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积极的劳动力市场政策在治理失业中的作用研究
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摘要
2008年世界经济超预期的深度下滑使中国宏观经济的外部环境进一步恶化,经济增速减慢,加剧了我国失业问题的严峻性。而就业问题关系民生,解决好就业问题是社会和谐发展的基本保证。为此,我国确立了实施更加积极的劳动力市场政策来促进就业、再就业工作的方针。因而,此时研究我国的失业现状,积极的劳动力市场政策(Active Labor Market Policies,简称ALMPs)在治理失业中的作用、我国的ALMPs的实施情况和在实施过程中存在的问题,这对我国政策的制定及失业的治理,都具有重要的意义。
     本文首先归纳了失业及其治理理论的发展历程,引出了当今各国普遍采用的治理失业的政策——ALMPs,而后对近年来研究ALMPs的成果进行梳理,并结合ALMPs的定义,应用动态的概念界定方式判断我国的ALMPs的具体内容。此外,还对ALMPs的实施情况进行国际比较,分析目前我国ALMPs的总体实施现状。之后,应用实际调查数据,尝试采用Cox比例风险度模型衡量我国的ALMPs在治理失业中所发挥的作用,并对这种作用进行了测量。继而又以福建省为例,研究目前各项ALMPs的具体实施情况,比较分析这些政策的优势和劣势。最后,试图为完善我国ALMPs提供一些有参考价值的建议。
     国际比较研究显示,相对于其它国家,我国对ALMPs的资金投入还很不够,政策的宣传和覆盖范围还有待进一步扩展。实证研究表明我国的ALMPs是十分有效的治理失业的手段,参与过政策实施的劳动者的再就业机会相对于未参与者提升了70%多,但政策的实施却并未对参与者再就业后的工资产生积极影响。同时,对ALMPs在福建省的实施情况的具体分析还表明,很多定位于增加劳动力需求的政策在发挥积极作用时,还可能会带来一定的负面效应,例如税费减免政策、社会保险补贴政策和发放《再就业优惠证》政策,而定位于改善劳动力供给的政策在我国现实条件下是比较有效的。根据分析结论,作者还提出一些建议,如我国应加大对积极的劳动力市场政策的资金投入和宣传力度,扩大政策的覆盖范围;根据失业者的构成特点和劳动力的供需矛盾,设计有针对性的治理政策;进一步调整和完善我国积极的劳动力市场政策的内容,进而充分发挥其治理失业的作用。
     鉴于目前我国对于ALMPs的作用的研究较少,因而本文的选题不仅具有重要的现实意义,还具有一定的创新性。作者应用动态的概念来界定积极的劳动力市场政策的内容,既有助于提高对政策内容的理解,又显示出ALMPs的灵活性。此外,本研究不仅从理论上分析了为何实施ALLMPs,还从经验研究上,应用Cox比例风险度模型对ALMPs的治理失业的作用进行测量,也是一个较好的尝试。
In 2008, the international economy fall down without expectation which deteriorated the exterior environment, the speed of the economic growth also was reduced, all of these made the problem of unemployment in our country even worse. In order to turn the scale, our country decides to carry out the Active labor Market Policies (ALMPs) to accelerate the employment and reemployment. So at this time, study on the condition of unemployment, whether the ALMPs is effective, and if that, the extent they will affect, how are they carried out and so on, which are both extreme meaningful for the establishment of the policies, and the government of unemployment.
     This paper first reviews the theoretical and empirical literature aiming at the unemployment and its government, educing the popular used methods by most countries-ALMPs. Then analysing the latest study on ALMPs, give out the definition of ALMPs, furthermore give the judgement on which of them belongs to ALMPs. After that, a comparison between different countries on how the situations of the ALMPs are carried out will also be given to show our country's ALMPs' characteristic and deficiency. At the third, using Cox's Proportional Hazard Regression Model with the survey data from Fujian province to analyze whether the ALMPs is effective in improving the probability of employment, and measure the force. Then again put the eyes on Fujian province, to research how the situation the ALMPs are put in to use. Based on these interpretations, this paper explores some channels which could help to perfect the ALMPs in China.
     The main empirical result of this paper is that in our country the ALMPs do act as an effective methods in reducing unemployment, joining in the policies will enormously improve the chance of being employed for the unemployed person by more than 70% compared with those don't join in. However, ALMPs are helpless in increasing the reemployment salary. Based on the study in Fujian Province, we find that, by comparison, the policies which focus on improving the quality of labor force supply are more effective. However some of policies which aimed at increasing the need of labor force have negative effects. At last, we suggest that, our country should input more money on ALMPs, and broaden the drumbeating, then increasing their cover range; establish especially polices according to the structure of unemployment and the confliction of supply and need of labor force; furthermore, adjust and perfect the content of ALMPs; exert their effects in tackling unemployment.
     This paper's theme has important practical meaning and also some innovative value. This paper not only analyzes the reason of actualizing ALMPs in theory, but also analyzes ALMPs' function in tackling unemployment. We also use dynamic concept to define ALMPs' scope which accelerates the understanding of ALMPs' content and shows ALMPs' agility. This paper try to use medicinal Cox model to analyzes ALMPs' function in governing umemployment and analyzes its degree, this is lesser research field in domestic research.
引文
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