软件工程中基于模型驱动架构的模型转换技术研究
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摘要
模型驱动架构(Model-Driven Architecture,MDA)旨在提高软件的开发效率,它与面向构件和面向服务的软件体系结构以及基于中间件的分布软件开发环境相辅相成,已成为当前在异构环境中开发大型软件的有效途径,是目前软件工程领域的热点研究课题。模型驱动架构研究的是以模型为中心的软件开发方法,比起传统的以代码为中心的软件开发方法具有更贴近应用、层次更高的抽象等特点,通常由它开发的软件可以运行在异构的支撑平台上,能有效地应用于开发基于网络的各类大型复杂信息系统。
模型转换是模型驱动架构中的核心技术,目前国内外许多研究机构围绕模型转换技术在软件开发中的应用展开了研究工作,并取得了多项有价值的成果。人们开发了多种模型转换语言,用于解决不同类型的模型转换应用需求;研究了元模型间的转换规则,并以此为规范自动生成模型间的转换代码;探索了不同应用领域内的代码生成技术,以提高领域相关软件的开发效率。但作为一项新兴的研究课题,模型转换技术在Web开发领域中的应用存在若干不足,如模型转换代码的重用较为困难,转换得到的代码框架尚需完善等。
本文以电子商务等基于Web应用的软件开发为应用背景,围绕模型转换技术存在的以上不足展开研究。首先对相关概念进行了形式化定义,在此基础上重点对面向设计模式的模型转换方法、模型编织和元数据映射进行了深入研究,最后设计实现了Web应用开发平台WADP,验证了以上技术与方法的有效性。论文的主要成果有:
1.基于MDA Guide、MOF和QVT三个标准,提出了一套有关模型转换概念的形式化定义,定义的概念包括模型、元模型、元元模型、模型转换、模型编织以及模型符合,构建了一种模型转换形式化框架,为研究模型转换技术提供了理论基础。
2.设计模式描述了在软件设计过程中若干典型问题的核心解决方案,应用设计模式能使开发者复用该方案来解决同一类设计问题。设计模式常被用于软件系统的建模过程,以提高软件系统的设计质量和重用性。在模型中应用并维护设计模式是一种重复性工作,为在模型中自动应用桥接器、抽象工厂等设计模式,提出一种面向设计模式的模型转换方法。通过分析相应的规则特征,设计了一系列原子映射和模式映射,以及由此组合而成的模型转换代码模板。该模板能够生成基于扩展样式语言转换XSLT(Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)的模型转换代码,可实现软件模型中设计模式的自动应用。
3.模型转换技术之间的异构性造成了模型转换代码重用的困难。本文提出一种基于QVT规范的模型转换编织框架QMTW,该框架能够在比模型层更高的抽象层次上描述转换规则,并支持OMG最新的模型转换规范。使用QMTW描述的转换规则可生成符合不同模型转换语言的代码,部分地消除了模型转换技术间的异构性。
4.元数据是用来定义某一类数据规范的数据,它包含了数据的存储形式、含义及相关约束。通用的元数据映射技术掺杂了源数据和目标数据间的语义信息以及目标数据的结构信息,导致其映射代码难以自动生成。本文提出一种面向元数据映射的模型转换方法,它将元数据映射规则分为结构规则和语义规则两种。结构规则由目标元数据确定,语义规则使用模型编织框架QMTW描述,再通过模型编织工具生成相应的数据映射代码,解决了元数据映射代码的自动生成问题。
5.设计并实现了基于模型编织和元数据映射技术的Web应用开发平台WADP。除拥有面向Web应用的各类建模工具和模型仓库、代码模板库等底层支撑设施外,WADP还具有动态可替换模型转换器和代码生成器。用户描述的业务模型能自动生成Web应用程序原型系统及后端数据库。利用该平台,开发了深圳碧金会所电子商务平台、.infor协同电子政务支撑平台等五个系统。应用表明,该平台能有效提高Web应用系统的开发和维护效率。
Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) is for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of software development. MDA, component-oriented and service-oriented software architecture, and middleware based distributed development environment complement one another, and become recipes to the development of large-scale software in heterogeneous environment. MDA is the research focus in software engineering. Model-centric development is what MDA aims at. Comparing with traditional code-centric development, model-centric development provides higher level abstraction, which is much closer to applications. Generally, software developed using model-centric development works on heterogeneous platforms. Therefore, model-centric development can be effectively applied in development of network based large-scale complex information systems.
Model transformation is the core technique of MDA. So far, a number of domestic and foreign organizations have launched their works around applying model transformation in software development, and have made certain valuable progresses. Firstly, several model transformation languages have been developed and used to feed variant application demands of model transformation. Secondly, rules for transformation between metamodels have been highly concerned. Taking these rules as the specifications, transformation codes now can be automatically generated. Finally, many works have been focused on code generating techniques for variant application domains. These techniques help to improve the efficiency of development of domain-specific software. Nevertheless, model transformation is a new topic, there are several drawbacks when applying it on developing Web based applications. It is difficult to reuse model transformation codes. Code framework after transformation needs to consummate.
