基于涌现性的产业集群知识竞争力研究
|
摘要
20世纪90年代以来,产业集群作为区域经济的增长极受到理论界的极大关注,同时,作为一种发展战略被越来越多的国家和地区所采用。在我国,改革开放以来,产业集群(如广东的“块状经济”,浙江的“一镇一品”、“一村一品”,山东等地以大企业带动的产业集群等)蓬勃发展,成为“中国制造”的重要载体和带动我国经济快速发展的重要力量。然而,我国以珠三角、长三角为代表的产业集群,主要依靠低成本、低价格获取竞争优势,这种竞争优势是短暂的、不稳定的和脆弱的,既不会形成持久的竞争力,更难以实现集群的可持续发展。从2004年开始,已经有一些曾经辉煌的低成本型产业集群出现衰退迹象。2008年,以美国次贷危机为发端的全球性金融危机对我国实体经济的传导效应开始显现,我国以劳动密集型、低技术含量和出口导向为主的集群企业大批倒闭更是产业集群竞争力不足的集中暴露。
从知识与产业集群发展的关系来看,知识要素在产业集群发展中的作用不断增强,无论是高新技术产业集群还是传统产业集群,长期持续竞争优势都依赖于知识的聚集。知识是知识竞争力的源泉,然而知识本身并不是竞争力,知识的创造性运用即基于知识基础上的持续创新能力才会形成知识竞争力。持续创新的技术与产品不断创造新的市场,使整个集群保持持续的技术与市场领先,从而获得持续的竞争优势。
本论文基于复杂自适应系统的涌现的视角,分析探讨产业集群知识竞争力的形成过程与影响因素,并通过构建产业集群知识竞争力的评价指标体系对首批国家级软件产业园的知识竞争力进行评价分析,在此基础上针对我国产业集群在金融危机中暴露的知识竞争力弱的突出问题提出提升我国产业集群知识竞争力的对策措施。力图对弥补我国产业集群竞争力不强的缺陷,实现产业集群的升级,促进我国产业集群的发展,实现经济增长方式由投资驱动、依赖传统要素的低成本向知识驱动、依赖持续创新的转变发挥一定的实践指导和借鉴作用；同时论文明确地将知识竞争力和产业集群联系起来进行研究,既是对产业集群研究的一个延伸与补充,也是对知识竞争力理论都是一种拓展与创新,同时也为后续的研究提供了一种可借鉴的思路。
论文分七章进行分析论述：第一章,导论。提出问题,综述国内外相关理论研究,并提出本论文研究的基本思路。这是论文研究的基础。第二章,对现代产业集群竞争力的基础进行分析,得出结论：现代产业集群的根本是知识的聚集,其长期竞争优势的来源即知识竞争力。第三章对产业集群的性质进行分析,说明产业集群是一个复杂自适应系统,产业集群知识竞争力是集群主体创造性运用知识的一种涌现。第四章,分析论述影响产业集群知识竞争力涌现的四个因素：构材效应、结构效应、规模效应和环境效应,其中尤以构材效应和结构效应为重点研究内容。第五章,构建产业集群知识竞争力评价的指标体系,并对首批国家级软件产业园的知识竞争力进行评价、排序和述评,给出了提升知识竞争力的努力方向。第六章,对我国产业集群知识竞争力弱的突出问题和问题产生的原因进行分析,并据此提出产业集群知识竞争力培育与提高的思路与对策措施。第七章,对论文的研究进行总结,并指出研究的不足之处和进一步研究的方向。
在研究方法上,本论文主要运用了理论演绎、比较分析、博弈分析、层次分析等方法进行了规范分析,同时还采用了一些相关的案例,如我国第一个羊毛衫产业集群——洪合羊毛衫产业集群由盛而衰、我国首批国家级软件工业园的实证研究等,对规范研究的结果进行了实证的论证。案例资料的收集则通过实地考察、网络论坛的讨论、借鉴其他学者的研究等方法进行。
通过研究,得出如下结论：
(1)比较RHA知识竞争力的概念与对创新的含义,建立了知识、创新与知识竞争力之间的联系：知识是知识竞争力的基础,但知识本身不是直接的竞争力,知识只有经过流动和创造性运用才能转化为竞争力,知识流动和运用的过程即创新的过程,创新的实质就是知识向人工制品或服务的转化以及新知识的生成过程,创新是知识转化为竞争力的桥梁与途径。
(2)从历史演化的角度看,知识要素在产业集群发展中的作用不断增强,可以说现代产业集群的根本就在于知识的聚集。与其他经济体一样,集群竞争优势等于成本领先优势和差异化优势之和,然而无论是成本领先还是差异化都存在“有效期”,成本领先和差异化都与持续创新密切相关,产业集群由于是相关产业在相对狭小的地理区域的集中,成本领先和差异化的有效期都在缩短。持续创新的技术与产品不断创造新的市场,使集群保持持续的竞争优势,因此只有持续创新能力才能带来集群长期竞争优势。基于知识和创新的产业集群知识竞争力是集群持续创新能力从而是集群长期竞争优势的来源。
(3)产业集群是一个复杂自适应系统,集群知识竞争力是集群层次的竞争力,而集群创新的主体依然是企业,集群企业创新并非必然导致集群知识竞争力的提高,知识竞争力是集群微观主体创新在集群宏观层次的涌现。产业集群知识竞争力涌现的影响因素包括：构材效应、结构效应、规模效应和环境效应。产业集群知识竞争力涌现的构材效应反映构成集群的组分的知识存量、知识在集群中的配置与流动、知识运用即集群主体创新能力与创新绩效。与群外单个企业相比,产业集群为知识流动、共享与创新创造了更优越的条件：集群内部知识更加密集、非正式交流渠道更加畅通、更优越的知识流动与共享“吧”,并促进了集群企业基于知识能力的分工合作。
(4)作为一个复杂自适应系统,产业集群知识竞争力还受到集群结构的影响。集群知识竞争力的涌现的结构效应包括：①集群创新主导者选择机制,即集群中好的创新主体是否能被“选中”作为集群创新主导者；②集群主体间的匹配与协同机制是否为集群创新提供了支持；③集群创新的正反馈机制是否形成,促进集群各主体创新的活跃度,促使集群处于混沌的边缘,为知识竞争力的涌现创造条件。
(5)系统的整体涌现性总是带有环境的深刻烙印,一个有效的产业集群必然是一个开放的知识系统。对于知识竞争力的涌现而言,集群规模并非越大越好,两者呈现倒U型关系。
(6)通过构建一个评价指标体系,对我国首批国家级软件产业园的知识竞争力进行了测度与述评。结果如下：北京、上海软件园是第一层次,综合得分超过80分；第Ⅱ层次的软件园有杭州、南京、广州和济南,与第Ⅰ层次相比具有明显的差距,同时在第Ⅱ层次内部之间,综合得分差距不大,竞争激烈；第Ⅲ层次的软件园有大连、成都和西安,不仅在综合得分上较低,在各分项指标上与其他层次有很大差距。
