云南纳板河国家级自然保护区苔藓植物研究
摘要
纳板河国家级自然保护区,位于云南西双版纳中北部,东经100°32′-100°44′,北纬22°04′-22°17′。区内温暖湿润、雨量充沛,苔藓物种丰富。保护区位于热带北缘,但尚未有过专门的调查采集和研究报道。本论文较系统全面对苔藓植物的物种组成和区系成分开展研究,不但可丰富中国苔藓植物区系研究资料,而且为该保护区内苔藓植物生物多样性保护和利用提供理论依据和实践指导。
本论文对纳板河自然保护区内苔藓植物物种多样性、区系成分、生态群落类型及其药用价值进行了研究,主要结果如下:
1.纳板河自然保护区苔藓植物物种多样性及特点
(1)通过所采集的一千三百余号标本的鉴定,共记录苔藓植物59科157属385种3变种3亚种,其中藓类36科115属281种3变种2亚种,苔类23科42属104种1亚种。发现中国大陆新记录种1个;云南省新记录属2个,新记录种9个;西双版纳地区新记录科4个,新记录属12个,新记录种140个。
(2)优势科中有苔类植物3科,藓类植物10科。保护区优势科、属主要有2种类型:一是北半球广泛分布的种类较多的大科,二为典型的热带科属。反映了纳板河热带地区苔藓植物组成特点。
(3)各种生境条件下的苔藓植物种类中,以树附生类型最多,其次是土生、石生、倒腐木生类型。这与纳板河保护区环境湿润,热带雨林物种丰富,郁闭度较大,适宜于树附生苔藓生长和发育有关。
2.纳板河自然保护区苔藓植物区系分析
(1)纳板河自然保护区苔藓植物种类丰富,区系成分包括10种分布类型,以热带成分为主(33.06%),其次为东亚成分(31.99%),中国特有成分也占一定比例(13.71%),反映了保护区苔藓植物区系热带和东亚特征,符合其所处的地理位置的特征。且保护区内分布的中国特有种相对也比较丰富(51种),说明其中国特有性较高,建议应予以重视和保护。
(2)采用物种丰富度指数、优势科对比、属相似性分析、区系地理成分对比及聚类分析等多种方法,将纳板河保护区苔藓植物区系与我国其它六个地区(海南尖峰岭、广西九万山、云南大围山、杭州市、上海市和辽宁白石砬子)的苔藓植物区系进行了比较。结果表明,纳板河自然保护区与同属热带的尖峰岭、大围山、九万山关系最为密切,与上海市、杭州市关系次之,与白石砬子关系最远。这一结果再次表明纳板河自然保护区苔藓植物区系具有较明显的热带特点。
3.纳板河自然保护区苔藓植物生态群落分析
(1)保护区内苔藓植物群落类型主要有水生群落、石生群落、土生群落、木生群落和叶附生群落等类型。在不同的林型植被上分布不同的苔藓植物群落类型。
(2)保护区内苔藓植物对生长环境的要求和喜好各有不同,有些种类如细枝羽藓(T.delicatuulum)分布广、适应性强;有些种类如孔雀藓科(Hypopterygiaceae)、凤尾藓科(Fissidentaceae)、提灯藓科(Mniaceae)等具有独特的适应性。
(3)对生态因素如海拔、附生植被类型、坡度等对苔藓植物生长的影响的分析。结果表明,随着海拔的升高,苔藓种类和群落的数量上都有大幅度的增加;西南坡苔藓植物种类相对较少,东北坡相对较多。
4.纳板河自然保护区药用苔藓植物资源
确定保护区有12科14属16种为常用药用苔藓植物资源,其中苔类4种,藓类12种,对各种的药用功效进行了介绍。
The Nabanhe National Nature Reserve lies in the middle and north of Xishuangban,Yunnan province,between 100°32′-100°44′E and 22°04′-22°17′N.The climate is warm with plenty of rain,so the bryphytes are abundance at the north margin However,the bryophytes at the reserve have not been investigated and studied. The present studies of the flora and ecology of bryophytes in Nabanhe Nature Reserve can provide basic information for bryophytes research in China,and offer the scientific base for conservation and utilization of bryophyte in Nabanhe.
Based on the studies on species diversity、flora、ecological community types and medicinal of bryophytes,the main results are follows:
1.Characteristics of species of diversity in Nabanhe National Nature Reserve
(1)Based on the collection and identification of more than 1300 speciment of bryophytes,385 species,3 subspecies and 3 varieties in 157 genera and 59 families of bryophytes were reported from Nabanhe National Nature Reserve.Of these,104 species and 1 subspecies,belonging to 42 genera and 23 families,were liverworts; 281 species,2 subspecies and 3 varieties,belonging to 115 genera and 36 families, were mosses,one species is new to mainland of China.9 species and 2 genera are new to Yunnan province.140 species,12 genera and 4 families are new to Xishuangbanna.
