作为文学理论新范式的批判心理学
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摘要
本文梳理了从心理学角度对E. M.福斯特名著《印度之行》进行阐释的五个文本，并对其存在的问题进行批判，旨在找出精神分析与分析心理学这两大心理批评理论所存在的问题，进而延伸到对整个西方主流资产阶级心理学的批判，最终将批判心理学（尤其是克劳兹·霍茨坎普创立的德国批判心理学）转化为新的文学理论范式，并将心理-政治解读确立为新的文学批评方法，并将其运用于对《印度之行》的批评实践中，从种族与性属的角度对具体文本进行解读。
本文的论点如下：现有的运用弗洛伊德或荣格心理学理论对《印度之行》进行的解读，都具有排斥历史、社会与政治的倾向，未能深入探讨印度人与英国殖民者所处的“真实的”物质世界；然而，作为文学理论新范式的批判心理学及其倡导的心理-政治批评，可以深入到文本的内部，从种族与女性主义角度展开的解读揭示出，一方面，小说人物的心理都无例外浸染着政治性，另一方面，他/她们从心理上以不同的方式加强其统治或者进行反抗；批评实践证明了批判心理学成为文学理论新范式的合理性，以及心理-政治阅读作为批评方法的有效性。
理论上讲，西方主流资产阶级心理学拥有一百多年的历史，本有可能为文学研究提供丰富的理论资源。但是，在西方文学理论史中，仅有弗洛伊德精神分析、经由荣格分析心理学直到拉康精神分析这一分支占据统治地位，而这些理论所具的不足之处是：首先，理论家及其理论之间具有较亲密的传承关系，视野有一定局限性；其次，它们很不幸地都脱离了与现实的联系；再次，这些理论所代表的是具有一般性、去历史的、体格健全的中产阶级白人男性。
将心理学与政治、社会、历史与文化结合起来具有革命性。作为本文核心的批判心理学，建构在对西方传统心理学的批判基础之上，因为后者偏爱定量研究与实证主义方法，独重科学性与客观性。毋庸置疑，科学心理学为人类知识做出了巨大的贡献。然而，个体的心理可以划分为低层次的生物学层面，与高层次的人文层面。通过小白鼠试验总结出的刺激-反映模式，适用于第一层面，而不能适合于充满人类文化与政治关系的高级层面。
20世纪60年代由克劳兹·霍茨坎普创立的批判心理学，就建立在对这样的“伪科学”的批判基础上。批判心理学猛烈抨击西方主流资产阶级心理学，认为其伪科学性旨在维护知识的现状，以及资产阶级白人男性中心主义的统治。例如，弗洛伊德主义宣扬生理决定命运，其本质是生物决定论、泛性论、父权制以及中产阶级白人男性至上论。无疑，这些都遭到妇女与第三世界人民的严厉批评。
批判心理学捍卫心理学中的政治性。首先，如上所述，它在学科层面上批判西方传统心理学。第二，霍茨坎普在理论层面展开了范畴革命，创立了一系列崭新的概念，如“意义结构”、“主体行为基础”、“行为能力”、“限制性行为能力”、“一般行为能力”，等等。第三，霍茨坎普在政治层面倡导，人们在资本主义统治下依然可以超越规定的限制改变并提高主体生活质量，尽管会同统治阶级产生冲突并威胁到现存的行为能力水平。然而，这正是其革命性所在之处。
批判心理学与文学理论的嫁接，存在着诸多不利条件。首先，批判心理学涵盖较广、流派多样，这一术语已经成为“涵盖性术语”；其次，批判心理学是纯粹的心理学理论，而对于具体的文学文本分析而言，它更具理论性与批判性，缺乏实践性与建构性。文本所提供的解决办法是，首先集中阐述批判心理学的创始人霍茨坎普的理论，暂且搁置内部各流派之间的分歧，以便于建构基本的文学理论范式；其次，本文将霍茨坎普的理论语境化，在种族与女性主义两种具体的视角下运用它，从而衍生出更具操作性的后殖民批判心理学与批判女性主义心理学；再者，在批判心理学的框架下，心理学、政治与文学文本的“三位一体”，需要一种崭新的批评方法，即心理-政治阅读，而它与批判心理学之间的关系，正如细读方法之于新批评一般。
心理-政治阅读是一个来回双向的运动：政治被不断地引入到心理学领域，反之亦然。一方面，这种双向运动强调心理的政治本质；另一方面，它强调权力是如何通过心理进行运作的，即“精神殖民”运作机制。
那么，本文为何选择并且只选《印度之行》作为批评实践的范本呢？《印度之行》这部小说的重要性是不言而喻的，因为它不仅仅是莱昂内尔·特里林所称赞的福斯特“最广为人知、最广为所阅的小说”，并且它经受了多种文学理论的反复敲打，其厚重可谓是真正的试金石。经典重读无疑会反映出新的批评潮流。另外，为了使理论阐释与批评实践体现的更为集中，本文只选择《印度之行》作为范本，正如路易·泰森名著《当今批判理论》一书只选择弗·司各特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》作为范本一样。
