大型离心压缩机密封技术研究
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摘要
随着科学技术和石油化工工业的飞速发展，各种离心压缩机得到了广泛的应用。由于操作条件的不同，尤其是高压、易燃、易爆、有毒气体等苛刻条件，使密封技术至关重要。否则，一旦轴端密封发生泄漏，会造成巨大的经济损失，甚至危及到操作人员的生命安全。本文在把握国内外离心压缩机密封技术的发展状况，借鉴其他企业的成功经验基础上，根据我厂机组结构特性、工艺特性、介质泄漏程度要求的不同，以及浮环密封、锥形浮环密封、抽充气式迷宫密封、机械密封、干气密封的各自特点，对离心压缩机存在的密封问题进行了全面剖析，研究了适合每台机组最佳、可靠的密封技术，实施了本地化技术改造，降低了生产成本，满足了机组长期稳定运行的生产要求，取得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。
本文主要针对离心压缩机中富气和循环氢气压缩机的密封技术，进行了以下几个方面的研究：
1)富气压缩机浮环密封的技术改造，对迷宫密封损坏严重、密封油受到介质污染、密封油窜入润滑油系统等问题进行了研究。
2)循环氢气压缩机锥形浮环密封的技术研究，年产80万吨柴油加氢装置的循环氢气压缩机采用锥形浮环密封，技术先进，使用可靠。通过对其特点和密封机理的分析研究，熟练掌握了锥形浮环密封的应用技术，并对实际出现的问题及时妥善解决。
3)富气压缩机充气式迷宫密封的技术改造，焦化装置富气压缩机原来采用简单的充气式迷宫密封，密封效果不好、泄漏大，迷宫密封频繁损坏，机组无法实现长周期运行。把原来简单的充气式迷宫密封改为抽—充气组合式迷宫密封，同时气封采用更为高级的材质，实现了机组长周期运转。
4)富气压缩机进口机械密封的国产化，该机所配密封是美国进口原装密封，如果仍采用进口密封，价格昂贵。故将其国产化并作了局部改造，降低了生产成本。
5)循环氢气压缩机干气密封的先进技术研究，为今后扩大应用奠定了基础。
Along with the fast development of science and petrochemical industry, various compressor has been applyed widely. However seal technique is still vital in some working conditions especial in the case of high pressure, combustible, explosive and poisonous conditions. If happened accident, it will bring huge economic damage due to stopping the production, even endanger the worker's life. Our factory has long history with excellent traditions. It's our persistent tenet that keeping device working well, fully, safely, steadyly, permanently. With this purpose, this paper researches the state of dometic and overseas seal technique; uses other enterprise's successful experiments for reference; combines the factory set's structural property, technics characteristic and the different request of medium leakage degree; considers the respective strongpoints of floating ring seal, conical floating seal, suction labyrinth seal, inflator labyrinth seal, mechanical seal, dry gas seal; finds out the optimum, dependable seal techinique fiting for each set on the base of entire analysis on the centrifugal compressor. And in the end by putting this plan into practice the factory achieves localized reconstructs, reduces the production cost and fulfils the demands of secular safe use. It brings remarkable economic results and social beneficial results.
this paper's research focuses on the following aspects:
1) Aerial compressor reconstruction with float hoop seal: solving the problems of severe abrasion of labyrinth seal, medium contamination of seal oil and seal oil leakage to the lubricating oil system.
2) Research on conical float seal of centrifugal copressor: the conical float seal technique is applied in the circle hydrogen compressors of diesel oil hydrogenation device which have 800 thousand tons output. By the analysis of its seal mechanism, the technique of conical float seal is applied masterly to solve the problems in the practice.
3) Aerial compressor reconstruction with inflator labyrinth seal: the aerial compressor formerly adopted simple inflator labyrinth seal and it didn't work well due to the vast leakage and frequently abrasion of the labyrinth seal, so the machine couldn't operate in long term. By the use of the combination of suction labyrinth seal and inflator labyrinth seal and advanced materials, the machine gains long term operation.
4) Aerial compressor localization of import machenical seal: the localization reconstruction reduces the cost of import expense of original U.S. device.
5) Research of circle hydrogen compressor with dry air seal.