(2)There are 3 dominant families in liverworts and 10 dominant families in mosses.Two main types of dominant families could be recognized,one type is the families with wide distribution in the Northem Hemisphere.The other type is the families with tropical distribution.It implied the composition characteristic of bryophytes in Nabanhe tropical areas.
(3)Of the bryophytes living in different kinds of invironment,the number of the epiphytic species is the highest and second is the species on the soil,rock and the rotten logs.It might due to humid environment、rich in biodiversity and high coverage in tropical rainforest of Nabanhe Natrure Reserve.These three factors are suitable for growth and development of epiphytic bryophytes.
2.Floristic analysis of bryophytes in Nabanhe Nature Reserve
(1)The bryo-diversity in Nabanhe is rich and its bryloflora could be divided into ten geographical elements.Of those,Tropical elements、East Asian and China endemic elements account for 33.06%,31.99%and 13.71%,respectively.It implied that the bryoflora of Nabanhe had tropical and east asian characteristics.The result accords with its character of geographic location.The number of endemic species(51 species)to Chinain the reserve is also relatively high.It is suggested that we should pay more attensions to the endemic species and protect them effectively.
(2)The relationships of bryoflora among Nabanhe and six selected areas, namely Jianfeng Mountain of Hainan,Jiuwan Mountain of Guangxi,Dawei mountain of Yunnan,Hangzhou,Shanghai and Baishilazi of Liaoning were analyzed.The species abundance,dominant families,generic similarity coefficient and geographical elements of these areas were Compared.The results of cluster analysis,according to floristic spectrums of the seven areas,showed that the bryoflora of Nabanhe was close to those of Jianfeng Mountain,Dawei mountain and Jiuwan Mountain,which are all located in tropical zone,while Baishilazi of Liaoning was far from the other areas. The comparison results also indicated the obvious tropical characteristic of bryoflora of the Nabanhe.
3.Ecological community analysis of bryophytes in Nabanhe Nature Reserve
(1)The main bryophyte are hydrophytia,petrophytia,geophytia,epoxylophytia and epiphytia.Different typies of vegetation and forests have different kinds of forest plants.
(2)Bryophytes in the Nabanhe have different demands and preferences of growing environment.Some species are distributed widely and can grow at different environment,Such as T.delicatulum;While other species only can grow under humid environment,such as Hypopterygiaceae,Fissidentaceae,Mniaceae and so on.
(3)The effections of some ecological factors such as altitude,epiphytic plant, slope on the growth of bryophytes were analyzed.The higer altitude is,the more species and communities are.The species of bryophytes at southwest slope are fewer and the species at northeast slope are relatively more.
4.Medicinal bryophytes in Nabanhe Nature Reserve
Sixteen species,in 14 genera and 12 families of bryophytes were regarded as medicinal plants including 4 liverworts and 12 mosses.Pharmacodynamics of these plants were introduced and described.
本论文对纳板河自然保护区内苔藓植物物种多样性、区系成分、生态群落类型及其药用价值进行了研究,主要结果如下:
1.纳板河自然保护区苔藓植物物种多样性及特点
(1)通过所采集的一千三百余号标本的鉴定,共记录苔藓植物59科157属385种3变种3亚种,其中藓类36科115属281种3变种2亚种,苔类23科42属104种1亚种。发现中国大陆新记录种1个;云南省新记录属2个,新记录种9个;西双版纳地区新记录科4个,新记录属12个,新记录种140个。
(2)优势科中有苔类植物3科,藓类植物10科。保护区优势科、属主要有2种类型:一是北半球广泛分布的种类较多的大科,二为典型的热带科属。反映了纳板河热带地区苔藓植物组成特点。
(3)各种生境条件下的苔藓植物种类中,以树附生类型最多,其次是土生、石生、倒腐木生类型。这与纳板河保护区环境湿润,热带雨林物种丰富,郁闭度较大,适宜于树附生苔藓生长和发育有关。
2.纳板河自然保护区苔藓植物区系分析
(1)纳板河自然保护区苔藓植物种类丰富,区系成分包括10种分布类型,以热带成分为主(33.06%),其次为东亚成分(31.99%),中国特有成分也占一定比例(13.71%),反映了保护区苔藓植物区系热带和东亚特征,符合其所处的地理位置的特征。且保护区内分布的中国特有种相对也比较丰富(51种),说明其中国特有性较高,建议应予以重视和保护。
(2)采用物种丰富度指数、优势科对比、属相似性分析、区系地理成分对比及聚类分析等多种方法,将纳板河保护区苔藓植物区系与我国其它六个地区(海南尖峰岭、广西九万山、云南大围山、杭州市、上海市和辽宁白石砬子)的苔藓植物区系进行了比较。结果表明,纳板河自然保护区与同属热带的尖峰岭、大围山、九万山关系最为密切,与上海市、杭州市关系次之,与白石砬子关系最远。这一结果再次表明纳板河自然保护区苔藓植物区系具有较明显的热带特点。
3.纳板河自然保护区苔藓植物生态群落分析
(1)保护区内苔藓植物群落类型主要有水生群落、石生群落、土生群落、木生群落和叶附生群落等类型。在不同的林型植被上分布不同的苔藓植物群落类型。
(2)保护区内苔藓植物对生长环境的要求和喜好各有不同,有些种类如细枝羽藓(T.delicatuulum)分布广、适应性强;有些种类如孔雀藓科(Hypopterygiaceae)、凤尾藓科(Fissidentaceae)、提灯藓科(Mniaceae)等具有独特的适应性。
(3)对生态因素如海拔、附生植被类型、坡度等对苔藓植物生长的影响的分析。结果表明,随着海拔的升高,苔藓种类和群落的数量上都有大幅度的增加;西南坡苔藓植物种类相对较少,东北坡相对较多。
4.纳板河自然保护区药用苔藓植物资源
确定保护区有12科14属16种为常用药用苔藓植物资源,其中苔类4种,藓类12种,对各种的药用功效进行了介绍。
The Nabanhe National Nature Reserve lies in the middle and north of Xishuangban,Yunnan province,between 100°32′-100°44′E and 22°04′-22°17′N.The climate is warm with plenty of rain,so the bryphytes are abundance at the north margin However,the bryophytes at the reserve have not been investigated and studied. The present studies of the flora and ecology of bryophytes in Nabanhe Nature Reserve can provide basic information for bryophytes research in China,and offer the scientific base for conservation and utilization of bryophyte in Nabanhe.