(7)从总体情况来看,我国产业集群的突出问题是知识聚集不够,产业集群知识竞争力差。其原因主要是：①自主创新能力不强,产品同质化现象严重；②价值链不完整且基本集中于产业价值链的低端,产品的附加值低；③规模普遍较小,龙头企业缺乏,核的吸附作用不强；④主体间沟通联系、配套协作水平较低,合作协同机制尚不健全。
针对我国产业集群知识竞争力弱的原因,从构材效应、结构效应、环境效应和规模效应四个角度提出了提升我国产业集群知识竞争力的对策：①优化和提升集群的知识共享和创新能力；②建立和完善产业集群龙头企业和关键企业的培育机制；③培育和提升集群企业的创新能力与创新绩效；④培育和优化产业集群成员之间的合作与协同机制；⑤培育和优化产业集群两类不同企业的利益协调机制；⑥推动产业集群融入全球价值链,加强集群与环境的联系。
本论文的创新点主要有：
①本论文通过对哈金斯协会提出的知识竞争力的概念与创新含义的比较分析,建立了知识、创新与知识竞争力之间的联系：知识是知识竞争力的基础,但知识本身不是直接的竞争力,知识只有经过流动和创造性运用才能转化为竞争力,知识流动和运用的过程即创新的过程,创新的实质就是知识向人工制品或服务的转化以及新知识的生成过程,创新是知识转化为竞争力的桥梁与途径。
②分析了产业集群竞争优势是来源,得出一个重要结论：集群竞争优势等于成本领先优势和差异化优势之和,然而无论是成本领先还是差异化都存在“有效期”,意欲获得成本领先优势与差异化优势,必须持续创新。产业集群由于是相关产业在相对狭小的地理区域的集中,成本领先优势和差异化优势的“有效期”都大大地缩短了。只有持续创新的技术与产品才能不断地创造新的市场,使集群保持持续的竞争优势,因此只有持续创新能力才能带来集群长期竞争优势。基于知识和创新的产业集群知识竞争力是集群持续创新能力从而是集群长期竞争优势的来源。
③基于涌现论的视角来研究分析产业集群知识竞争力的形成,产业集群的知识竞争力的研究对象是集群整体,因此其知识竞争力必须集中于集群整体层次,然而集群创新的主体依然是企业,从集群企业创新到集群知识竞争力的提高具有非必然性,并非集群企业的所有创新都能带来集群知识竞争力的提升,知识竞争力是集群微观主体创新在集群宏观层次上的涌现。作为一种涌现现象,其影响因素包括：构材效应、结构效应、环境效应和规模效应。
④构造了一个产业集群知识竞争力的评价指标体系,对我国首批软件工业园的知识竞争力进行了分析述评,根据测度结果,把首批软件产业园分成了三个层次：北京、上海软件园为第一层次,综合评价得分遥遥领先,并且在其他分项上也具有很大的优势,发展比较均衡；第Ⅱ层次的软件园有杭州、南京、广州和济南,与第Ⅰ层次相比具有明显的差距,同时在第Ⅱ层次内部,各软件园综合得分差距不大,竞争激烈；第Ⅲ层次的软件园有大连、成都和西安,不仅在综合得分上较低,在各分项指标上与其他层次有很大差距,并且发展也最不均衡。
Since 1990s, as the regional economic growth pole, industrial clusters have been given galactic attention in the academic field, and be adopted as a development stratagem by more and more countries and areas. In our country, since the reform and opening policy is been implemented, the industrial clusters (e.g. Guangdong's massive economy, Zhejiang's " One Product of One Town, "、" One Product of One Village ", industrial clusters brought along by big companies in Shandong province and so on) developed vigorously and they have become an important carrier of "Made in China" and a driving power which pull our country's economic development forward. However, companies in the Changjiang and Zhujiang Delta get competitive advantages by low cost and low price, which is impermanent, unstable and fragile, and it cannot form enduring competition and sustainable development. From 2004, once flourishing industrial clusters now declined. In 2008, the conduct effect, which began from the sub-loan crisis in USA, now worldwide, has emerged, which affected the realistic economic in china. The abundant bankruptcy of labor intense, low technology and export oriented companies are more of an aggregate exposure of deficient competitiveness in industrial cluster. Knowledge competitiveness is the nut of modern industrial cluster. Strong ability of self-determination innovation is the main reason that keeps the industrial cluster develop durativily and healthily. Weak knowledge competitiveness and innovation have affected the competitiveness of industrial cluster in china, furthermore, affected it's healthy development, and eventually, bring bad influence on Chinese economy. For such reasons, we must take steps to improve the knowledge competitiveness.