本文主要针对离心压缩机中富气和循环氢气压缩机的密封技术，进行了以下几个方面的研究：
1)富气压缩机浮环密封的技术改造，对迷宫密封损坏严重、密封油受到介质污染、密封油窜入润滑油系统等问题进行了研究。
2)循环氢气压缩机锥形浮环密封的技术研究，年产80万吨柴油加氢装置的循环氢气压缩机采用锥形浮环密封，技术先进，使用可靠。通过对其特点和密封机理的分析研究，熟练掌握了锥形浮环密封的应用技术，并对实际出现的问题及时妥善解决。
3)富气压缩机充气式迷宫密封的技术改造，焦化装置富气压缩机原来采用简单的充气式迷宫密封，密封效果不好、泄漏大，迷宫密封频繁损坏，机组无法实现长周期运行。把原来简单的充气式迷宫密封改为抽—充气组合式迷宫密封，同时气封采用更为高级的材质，实现了机组长周期运转。
4)富气压缩机进口机械密封的国产化，该机所配密封是美国进口原装密封，如果仍采用进口密封，价格昂贵。故将其国产化并作了局部改造，降低了生产成本。
5)循环氢气压缩机干气密封的先进技术研究，为今后扩大应用奠定了基础。
Along with the fast development of science and petrochemical industry, various compressor has been applyed widely. However seal technique is still vital in some working conditions especial in the case of high pressure, combustible, explosive and poisonous conditions. If happened accident, it will bring huge economic damage due to stopping the production, even endanger the worker's life. Our factory has long history with excellent traditions. It's our persistent tenet that keeping device working well, fully, safely, steadyly, permanently. With this purpose, this paper researches the state of dometic and overseas seal technique; uses other enterprise's successful experiments for reference; combines the factory set's structural property, technics characteristic and the different request of medium leakage degree; considers the respective strongpoints of floating ring seal, conical floating seal, suction labyrinth seal, inflator labyrinth seal, mechanical seal, dry gas seal; finds out the optimum, dependable seal techinique fiting for each set on the base of entire analysis on the centrifugal compressor. And in the end by putting this plan into practice the factory achieves localized reconstructs, reduces the production cost and fulfils the demands of secular safe use. It brings remarkable economic results and social beneficial results.
this paper's research focuses on the following aspects:
1) Aerial compressor reconstruction with float hoop seal: solving the problems of severe abrasion of labyrinth seal, medium contamination of seal oil and seal oil leakage to the lubricating oil system.
2) Research on conical float seal of centrifugal copressor: the conical float seal technique is applied in the circle hydrogen compressors of diesel oil hydrogenation device which have 800 thousand tons output. By the analysis of its seal mechanism, the technique of conical float seal is applied masterly to solve the problems in the practice.
3) Aerial compressor reconstruction with inflator labyrinth seal: the aerial compressor formerly adopted simple inflator labyrinth seal and it didn't work well due to the vast leakage and frequently abrasion of the labyrinth seal, so the machine couldn't operate in long term. By the use of the combination of suction labyrinth seal and inflator labyrinth seal and advanced materials, the machine gains long term operation.
4) Aerial compressor localization of import machenical seal: the localization reconstruction reduces the cost of import expense of original U.S. device.
5) Research of circle hydrogen compressor with dry air seal.
引文