对《印度之行》展开的心理-政治批评挖掘出艾德拉·奎斯特小姐心中隐藏的“认知暴力”，从而推论这是造成她在马拉巴山洞短暂精神崩溃的主要原因之一。从后殖民角度展开的心理-政治解读揭示了阿齐兹“黑人意识”的崛起以及“反抗心理”的发展过程。从女性声音角度展开的心理-政治解读，展示了艾德拉如何独自一人解构了白人同胞们为她精心编织的征服之网。总之，一系列的批评实践验证了心理-政治解读的可行性。
本论文包括五部分。第一部分为《绪论》，引入论题，总结《印度之行》批评的文献综述，提出本文的论点、目标、意义、独创性、方法以及难点。第一章为《批判》，在对现有的《印度之行》心理学解读进行批判的基础上，进而推及弗洛伊德精神分析，最终延至对整个传统西方主流心理学的批判。第二章《建构》介绍批判心理学及其现状，并力图将其转化为一种文学理论的新范式。同时，在批判心理学文学范式的框架下，引入心理-政治阅读这一文学批评方法，它们之间的关系正如细读之于新批评、无意识研究之于弗洛伊德主义，以及原型批评之于荣格分析心理学。第二章的最后一节是一个文本分析样本。批判心理学作为理论心理学转化为文学理论范式之后，需要分析的语境化。第三章《语境化》分别从种族与性属角度提供两个分析范本，即后殖民批判心理学与批判女性主义心理学。《结论》部分对批判心理学范式与心理-政治批评方法进行概括，并指出本文所存在的不足，以及未来理论发展的空间。
This dissertation, on the basis of a critique of the psychological criticism of APassage to India (by E. M. Forster), aims to problemize the current psychoanalysisand analytical psychology as literary analytical tools and extend the critique ontoWestern mainstream bourgeois psychologies; consequently to construct criticalpsychology (especially Klaus Holzkamp’s German critical psychology) as asubstitutive literary theory and psychopolitical reading as its methodology; and finallyto put the theory and methodology into concrete analysis of Passage from twoperspectives of race and gender.
My argument in this dissertation is that the ahistorical, asocial and apoliticalFreudian and Jungian interpretations of the sample literary text of Passage fail toexplore the “real” material world neither of the Indians nor of the Anglo-Indians;however, critical psychology as a potential alternative paradigm with itspsychopolitical reading method delves into the text from both racial and feministperspectives, showing that, on the one hand, all the characters are psychologicallytinged with politics, and on the other hand, in different forms, they reinforce their ruleor resist the hegemony in a psychological way, which proves that critical psychologyis an alternative paradigm of literary theory and psychopolitical reading is an effectivemethod of literary analysis.