Based on the studies on species diversity、flora、ecological community types and medicinal of bryophytes,the main results are follows:
1.Characteristics of species of diversity in Nabanhe National Nature Reserve
(1)Based on the collection and identification of more than 1300 speciment of bryophytes,385 species,3 subspecies and 3 varieties in 157 genera and 59 families of bryophytes were reported from Nabanhe National Nature Reserve.Of these,104 species and 1 subspecies,belonging to 42 genera and 23 families,were liverworts; 281 species,2 subspecies and 3 varieties,belonging to 115 genera and 36 families, were mosses,one species is new to mainland of China.9 species and 2 genera are new to Yunnan province.140 species,12 genera and 4 families are new to Xishuangbanna.
(2)There are 3 dominant families in liverworts and 10 dominant families in mosses.Two main types of dominant families could be recognized,one type is the families with wide distribution in the Northem Hemisphere.The other type is the families with tropical distribution.It implied the composition characteristic of bryophytes in Nabanhe tropical areas.
(3)Of the bryophytes living in different kinds of invironment,the number of the epiphytic species is the highest and second is the species on the soil,rock and the rotten logs.It might due to humid environment、rich in biodiversity and high coverage in tropical rainforest of Nabanhe Natrure Reserve.These three factors are suitable for growth and development of epiphytic bryophytes.
2.Floristic analysis of bryophytes in Nabanhe Nature Reserve
(1)The bryo-diversity in Nabanhe is rich and its bryloflora could be divided into ten geographical elements.Of those,Tropical elements、East Asian and China endemic elements account for 33.06%,31.99%and 13.71%,respectively.It implied that the bryoflora of Nabanhe had tropical and east asian characteristics.The result accords with its character of geographic location.The number of endemic species(51 species)to Chinain the reserve is also relatively high.It is suggested that we should pay more attensions to the endemic species and protect them effectively.
(2)The relationships of bryoflora among Nabanhe and six selected areas, namely Jianfeng Mountain of Hainan,Jiuwan Mountain of Guangxi,Dawei mountain of Yunnan,Hangzhou,Shanghai and Baishilazi of Liaoning were analyzed.The species abundance,dominant families,generic similarity coefficient and geographical elements of these areas were Compared.The results of cluster analysis,according to floristic spectrums of the seven areas,showed that the bryoflora of Nabanhe was close to those of Jianfeng Mountain,Dawei mountain and Jiuwan Mountain,which are all located in tropical zone,while Baishilazi of Liaoning was far from the other areas. The comparison results also indicated the obvious tropical characteristic of bryoflora of the Nabanhe.
3.Ecological community analysis of bryophytes in Nabanhe Nature Reserve
(1)The main bryophyte are hydrophytia,petrophytia,geophytia,epoxylophytia and epiphytia.Different typies of vegetation and forests have different kinds of forest plants.
(2)Bryophytes in the Nabanhe have different demands and preferences of growing environment.Some species are distributed widely and can grow at different environment,Such as T.delicatulum;While other species only can grow under humid environment,such as Hypopterygiaceae,Fissidentaceae,Mniaceae and so on.
(3)The effections of some ecological factors such as altitude,epiphytic plant, slope on the growth of bryophytes were analyzed.The higer altitude is,the more species and communities are.The species of bryophytes at southwest slope are fewer and the species at northeast slope are relatively more.
4.Medicinal bryophytes in Nabanhe Nature Reserve
Sixteen species,in 14 genera and 12 families of bryophytes were regarded as medicinal plants including 4 liverworts and 12 mosses.Pharmacodynamics of these plants were introduced and described.
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