Based on the angle of the emerge of complicate self-adapting system and evaluating system of the first state-leveled software industrial clusters, this thesis analyses the formational process and impact ways of knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster, and brings forward the ways to improve it faced with the weakness in the financial crisis. Also, exertion to and used for reference on remedying the weakness, breaking through the difficulty, promoting the development and then boosting the economy healthily and continually from invest driving and low cost to knowledge driving and continually innovation. At the same time, the thesis connects the knowledge competitiveness and industrial cluster, which is not only an extension both on the theory of industry cluster and theory of knowledge competitiveness, but also offers a referable guide for later research.
It is divided into seven parts:First, the introduction. The author gives the question and synthesizes the domestic and foreign correlative research to propose the basic mentality,which is the basic point. Second, the analysis of the knowledge competitiveness of Industrial clusters, which shows that the basic of the modern industrial cluster is the accumulation of knowledge. The source of the advantage of long-term competitiveness is knowledge competitiveness. Third, from the point of view of complicate self-adapting system, the author believes that the competitiveness of industrial cluster is an emerging phenomenon by people use knowledge in a creative way, and analyses it. The fourth part, the author analyzes the factors of knowledge competitiveness of industrial clusters, and divides into four segments: material effect, structure effect, quantity effect and environment effect, which the material effects and structure effects are the research focus. The fifth part, the author constructs an evaluating system and use it to evaluate the knowledge competitiveness of first state-leveled software industrial cluster and shows the direction to improve. The sixth part shows the outstanding problems of the industrial clusters. According to the above, the author suggests the ways to cultivate and improve the knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster. The last part is the summary.