Theoretically speaking, the Western mainstream bourgeois psychology whichenjoys a history of more than a century could possibly have been a warehouse of richmaterials for literary study; however, in the history of Western literary theory only thebranch of Freudian psychoanalysis, through Jungian analytical psychology down toLacanian psychoanalysis is available. This branch, though highly influential, has itsapparent limitations. Firstly, it is featured with master-apprentice relation in person orinheritance relation in theory. Secondly, it is unfortunately stripped of its connectionto reality. Thirdly, it notoriously attempts to represent the psychology ofde-historicized individuals chiefly with an eye to the able-bodied middle-class white males.
The grafting of psychology with politics, society, history and culture isrevolutionary. Critical psychology as the focus of this dissertation is constructed onthe basis of the critique of traditional Western psychology which attaches soleimportance to scientificity and objectivism with quantitative methods and positivism.Obviously, the contribution of scientific psychology to human knowledge isconspicuous; however, an individual psyche can be classified into the biological level(lower level) and the humanistic level (higher level). The discoveries of theStimulus-Response (S-R) Model based on the test of white mice may be applicable tohuman beings to some extent. But when human cultural and political relationship isbrought into consideration, this model is found insufficient.
On critiquing such a “pseudoscience” emerged critical psychology in1960s. Itsforefather is Klaus Holzkamp on whose theory this dissertation is founded. Criticalpsychology severely attacks the Western mainstream bourgeois psychology, arguingthat the pseudoscientificity aims to maintain the status quo both of knowledge and therule of the patriarchal bourgeois white androcentrism. Freudianism, for example,advocates that physiology determines fate and in essence its undercurrent is biologicaldeterminism, pansexualism, patriarchy and middle-class white male superiority,which, no wonder, is vociferously criticized by both women and third-world people.
Critical psychology champions politics. First of all, at the disciplinary level, it isvehemently critical of Western traditional psychology as illustrated above. Secondly,at the theoretical level, Holzkamp carries out a categorial revolution, creating suchfundamental categories as “meaning structure”,“subjective ground for action”,“action potence”,“restrictive action potence” and “general action potence”, etc.Thirdly, at the political level, Holzkamp believes that people under the regime ofcapitalist society can change and improve their subjective quality of life beyond the“allowed” limits, regardless of the conflict with the powers and the threat to theexisting level of action potence. It is just the point where the revolutionarysignificance lies.
The disadvantages and advantages of the critical psychology for its grafting with literary theory coexist. As for the disadvantages, first of all, critical psychology iswidely varied and has become an umbrella term; secondly, as a pure psychologicalbranch, it is more theoretical and critical than practical and constructive for concreteanalysis of literary texts. The solution to the former is, for the present research, tofocus on Claus Holzkamp, the founding father of critical psychology, and his theory;to the latter, is to contextualize his theory in such two specific conditions as race andgender and thus extend the theory to a postcolonial critical psychology and criticalfeminist psychology. The trinity of psychology, politics and literary text requires abrand-new methodology—psychopolitical reading, which to critical psychology islike close reading to New Criticism.
Psychopolitical reading is a “to-and fro-movement” in which politics isconstantly brought into the realm of psychology, and psychology into politics. On theone hand this two-way movement stresses the political nature of the psychologicaland on the other hand it emphasizes how power is psychologically conducted, that is,the colonising of the mind.
A psychopolitical reading of Passage reveals “epistemological violence” of AdelaQuested, which serves as one of the main causes to the mental collapse in the Marabarcaves. The same reading from postcolonial perspective witnesses the rise of Aziz’s“black consciousness” and the development of his “psychology of resistance”. Apsychopolitical reading from the perspective of female voices illustrates how Adelasingle-handedly deconstructs the well-woven plan of conquest by her Anglo-Indiancompatriots. These readings show the anatomies of Passage by the two-way methodof psychopolitical reading.
The present research focuses only on E. M. Forster’s Passage for the followingreasons. The importance and significance of Passage is never over-exaggerated,because it is not only Forster’s “best-known and most widely read novel” as LionelTrilling puts it, but also the one under the scrutiny of a wide range of literary theories.Criticism of masterpiece invariably reflects prevailing critical fashions. Moreover, tomake abstract theory more concrete, this study chooses Passage as the sample text,just like what Louis Tyson did with F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby in her Critical Theory Today.
