的参与特点和社会经济背景进行分析,以史为鉴指出了居民全过程参与住区建设的发展趋势;通过对旧城住区系统稳定状态下三种旧城住区类型和系统不稳定状态下的四种更新工程类型的分析,系统解释了旧城住区更新参与的涵义,研究了旧城住区系统寿命期和旧城住区更新工程全寿命周期的关系。基于建国以来旧城住区更新参与演化进程,归纳了三次层间演化,揭示了不同时期的他组织、他组织与自组织并存、自组织、混沌结构的四个阶段的层内演化规律,并对旧城住区更新工程的参与动力进行了分析。
2、旧城住区更新工程公众参与的目标体系设计。提出了由居民、企业、政府和专家四类主要参与主体构成的旧城住区更新工程共同体概念,建立了伙伴关系平台;分析了基于资源系统的旧城住区更新工程社会嵌入性,在研究政府职能系统目标和居民资源系统改善目标基础上,构建了旧城住区更新工程的公众参与目标体系;建立了旧城住区更新工程共同体的参与度方程,综合参与意愿、参与程度和参与效益三要素评价共同体中各参与主体的参与行为。
3、旧城住区更新工程的居民参与行为系统构建。基于马斯洛需求原理研究了公众对旧城住区更新工程的五个层次需求;基于建设项目全寿命周期理论进行了公众参与的时序划分。结合需求、时间、空间参与要素和资源系统分析了9种公众参与行为模块,建立了三维的旧城住区更新工程公众参与行为框架。针对目前处于弱势的居民参与群体,本文研究提出了更新工程居民全过程参与的组织方法,将居民资源系统优化参数和使用方法规范化,设计了更新工程辅助决策的居民评价制度、居民咨询制度和后评价居民参与制度。进行了旧城住区更新决策和使用阶段的公众参与引导实证研究。
4、公众参与模型仿真和更新工程保障体系推导。利用调查问卷信息,在SPSS软件平台下用Logistic模型讨论了居民参与行为的有效影响因素,通过BP神经网络训练具有自适应能力的居民参与行为,分析设置仿真初始状态,在ERA基本结构模型上,以潮州市古城区为背景进行了旧城住区更新工程参与仿真,证实仿真结果与旧城住区的实际发展是相符的。在此基础上通过可拓逻辑推导,对旧城住区更新工程居民参与保障体系进行了设计并提出了实施建议。
5、结论与展望。指出了本研究的主要结论和后续研究工作重点。
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, 0.5 billion square meter aging houses in Chinese urban and town areas has been reconstructed, and living conditions of nearly 50 million households have been improved. Majority of these aging housing was settled in old urban residential area, and the resettlement scale was equivalent to the immigration workload of over 100 projects as the Three Gorges Project. In recent years, the frequent "stubborn nail" phenomena urge the society to reach the consensus that "The essence of success of old urban residential area renewal project is to reflect aspirations and interests of the public". Relationship between project and society is considered the key which affects the ultimate success of the project. Concerning the West-East Gas Pipeline project, the South-North Water Diversion Project and the urban infrastructure projects, enginieering sociological problems have never been emphasized than at the present time. A new discipline - engineering sociology is developing. In this paper, intersectional field of engineering and sociology is chosen as the breakthrough point. As a preliminary analysis of engineering sociology, this paper discusses the relationship between engineering and public, socio-cultural, social structure, social networks, lifestyle, economy level, and environment quality, and studies the impact of public participation guidance on renewal project.
Old urban residential area renewal, composed of a series of specific renewal projects, is the eternal theme of urban management. These renewal projects are aimed to achieve sustainable development for both the local area and the holistic urban system. Renewal projects appeal for participation of all social groups and citizens. It is necessary to explore old urban residential area renewal management theory which effectively guides public participation during the life cycle of project and advances the mechanism of "Government conducting, Expert guideing, Residents participating, Company investing".
Based on outputs of two national scientific research projects and cooperation with related government administration of old urban area, this paper discusses the life cycle guidance of public participation which meet the development require of renewal project managenment during harmonious society construction. At the beginning, the paper studies relevant theories, including sustainable development, engineering sociology, modern urban management and renewal, complex system and evolution, and partnering etc., and sorts out research and practices of public participation in renewal projects home and abroad. On this basis, the main work of the dissertation is summarized as following:
Firstly evolution of public participation in old urban residential area renewal projects is analyzed. The history of urban residential area is divided into five development stages according to participation characteristic and social-economic background, which points out the trend of life cycle public participation. Based on the analysis of three types of old urban residential area as the stable system and four types of renewal projects as the unstable system, the meaning of participation in renewal projects is explained with the relationship between the system life of old urban and renewal project life cycle. With the background of old urban residential area development process since 1949, evolution between three layers is exacted and four stages of evolution about self-organization in layer are analyzed. The dynamic mechanism and three basic powers of public participation in renewal project are discussed.