[1] Ha, Tae-Woong; Lee, Yong-Bok; Kim, Chang-Ho. Leakage and rotor dynamic analysis of a high pressure floating ring seal in the turbo pump unit of a liquid rocket engine. Tribology International, 35, 3:153-161
[2] (德)海因茨k．米勒，(英)伯纳德S．纳马，程传庆等译．流体密封技术—原理与应用．机械工业出版社，2002年7月
[3] 顾永泉．流体动密封．中国石化出版社，1992年8月
[4] 徐灏著．密封．冶金工业出版社，2001年3月
[5] 顾永泉．机械密封实用技术．机械工业出版社，2002年4月
[6] 化学工业部人事教育司，化学工业部教育培训中心组织编写．压缩机．化学工业出版社，1997年12月
[7] 王汝美．实用机械密封技术问答．中国石化出版社2002年3月
[8] ThomasPW. Effects of seal face width on mechanical seal performance hydrocarbon tests[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 1984, 40(9): 522～527
[9] PERSONV, etal. Experimental study of the stabledy dynamic behavior of radiao face seals with grooved faces[J]. ASME Journal of Tribology, 1997, 119(3): 515-523
[10] Salant, Richard. Detection of lubricating film breakdown in mechanical seals. Sealing Technology, 1998.1:8-9
[11] MeratiP, OkitaNA. Experimentaland computerational investigation of flow and the rmal behavior of a mechanical seal[J].Thribology Transactions, 1999, 42(4): 731-738
[12] 彭乾冰．循环氢压缩机的轴封改造．石油化工设备技术，2002年第四期
[13] Clark, Ray; Azibert, Henri; Oshinowo, Lanre. Computer simulation of mechanical seal leads to design change that improves coolant circulation. Materials and Design ,2002, 23:113-117
[14] Ross, Stephen L. ; Theodore Gresh, M. Compressor seals for hydrogen recycle service. Sealing Technology, 2003,5:5-8
[15] Streamlined dry gas seal. Sealing Technology, 1995,24:3
[16] 桑立中LD90螺旋槽端面密封在冷冻机上的应用[J]，石油化工设备技术，1997，18(4)：23 25
[17] 黄文斌，刘文涛．富气压缩机干气密封的改造及其应用．石油化工设备技术，2002年第四期
[18] Dry gas seal. Sealing Technology, 2003,1:12
[19] 张书贵，王采明，王震波．离心压缩机新型轴封设计．压缩机技术，2001年第五期．
[20] 贾振卿，何可，丁振君，王鑫武，王玉明．国产首套高压串联式干气密封在循环氢压缩机上的应用．石油化工设备技术，2002年第二期
[21] Atkinson, Simon. World's largest dry gas seal marks five-year milestone. Sealing Technology, 2003, 2:10-11
[22] 王超，尹宏伟．循环氢压缩机干气密封的改造与应用．石油化工设备技术，2002年第三期
[23] 彭旭东，杨慧霞，于恒聚．机械密封的新技术及其应用．石油化工设备技术，2001年第一期
[24] 王强，王月．国内外浮环密封应用效果的比较．石油化工设备技术，2002年第六期
[25] Lift-off face contact-seal and floating ring shaft seal. Sealing Technology, 2002, 5:13
[26] 王志清编著．透平压缩机的调节运行与振动．机械工业出版社，1996
[27] 张益宏，陆社萍，张德华．GB101离心压缩机浮环密封技术．压缩机技术，2002年第二期
[28] 刘有军，锯齿型径向迷宫密封机理研究．润滑与密封，2002年第六期
[29] 程建辉，陈利海，葛培琪．机械端面密封计算技术．润滑与密封，2001年第六期
[30] 王玉明．高速透平压缩机用螺旋槽端面密封及其系统的研制[J]．流体工程，1992，(4)：38
[31] 李鲲，姚黎明，吴兆山，王春扬．机械密封环端面变形研究．润滑与密封，2001年第五期
[32] KataodaT, etal.. Proc of the 4th International PumpSymp. [J],TX, 1987:121～129
[33] ZouM, GreenI. Tribology Trans. [J],1999,42(3):535～540
[34] Thorwart L J. Chem. Eng. Prog. [J], 1996,92(4)80～83
[35] 崔天生．压缩机的安装维护与故障分析[M]．西安交通大学出版社，1996
[36] 陈永江．容积式压缩机原理与结构设计[M]．西安交通大学出版社，1985
[37] 王玉明等．高速透平压缩机的轴端密封[J]．石油化工设备技术，2000(4)：622
[38] [德]普弗莱德芮尔著，奚启棣译．叶片泵与透平压缩机[M]．机械工业出版社，1983
[39] Shiels, Stan. Failure of mechanical seals in centrifugal pumps. World Pumps, 2002,1:20-22
[40] Williams, Molly W.; Pilletteri, Vincent J.. Measurement system for end face mechanical seal performance. Sealing Technology;1996,3:8-10
[41] Clark, Ray; Azibert, Henri; Oshinowo, Lanre. Simulating mechanical seals to improve coolant circulation. World Pumps. 1999, 12:33-35