This dissertation consists of five parts. Part One, the Introduction, introduces thetopic, provides a literature review of Passage and illustrates the thesis’s argument, theaim, the significance, the originality, the methods and difficulties.
Chapter One begins with a critique of psychoanalytic criticism of Passage andthen extends the critique to psychoanalysis as a whole and finally to the traditionalWestern mainstream psychology.
Chapter Two introduces critical psychology and the status quo and transformsthis branch of psychology into a new paradigm for literary theory. Furthermore,psychopolitical reading as a method of literary criticism follows the illustration ofcritical psychology as a theory. The relation between them is like close reading toNew Criticism, unconscious study to Freudianism, and archetype to Jungian analyticalpsychology. At the end of this chapter, a sample analysis will be provided.
Since critical psychology as a literary theory rather than just as a branch ofpsychology requires the contextualization of analysis, Chapter Three, therefore,provides two sample analyses from both the perspectives of race and gender,discussing Passage from the perspectives of postcolonial critical psychology andcritical feminist psychology.
The last part is the Conclusion, which summaries critical psychology andpsychopolitical reading as a new paradigm for literary theory and an analytical tooland points out the space of the further theoretical development.
本文的论点如下：现有的运用弗洛伊德或荣格心理学理论对《印度之行》进行的解读，都具有排斥历史、社会与政治的倾向，未能深入探讨印度人与英国殖民者所处的“真实的”物质世界；然而，作为文学理论新范式的批判心理学及其倡导的心理-政治批评，可以深入到文本的内部，从种族与女性主义角度展开的解读揭示出，一方面，小说人物的心理都无例外浸染着政治性，另一方面，他/她们从心理上以不同的方式加强其统治或者进行反抗；批评实践证明了批判心理学成为文学理论新范式的合理性，以及心理-政治阅读作为批评方法的有效性。
理论上讲，西方主流资产阶级心理学拥有一百多年的历史，本有可能为文学研究提供丰富的理论资源。但是，在西方文学理论史中，仅有弗洛伊德精神分析、经由荣格分析心理学直到拉康精神分析这一分支占据统治地位，而这些理论所具的不足之处是：首先，理论家及其理论之间具有较亲密的传承关系，视野有一定局限性；其次，它们很不幸地都脱离了与现实的联系；再次，这些理论所代表的是具有一般性、去历史的、体格健全的中产阶级白人男性。
将心理学与政治、社会、历史与文化结合起来具有革命性。作为本文核心的批判心理学，建构在对西方传统心理学的批判基础之上，因为后者偏爱定量研究与实证主义方法，独重科学性与客观性。毋庸置疑，科学心理学为人类知识做出了巨大的贡献。然而，个体的心理可以划分为低层次的生物学层面，与高层次的人文层面。通过小白鼠试验总结出的刺激-反映模式，适用于第一层面，而不能适合于充满人类文化与政治关系的高级层面。