Secondly the objective system of renewal project in old urban residential area is studies. Project community including resident, enterprise, government, and expert as well as partnering platform in rewal projects are put forward. Social embeddedness of renewal project is discussed based on resource system of participant. Objective system of renewal project is set up with combination with government function objectives, resident resource system optiminized objectives and other main participant's objective. The function of participation degree of renewal project community is advanced with three key factors which are participant's willing, participation behavior and participation effect.
Thirdly behavior system of resident's participation in renewal projects of old urban residential area is established. Five hierarchy of residents need for renewal project based on Maslow's theory and three stages of a renewal project based on life cycly theory are analyzed. Nine kinds of participation behavior mode are proposed. Three dimension framework of public participation behavior is set up combinating time, space, needs and resource system. Life cycle participation for resident are organized. The parmeters and utilization method of optimizing their resource system are standardized. Three organizational forms about resident participation including decision-making appraisal by residents, planning consultation for residents, and post appraisal resident involved are designed, which are demonstrated with two renwal project cases in decision-making stage and operating stage.
Fourthly public participation in old urban residential area is modeled and simulated and security system of renewal projects is designed. Based on questionnaire information analyse with Logistic function in SPSS sofeware the critical factors about resident participation behavior are distinguished, next participation behavior of resident and other participant class are trained with BP neural network, then initialization and interaction of environment-rules-agents is designed with the background of Chaozhou, the simulation result are consistent with reality development. With above analysis, the security system of resident participation in renewal project is designed with some suggestion referring to extension analysis theory.
Fifthly the conclusion is made. The major conclusions and the following research focus are pointed out.
旧城住区更新是城市管理面临的永恒主题之一,是由一系列具体更新工程构成的。旧城住区更新工程建设目标不仅仅是更新地块利用的优化,还要促使城市整个系统的可持续发展。在可持续发展理念引导下,旧城住区更新工程需要动员所有社会团体和全体民众的积极参与,有必要深入探索能有效引导工程项目全寿命期中公众参与的旧城住区更新管理理论;这也是我国持续推进旧城住区更新“政府主导、专家指导、社会参与、企业投入”运行机制的迫切需求。
本文以作者亲身参与的2项国家重点科技攻关课题和中欧合作研究项目为基础,在与旧城住区相关政府管理部门合作实践经验上,以旧城住区更新为背景,探讨了旧城住区更新工程全过程的公众参与理论与应用问题,旨在促进和谐社会建设新时期对更新工程项目管理的发展需求。本文首先探讨了旧城住区更新工程公众参与的主要理论,包括“可持续发展”、“工程社会学”、“现代城市管理和城市更新”、“复杂系统及其演化”与“伙伴关系模式”等前沿理论,并对国内外旧城住区更新公众参与的理论与实践进行了整合。然后从以下5个方面对旧城住区更新工程的公众参与模式进行了深入研究:
1、旧城住区更新工程公众参与演化机理分析。将城市住区的历史发展分为五个阶段,对城市住区演化过程中的参与特点和社会经济背景进行分析,以史为鉴指出了居民全过程参与住区建设的发展趋势;通过对旧城住区系统稳定状态下三种旧城住区类型和系统不稳定状态下的四种更新工程类型的分析,系统解释了旧城住区更新参与的涵义,研究了旧城住区系统寿命期和旧城住区更新工程全寿命周期的关系。基于建国以来旧城住区更新参与演化进程,归纳了三次层间演化,揭示了不同时期的他组织、他组织与自组织并存、自组织、混沌结构的四个阶段的层内演化规律,并对旧城住区更新工程的参与动力进行了分析。
2、旧城住区更新工程公众参与的目标体系设计。提出了由居民、企业、政府和专家四类主要参与主体构成的旧城住区更新工程共同体概念,建立了伙伴关系平台;分析了基于资源系统的旧城住区更新工程社会嵌入性,在研究政府职能系统目标和居民资源系统改善目标基础上,构建了旧城住区更新工程的公众参与目标体系;建立了旧城住区更新工程共同体的参与度方程,综合参与意愿、参与程度和参与效益三要素评价共同体中各参与主体的参与行为。
3、旧城住区更新工程的居民参与行为系统构建。基于马斯洛需求原理研究了公众对旧城住区更新工程的五个层次需求;基于建设项目全寿命周期理论进行了公众参与的时序划分。结合需求、时间、空间参与要素和资源系统分析了9种公众参与行为模块,建立了三维的旧城住区更新工程公众参与行为框架。针对目前处于弱势的居民参与群体,本文研究提出了更新工程居民全过程参与的组织方法,将居民资源系统优化参数和使用方法规范化,设计了更新工程辅助决策的居民评价制度、居民咨询制度和后评价居民参与制度。进行了旧城住区更新决策和使用阶段的公众参与引导实证研究。
4、公众参与模型仿真和更新工程保障体系推导。利用调查问卷信息,在SPSS软件平台下用Logistic模型讨论了居民参与行为的有效影响因素,通过BP神经网络训练具有自适应能力的居民参与行为,分析设置仿真初始状态,在ERA基本结构模型上,以潮州市古城区为背景进行了旧城住区更新工程参与仿真,证实仿真结果与旧城住区的实际发展是相符的。在此基础上通过可拓逻辑推导,对旧城住区更新工程居民参与保障体系进行了设计并提出了实施建议。
5、结论与展望。指出了本研究的主要结论和后续研究工作重点。
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development, 0.5 billion square meter aging houses in Chinese urban and town areas has been reconstructed, and living conditions of nearly 50 million households have been improved. Majority of these aging housing was settled in old urban residential area, and the resettlement scale was equivalent to the immigration workload of over 100 projects as the Three Gorges Project. In recent years, the frequent "stubborn nail" phenomena urge the society to reach the consensus that "The essence of success of old urban residential area renewal project is to reflect aspirations and interests of the public". Relationship between project and society is considered the key which affects the ultimate success of the project. Concerning the West-East Gas Pipeline project, the South-North Water Diversion Project and the urban infrastructure projects, enginieering sociological problems have never been emphasized than at the present time. A new discipline - engineering sociology is developing. In this paper, intersectional field of engineering and sociology is chosen as the breakthrough point. As a preliminary analysis of engineering sociology, this paper discusses the relationship between engineering and public, socio-cultural, social structure, social networks, lifestyle, economy level, and environment quality, and studies the impact of public participation guidance on renewal project.