[42] Atkinson, Simon. Mechanical seals eliminate water and chemical leakage. Sealing Technology. 2003, 1:6-7
[2] (德)海因茨k．米勒，(英)伯纳德S．纳马，程传庆等译．流体密封技术—原理与应用．机械工业出版社，2002年7月
[3] 顾永泉．流体动密封．中国石化出版社，1992年8月
[4] 徐灏著．密封．冶金工业出版社，2001年3月
[5] 顾永泉．机械密封实用技术．机械工业出版社，2002年4月
[6] 化学工业部人事教育司，化学工业部教育培训中心组织编写．压缩机．化学工业出版社，1997年12月
[7] 王汝美．实用机械密封技术问答．中国石化出版社2002年3月
[8] ThomasPW. Effects of seal face width on mechanical seal performance hydrocarbon tests[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 1984, 40(9): 522～527
[9] PERSONV, etal. Experimental study of the stabledy dynamic behavior of radiao face seals with grooved faces[J]. ASME Journal of Tribology, 1997, 119(3): 515-523
[10] Salant, Richard. Detection of lubricating film breakdown in mechanical seals. Sealing Technology, 1998.1:8-9
[11] MeratiP, OkitaNA. Experimentaland computerational investigation of flow and the rmal behavior of a mechanical seal[J].Thribology Transactions, 1999, 42(4): 731-738
[12] 彭乾冰．循环氢压缩机的轴封改造．石油化工设备技术，2002年第四期
[13] Clark, Ray; Azibert, Henri; Oshinowo, Lanre. Computer simulation of mechanical seal leads to design change that improves coolant circulation. Materials and Design ,2002, 23:113-117
[14] Ross, Stephen L. ; Theodore Gresh, M. Compressor seals for hydrogen recycle service. Sealing Technology, 2003,5:5-8
[15] Streamlined dry gas seal. Sealing Technology, 1995,24:3
[16] 桑立中LD90螺旋槽端面密封在冷冻机上的应用[J]，石油化工设备技术，1997，18(4)：23 25
[17] 黄文斌，刘文涛．富气压缩机干气密封的改造及其应用．石油化工设备技术，2002年第四期
[18] Dry gas seal. Sealing Technology, 2003,1:12
[19] 张书贵，王采明，王震波．离心压缩机新型轴封设计．压缩机技术，2001年第五期．
[20] 贾振卿，何可，丁振君，王鑫武，王玉明．国产首套高压串联式干气密封在循环氢压缩机上的应用．石油化工设备技术，2002年第二期
[21] Atkinson, Simon. World's largest dry gas seal marks five-year milestone. Sealing Technology, 2003, 2:10-11
[22] 王超，尹宏伟．循环氢压缩机干气密封的改造与应用．石油化工设备技术，2002年第三期
[23] 彭旭东，杨慧霞，于恒聚．机械密封的新技术及其应用．石油化工设备技术，2001年第一期
[24] 王强，王月．国内外浮环密封应用效果的比较．石油化工设备技术，2002年第六期
[25] Lift-off face contact-seal and floating ring shaft seal. Sealing Technology, 2002, 5:13
[26] 王志清编著．透平压缩机的调节运行与振动．机械工业出版社，1996
[27] 张益宏，陆社萍，张德华．GB101离心压缩机浮环密封技术．压缩机技术，2002年第二期
[28] 刘有军，锯齿型径向迷宫密封机理研究．润滑与密封，2002年第六期
[29] 程建辉，陈利海，葛培琪．机械端面密封计算技术．润滑与密封，2001年第六期
[30] 王玉明．高速透平压缩机用螺旋槽端面密封及其系统的研制[J]．流体工程，1992，(4)：38
[31] 李鲲，姚黎明，吴兆山，王春扬．机械密封环端面变形研究．润滑与密封，2001年第五期
[32] KataodaT, etal.. Proc of the 4th International PumpSymp. [J],TX, 1987:121～129
[33] ZouM, GreenI. Tribology Trans. [J],1999,42(3):535～540
[34] Thorwart L J. Chem. Eng. Prog. [J], 1996,92(4)80～83
[35] 崔天生．压缩机的安装维护与故障分析[M]．西安交通大学出版社，1996
[36] 陈永江．容积式压缩机原理与结构设计[M]．西安交通大学出版社，1985
[37] 王玉明等．高速透平压缩机的轴端密封[J]．石油化工设备技术，2000(4)：622
[38] [德]普弗莱德芮尔著，奚启棣译．叶片泵与透平压缩机[M]．机械工业出版社，1983
[39] Shiels, Stan. Failure of mechanical seals in centrifugal pumps. World Pumps, 2002,1:20-22
[40] Williams, Molly W.; Pilletteri, Vincent J.. Measurement system for end face mechanical seal performance. Sealing Technology;1996,3:8-10
[41] Clark, Ray; Azibert, Henri; Oshinowo, Lanre. Simulating mechanical seals to improve coolant circulation. World Pumps. 1999, 12:33-35
[42] Atkinson, Simon. Mechanical seals eliminate water and chemical leakage. Sealing Technology. 2003, 1:6-7