20世纪60年代由克劳兹·霍茨坎普创立的批判心理学，就建立在对这样的“伪科学”的批判基础上。批判心理学猛烈抨击西方主流资产阶级心理学，认为其伪科学性旨在维护知识的现状，以及资产阶级白人男性中心主义的统治。例如，弗洛伊德主义宣扬生理决定命运，其本质是生物决定论、泛性论、父权制以及中产阶级白人男性至上论。无疑，这些都遭到妇女与第三世界人民的严厉批评。
批判心理学捍卫心理学中的政治性。首先，如上所述，它在学科层面上批判西方传统心理学。第二，霍茨坎普在理论层面展开了范畴革命，创立了一系列崭新的概念，如“意义结构”、“主体行为基础”、“行为能力”、“限制性行为能力”、“一般行为能力”，等等。第三，霍茨坎普在政治层面倡导，人们在资本主义统治下依然可以超越规定的限制改变并提高主体生活质量，尽管会同统治阶级产生冲突并威胁到现存的行为能力水平。然而，这正是其革命性所在之处。
批判心理学与文学理论的嫁接，存在着诸多不利条件。首先，批判心理学涵盖较广、流派多样，这一术语已经成为“涵盖性术语”；其次，批判心理学是纯粹的心理学理论，而对于具体的文学文本分析而言，它更具理论性与批判性，缺乏实践性与建构性。文本所提供的解决办法是，首先集中阐述批判心理学的创始人霍茨坎普的理论，暂且搁置内部各流派之间的分歧，以便于建构基本的文学理论范式；其次，本文将霍茨坎普的理论语境化，在种族与女性主义两种具体的视角下运用它，从而衍生出更具操作性的后殖民批判心理学与批判女性主义心理学；再者，在批判心理学的框架下，心理学、政治与文学文本的“三位一体”，需要一种崭新的批评方法，即心理-政治阅读，而它与批判心理学之间的关系，正如细读方法之于新批评一般。
心理-政治阅读是一个来回双向的运动：政治被不断地引入到心理学领域，反之亦然。一方面，这种双向运动强调心理的政治本质；另一方面，它强调权力是如何通过心理进行运作的，即“精神殖民”运作机制。
那么，本文为何选择并且只选《印度之行》作为批评实践的范本呢？《印度之行》这部小说的重要性是不言而喻的，因为它不仅仅是莱昂内尔·特里林所称赞的福斯特“最广为人知、最广为所阅的小说”，并且它经受了多种文学理论的反复敲打，其厚重可谓是真正的试金石。经典重读无疑会反映出新的批评潮流。另外，为了使理论阐释与批评实践体现的更为集中，本文只选择《印度之行》作为范本，正如路易·泰森名著《当今批判理论》一书只选择弗·司各特·菲茨杰拉德的《了不起的盖茨比》作为范本一样。
对《印度之行》展开的心理-政治批评挖掘出艾德拉·奎斯特小姐心中隐藏的“认知暴力”，从而推论这是造成她在马拉巴山洞短暂精神崩溃的主要原因之一。从后殖民角度展开的心理-政治解读揭示了阿齐兹“黑人意识”的崛起以及“反抗心理”的发展过程。从女性声音角度展开的心理-政治解读，展示了艾德拉如何独自一人解构了白人同胞们为她精心编织的征服之网。总之，一系列的批评实践验证了心理-政治解读的可行性。
本论文包括五部分。第一部分为《绪论》，引入论题，总结《印度之行》批评的文献综述，提出本文的论点、目标、意义、独创性、方法以及难点。第一章为《批判》，在对现有的《印度之行》心理学解读进行批判的基础上，进而推及弗洛伊德精神分析，最终延至对整个传统西方主流心理学的批判。第二章《建构》介绍批判心理学及其现状，并力图将其转化为一种文学理论的新范式。同时，在批判心理学文学范式的框架下，引入心理-政治阅读这一文学批评方法，它们之间的关系正如细读之于新批评、无意识研究之于弗洛伊德主义，以及原型批评之于荣格分析心理学。第二章的最后一节是一个文本分析样本。批判心理学作为理论心理学转化为文学理论范式之后，需要分析的语境化。第三章《语境化》分别从种族与性属角度提供两个分析范本，即后殖民批判心理学与批判女性主义心理学。《结论》部分对批判心理学范式与心理-政治批评方法进行概括，并指出本文所存在的不足，以及未来理论发展的空间。
This dissertation, on the basis of a critique of the psychological criticism of APassage to India (by E. M. Forster), aims to problemize the current psychoanalysisand analytical psychology as literary analytical tools and extend the critique ontoWestern mainstream bourgeois psychologies; consequently to construct criticalpsychology (especially Klaus Holzkamp’s German critical psychology) as asubstitutive literary theory and psychopolitical reading as its methodology; and finallyto put the theory and methodology into concrete analysis of Passage from twoperspectives of race and gender.