Our works took software development for Web based applications, such as e-commerce, as the background, to overcome the drawbacks of model transformation technique. We presented formal definitions for some related concepts in the first place. Then taking these definitions as the foundation, we focused our works on model transformation for object oriented design pattern, model weaving, and metadata mapping. Finally we designed and implemented a Web Application Development Platform (WADP), verified the validity of our techniques and approaches. Our contributions are listed as follows:
1. We proposed a set of formal definitions to model transformation related concepts including model, metamodel, metametamodel, model transformation, model weaving, and model conformance, basing on MDA Guide, MOF and QVT specifications. And then, we constructed a model transformation formal framework. Hence we concreted a theory basis for researching on model transformation techniques.
2. Design pattern describes a repeatedly presenting issue during software designing, as well the solution to it. Applying design pattern enables developers to reuse it to solve a specified designing issue. Design pattern is commonly used in software system modeling to enhance design quality and reusage. Applying and maintaining design pattern in models is a duplicating work. In order to automatically apply design patterns, such as bridge pattern and abstract factory pattern, in models, we carried out a design pattern oriented model transformation approach. By analyzing rules and features of design pattern oriented model transformation, we designed a set of atom mappings and pattern mappings, as well the combination of them, the model transformation code template. Such a template can generate XSLT based model transformation code, and enable automatically applying design pattern in software models.
3. The heterogeneity of different model transformation techniques makes it difficult to reuse model transformation code. We provided a QVT-based model transformation weaving framework named QMTW. QMTW describes transformation rules at a higher abstraction layer and supports up-to-date model transformation specification from OMG. Transformation rules described using QMTW can generate codes conforming to variant model transformation languages, and eliminate the heterogeneity of model transformation techniques partly.
4. Metadata defines data of some kind of data specification. Metadata includes storage pattern, meaning, and related constraints of data. General metadata mapping adulterates semantic information between source data and target data, and structural information of target data, so automatically generating mapping codes is difficult. We provided a metadata mapping oriented model transformation approach. It separates metadata mapping rules into structural rules and semantics rules. Structural rules are defined by target metadata and semantics rules are described by a weaving framework QMTW. Relevant mapping codes can be generated by model weaving tools. Thus we have done automatically generation of metadata mapping codes.
5. Basing on model weaving and metadata mapping, we designed and implemented a Web Application Development Platform (WADP). WADP has the infrastructures such as modeling tools, model storage, and model templates library, for Web applications. Furthermore, it has dynamic replaceable model transformer and code generator. Business models described by users can automatically generate prototypes and back-end databases for Web applications. Using this platform, we have developed five systems such as Shenzhen Bijin Club E-commerce Platform and .infor cooperating electronic government affair supporting platform. Our practice shows that WADP improves the efficiency of development and maintenance of Web applications.
模型转换是模型驱动架构中的核心技术,目前国内外许多研究机构围绕模型转换技术在软件开发中的应用展开了研究工作,并取得了多项有价值的成果。人们开发了多种模型转换语言,用于解决不同类型的模型转换应用需求;研究了元模型间的转换规则,并以此为规范自动生成模型间的转换代码;探索了不同应用领域内的代码生成技术,以提高领域相关软件的开发效率。但作为一项新兴的研究课题,模型转换技术在Web开发领域中的应用存在若干不足,如模型转换代码的重用较为困难,转换得到的代码框架尚需完善等。
本文以电子商务等基于Web应用的软件开发为应用背景,围绕模型转换技术存在的以上不足展开研究。首先对相关概念进行了形式化定义,在此基础上重点对面向设计模式的模型转换方法、模型编织和元数据映射进行了深入研究,最后设计实现了Web应用开发平台WADP,验证了以上技术与方法的有效性。论文的主要成果有:
1.基于MDA Guide、MOF和QVT三个标准,提出了一套有关模型转换概念的形式化定义,定义的概念包括模型、元模型、元元模型、模型转换、模型编织以及模型符合,构建了一种模型转换形式化框架,为研究模型转换技术提供了理论基础。
2.设计模式描述了在软件设计过程中若干典型问题的核心解决方案,应用设计模式能使开发者复用该方案来解决同一类设计问题。设计模式常被用于软件系统的建模过程,以提高软件系统的设计质量和重用性。在模型中应用并维护设计模式是一种重复性工作,为在模型中自动应用桥接器、抽象工厂等设计模式,提出一种面向设计模式的模型转换方法。通过分析相应的规则特征,设计了一系列原子映射和模式映射,以及由此组合而成的模型转换代码模板。该模板能够生成基于扩展样式语言转换XSLT(Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations)的模型转换代码,可实现软件模型中设计模式的自动应用。
3.模型转换技术之间的异构性造成了模型转换代码重用的困难。本文提出一种基于QVT规范的模型转换编织框架QMTW,该框架能够在比模型层更高的抽象层次上描述转换规则,并支持OMG最新的模型转换规范。使用QMTW描述的转换规则可生成符合不同模型转换语言的代码,部分地消除了模型转换技术间的异构性。
4.元数据是用来定义某一类数据规范的数据,它包含了数据的存储形式、含义及相关约束。通用的元数据映射技术掺杂了源数据和目标数据间的语义信息以及目标数据的结构信息,导致其映射代码难以自动生成。本文提出一种面向元数据映射的模型转换方法,它将元数据映射规则分为结构规则和语义规则两种。结构规则由目标元数据确定,语义规则使用模型编织框架QMTW描述,再通过模型编织工具生成相应的数据映射代码,解决了元数据映射代码的自动生成问题。
5.设计并实现了基于模型编织和元数据映射技术的Web应用开发平台WADP。除拥有面向Web应用的各类建模工具和模型仓库、代码模板库等底层支撑设施外,WADP还具有动态可替换模型转换器和代码生成器。用户描述的业务模型能自动生成Web应用程序原型系统及后端数据库。利用该平台,开发了深圳碧金会所电子商务平台、.infor协同电子政务支撑平台等五个系统。应用表明,该平台能有效提高Web应用系统的开发和维护效率。
Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) is for the purpose of enhancing the efficiency of software development. MDA, component-oriented and service-oriented software architecture, and middleware based distributed development environment complement one another, and become recipes to the development of large-scale software in heterogeneous environment. MDA is the research focus in software engineering. Model-centric development is what MDA aims at. Comparing with traditional code-centric development, model-centric development provides higher level abstraction, which is much closer to applications. Generally, software developed using model-centric development works on heterogeneous platforms. Therefore, model-centric development can be effectively applied in development of network based large-scale complex information systems.
Model transformation is the core technique of MDA. So far, a number of domestic and foreign organizations have launched their works around applying model transformation in software development, and have made certain valuable progresses. Firstly, several model transformation languages have been developed and used to feed variant application demands of model transformation. Secondly, rules for transformation between metamodels have been highly concerned. Taking these rules as the specifications, transformation codes now can be automatically generated. Finally, many works have been focused on code generating techniques for variant application domains. These techniques help to improve the efficiency of development of domain-specific software. Nevertheless, model transformation is a new topic, there are several drawbacks when applying it on developing Web based applications. It is difficult to reuse model transformation codes. Code framework after transformation needs to consummate.
Our works took software development for Web based applications, such as e-commerce, as the background, to overcome the drawbacks of model transformation technique. We presented formal definitions for some related concepts in the first place. Then taking these definitions as the foundation, we focused our works on model transformation for object oriented design pattern, model weaving, and metadata mapping. Finally we designed and implemented a Web Application Development Platform (WADP), verified the validity of our techniques and approaches. Our contributions are listed as follows:
1. We proposed a set of formal definitions to model transformation related concepts including model, metamodel, metametamodel, model transformation, model weaving, and model conformance, basing on MDA Guide, MOF and QVT specifications. And then, we constructed a model transformation formal framework. Hence we concreted a theory basis for researching on model transformation techniques.
2. Design pattern describes a repeatedly presenting issue during software designing, as well the solution to it. Applying design pattern enables developers to reuse it to solve a specified designing issue. Design pattern is commonly used in software system modeling to enhance design quality and reusage. Applying and maintaining design pattern in models is a duplicating work. In order to automatically apply design patterns, such as bridge pattern and abstract factory pattern, in models, we carried out a design pattern oriented model transformation approach. By analyzing rules and features of design pattern oriented model transformation, we designed a set of atom mappings and pattern mappings, as well the combination of them, the model transformation code template. Such a template can generate XSLT based model transformation code, and enable automatically applying design pattern in software models.
3. The heterogeneity of different model transformation techniques makes it difficult to reuse model transformation code. We provided a QVT-based model transformation weaving framework named QMTW. QMTW describes transformation rules at a higher abstraction layer and supports up-to-date model transformation specification from OMG. Transformation rules described using QMTW can generate codes conforming to variant model transformation languages, and eliminate the heterogeneity of model transformation techniques partly.
4. Metadata defines data of some kind of data specification. Metadata includes storage pattern, meaning, and related constraints of data. General metadata mapping adulterates semantic information between source data and target data, and structural information of target data, so automatically generating mapping codes is difficult. We provided a metadata mapping oriented model transformation approach. It separates metadata mapping rules into structural rules and semantics rules. Structural rules are defined by target metadata and semantics rules are described by a weaving framework QMTW. Relevant mapping codes can be generated by model weaving tools. Thus we have done automatically generation of metadata mapping codes.
5. Basing on model weaving and metadata mapping, we designed and implemented a Web Application Development Platform (WADP). WADP has the infrastructures such as modeling tools, model storage, and model templates library, for Web applications. Furthermore, it has dynamic replaceable model transformer and code generator. Business models described by users can automatically generate prototypes and back-end databases for Web applications. Using this platform, we have developed five systems such as Shenzhen Bijin Club E-commerce Platform and .infor cooperating electronic government affair supporting platform. Our practice shows that WADP improves the efficiency of development and maintenance of Web applications.
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