Old urban residential area renewal, composed of a series of specific renewal projects, is the eternal theme of urban management. These renewal projects are aimed to achieve sustainable development for both the local area and the holistic urban system. Renewal projects appeal for participation of all social groups and citizens. It is necessary to explore old urban residential area renewal management theory which effectively guides public participation during the life cycle of project and advances the mechanism of "Government conducting, Expert guideing, Residents participating, Company investing".
Based on outputs of two national scientific research projects and cooperation with related government administration of old urban area, this paper discusses the life cycle guidance of public participation which meet the development require of renewal project managenment during harmonious society construction. At the beginning, the paper studies relevant theories, including sustainable development, engineering sociology, modern urban management and renewal, complex system and evolution, and partnering etc., and sorts out research and practices of public participation in renewal projects home and abroad. On this basis, the main work of the dissertation is summarized as following:
Firstly evolution of public participation in old urban residential area renewal projects is analyzed. The history of urban residential area is divided into five development stages according to participation characteristic and social-economic background, which points out the trend of life cycle public participation. Based on the analysis of three types of old urban residential area as the stable system and four types of renewal projects as the unstable system, the meaning of participation in renewal projects is explained with the relationship between the system life of old urban and renewal project life cycle. With the background of old urban residential area development process since 1949, evolution between three layers is exacted and four stages of evolution about self-organization in layer are analyzed. The dynamic mechanism and three basic powers of public participation in renewal project are discussed.
Secondly the objective system of renewal project in old urban residential area is studies. Project community including resident, enterprise, government, and expert as well as partnering platform in rewal projects are put forward. Social embeddedness of renewal project is discussed based on resource system of participant. Objective system of renewal project is set up with combination with government function objectives, resident resource system optiminized objectives and other main participant's objective. The function of participation degree of renewal project community is advanced with three key factors which are participant's willing, participation behavior and participation effect.
Thirdly behavior system of resident's participation in renewal projects of old urban residential area is established. Five hierarchy of residents need for renewal project based on Maslow's theory and three stages of a renewal project based on life cycly theory are analyzed. Nine kinds of participation behavior mode are proposed. Three dimension framework of public participation behavior is set up combinating time, space, needs and resource system. Life cycle participation for resident are organized. The parmeters and utilization method of optimizing their resource system are standardized. Three organizational forms about resident participation including decision-making appraisal by residents, planning consultation for residents, and post appraisal resident involved are designed, which are demonstrated with two renwal project cases in decision-making stage and operating stage.
Fourthly public participation in old urban residential area is modeled and simulated and security system of renewal projects is designed. Based on questionnaire information analyse with Logistic function in SPSS sofeware the critical factors about resident participation behavior are distinguished, next participation behavior of resident and other participant class are trained with BP neural network, then initialization and interaction of environment-rules-agents is designed with the background of Chaozhou, the simulation result are consistent with reality development. With above analysis, the security system of resident participation in renewal project is designed with some suggestion referring to extension analysis theory.
Fifthly the conclusion is made. The major conclusions and the following research focus are pointed out.
引文
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