My argument in this dissertation is that the ahistorical, asocial and apoliticalFreudian and Jungian interpretations of the sample literary text of Passage fail toexplore the “real” material world neither of the Indians nor of the Anglo-Indians;however, critical psychology as a potential alternative paradigm with itspsychopolitical reading method delves into the text from both racial and feministperspectives, showing that, on the one hand, all the characters are psychologicallytinged with politics, and on the other hand, in different forms, they reinforce their ruleor resist the hegemony in a psychological way, which proves that critical psychologyis an alternative paradigm of literary theory and psychopolitical reading is an effectivemethod of literary analysis.
Theoretically speaking, the Western mainstream bourgeois psychology whichenjoys a history of more than a century could possibly have been a warehouse of richmaterials for literary study; however, in the history of Western literary theory only thebranch of Freudian psychoanalysis, through Jungian analytical psychology down toLacanian psychoanalysis is available. This branch, though highly influential, has itsapparent limitations. Firstly, it is featured with master-apprentice relation in person orinheritance relation in theory. Secondly, it is unfortunately stripped of its connectionto reality. Thirdly, it notoriously attempts to represent the psychology ofde-historicized individuals chiefly with an eye to the able-bodied middle-class white males.
The grafting of psychology with politics, society, history and culture isrevolutionary. Critical psychology as the focus of this dissertation is constructed onthe basis of the critique of traditional Western psychology which attaches soleimportance to scientificity and objectivism with quantitative methods and positivism.Obviously, the contribution of scientific psychology to human knowledge isconspicuous; however, an individual psyche can be classified into the biological level(lower level) and the humanistic level (higher level). The discoveries of theStimulus-Response (S-R) Model based on the test of white mice may be applicable tohuman beings to some extent. But when human cultural and political relationship isbrought into consideration, this model is found insufficient.
On critiquing such a “pseudoscience” emerged critical psychology in1960s. Itsforefather is Klaus Holzkamp on whose theory this dissertation is founded. Criticalpsychology severely attacks the Western mainstream bourgeois psychology, arguingthat the pseudoscientificity aims to maintain the status quo both of knowledge and therule of the patriarchal bourgeois white androcentrism. Freudianism, for example,advocates that physiology determines fate and in essence its undercurrent is biologicaldeterminism, pansexualism, patriarchy and middle-class white male superiority,which, no wonder, is vociferously criticized by both women and third-world people.
Critical psychology champions politics. First of all, at the disciplinary level, it isvehemently critical of Western traditional psychology as illustrated above. Secondly,at the theoretical level, Holzkamp carries out a categorial revolution, creating suchfundamental categories as “meaning structure”,“subjective ground for action”,“action potence”,“restrictive action potence” and “general action potence”, etc.Thirdly, at the political level, Holzkamp believes that people under the regime ofcapitalist society can change and improve their subjective quality of life beyond the“allowed” limits, regardless of the conflict with the powers and the threat to theexisting level of action potence. It is just the point where the revolutionarysignificance lies.
The disadvantages and advantages of the critical psychology for its grafting with literary theory coexist. As for the disadvantages, first of all, critical psychology iswidely varied and has become an umbrella term; secondly, as a pure psychologicalbranch, it is more theoretical and critical than practical and constructive for concreteanalysis of literary texts. The solution to the former is, for the present research, tofocus on Claus Holzkamp, the founding father of critical psychology, and his theory;to the latter, is to contextualize his theory in such two specific conditions as race andgender and thus extend the theory to a postcolonial critical psychology and criticalfeminist psychology. The trinity of psychology, politics and literary text requires abrand-new methodology—psychopolitical reading, which to critical psychology islike close reading to New Criticism.
Psychopolitical reading is a “to-and fro-movement” in which politics isconstantly brought into the realm of psychology, and psychology into politics. On theone hand this two-way movement stresses the political nature of the psychologicaland on the other hand it emphasizes how power is psychologically conducted, that is,the colonising of the mind.
A psychopolitical reading of Passage reveals “epistemological violence” of AdelaQuested, which serves as one of the main causes to the mental collapse in the Marabarcaves. The same reading from postcolonial perspective witnesses the rise of Aziz’s“black consciousness” and the development of his “psychology of resistance”. Apsychopolitical reading from the perspective of female voices illustrates how Adelasingle-handedly deconstructs the well-woven plan of conquest by her Anglo-Indiancompatriots. These readings show the anatomies of Passage by the two-way methodof psychopolitical reading.
The present research focuses only on E. M. Forster’s Passage for the followingreasons. The importance and significance of Passage is never over-exaggerated,because it is not only Forster’s “best-known and most widely read novel” as LionelTrilling puts it, but also the one under the scrutiny of a wide range of literary theories.Criticism of masterpiece invariably reflects prevailing critical fashions. Moreover, tomake abstract theory more concrete, this study chooses Passage as the sample text,just like what Louis Tyson did with F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby in her Critical Theory Today.
This dissertation consists of five parts. Part One, the Introduction, introduces thetopic, provides a literature review of Passage and illustrates the thesis’s argument, theaim, the significance, the originality, the methods and difficulties.
Chapter One begins with a critique of psychoanalytic criticism of Passage andthen extends the critique to psychoanalysis as a whole and finally to the traditionalWestern mainstream psychology.
Chapter Two introduces critical psychology and the status quo and transformsthis branch of psychology into a new paradigm for literary theory. Furthermore,psychopolitical reading as a method of literary criticism follows the illustration ofcritical psychology as a theory. The relation between them is like close reading toNew Criticism, unconscious study to Freudianism, and archetype to Jungian analyticalpsychology. At the end of this chapter, a sample analysis will be provided.
Since critical psychology as a literary theory rather than just as a branch ofpsychology requires the contextualization of analysis, Chapter Three, therefore,provides two sample analyses from both the perspectives of race and gender,discussing Passage from the perspectives of postcolonial critical psychology andcritical feminist psychology.
The last part is the Conclusion, which summaries critical psychology andpsychopolitical reading as a new paradigm for literary theory and an analytical tooland points out the space of the further theoretical development.
引文
1Alison Sainsbury points out that besides Trilling, some other critics also see the novel as “primarily spiritualintent” and the caves as central, including Jo Ann Moran,‘E.M. Forster’s A Passage to India: What ReallyHappened in the Cave’, Modern Fiction Studies34(1988):596–604; or V.A. Shahane,‘Mrs. Moore’s Experiencein the Marabar Caves: A Zen Buddhist Reading’, Twentieth Century Literature31(1985):279–86.
2See Notes4-9on pp.473-474of Selig’s “God si Love”.
3Stone’s argument is similar to Louise Dauner’s in his “What Happened in the Cave? Reflections on A Passage toIndia”. Upon entering the cave, a symbol of the unconscious, the instinctual, and of motherhood and fertility,Adela becomes out of control, suggesting a rejection of sexual union. See Modern Fiction Studies Vol7.3. WestLafayette: Purdue University,1963.
5The reader will have noticed the appearance of the word “societal” where “social” might otherwise be expected.In German, however, there are two words that are commonly translated as “social”, namely, sozial andgesellschaftlich. Put briefly, humans have cultural existences while rats do not; humans live in society while ratslive in social relations; humans have history while rats depend on biological evolution. This makes humans verydifferent, indeed qualitatively different, from all other animal species. This is the difference between sozial andgesellschaftlich, the difference between “social” and “societal”(Tolman,“Thematic Symbol”37-38).
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5The reader will have noticed the appearance of the word “societal” where “social” might otherwise be expected.In German, however, there are two words that are commonly translated as “social”, namely, sozial andgesellschaftlich. Put briefly, humans have cultural existences while rats do not; humans live in society while ratslive in social relations; humans have history while rats depend on biological evolution. This makes humans verydifferent, indeed qualitatively different, from all other animal species. This is the difference between sozial andgesellschaftlich, the difference between “social” and “societal”(Tolman,“Thematic Symbol”37-38).
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