On the research methods, the theoretical interpretation, comparative analysis, game analysis and hierarchical analysis are used, and adopts some correlative cases, such as our country's first sweater industrial cluster------Honghe sweater industry cluster from the prosperous to the failure and the first state-leveled software industrial clusters. Through field visits, networking forum for the discussion and referring to the research from other scholars, the data are collected.
We can draw such conclusions by the research:
(1) Comparing the definition of RHA knowledge competitiveness and innovation, the author constructs the relationship of knowledge, innovation and knowledge competitiveness:knowledge is the base of the knowledge competitiveness, the knowledge itself is not competitiveness, only by flowing and used by innovation can it be transferred into competitiveness, and this is also the course of innovation. The truth of innovation is the course in which the knowledge is transferred into man-made products and the production of new knowledge. Innovation is the method by which the knowledge is transferred into competitiveness.
(2)Judging from the development of the history, the element of knowledge pays a greater and greater important role. We can say that the foundation of modern industrial cluster is knowledge accumulation. Like other economy, the advantage of competitiveness of cluster equals the advantage of cost adds with differentiation. However, a period of validity exists. The cost advantage and differentiation are correlated with persistent innovation. Because of the limited space of clusters, the period of cost advantage and differentiation is reducing. The persistence innovation of technique and products are producing market constantly, the competitive advantage is maintained, so only the consistent innovation can bring the long term competitiveness of clusters. The source of long term competitiveness of industrial cluster is based on the knowledge and innovation.
(3) The industrial cluster is a complicate adapting system. The knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster is the industrial cluster level competitiveness. But the industrial cluster innovation's main body is still an enterprise. However, innovation of enterprise alone doesn't ensure the improvement of knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster. Knowledge competitiveness is the microcosmic innovation emerging in the macroscopically fact, which includes material effect (initial knowledge content, the knowledge use and innovation of the main parts), the configuration effect(the matching and cooperation among the main parts), the scale of the cluster, and relationship the between cluster and environment.
(4) The material effect of emergence of the knowledge competitiveness of industrial clusters reflect constitution it's initial knowledge content, the disposition and the flowing of knowledge in industrial clusters, the knowledge utilization, which is innovation ability and the innovation performance of industrial clusters agent. Compared with the group of foreign individual enterprises, industrial clusters for knowledge flow, sharing and innovation to create better conditions:The knowledge is more crowded in industrial cluster, the unofficial exchange channel is more unimpeded, More superior knowledge flowing and sharing "Ba", And promoted the enterprise of industrial cluster division and cooperation based on the knowledge ability.
(5) As a Complex Adaptive System, the industrial cluster knowledge competitiveness also affected by the cluster structure. The configuration effect of the emergence of the knowledge competitiveness of the industrial cluster include:①the selecting mechanism of the agent, namely, whether a good innovation agent can be "selected" as the leader of industrial cluster innovation,②whether a match and coordination mechanism of industrial Cluster main body is to provide support for the cluster innovation,③whether a innovative positive feedback mechanism of industrial cluster is formed, promoting industrial cluster main bodies'innovation is more active, urging the industrial cluster to be in the chaos the edge, creating the condition for the knowledge competitive power's emergence.
(6) System's whole emergence always has the environment profound brand mark, an effective industrial cluster must be an open knowledge system. The emergence of knowledge competitiveness, industrial cluster size is not the bigger the better, an inverted U-relationship between the two exists.
(7)By constructing evaluation system, the author estimated and reviewed the competitiveness of the first state-leveled software clusters. The results are as follows:Beijing, shanghai the first,80 score; Hangzhou, Nanjing Guangzhou and Jinan the second, a great gap exists between the first and the second level, and also these clusters are developed balanced. The third level are Dalian, Chengdu and Xi'an, and they are not only low leveled but also developed imbalanced.
(8) The outstanding problem in industrial cluster is the insufficient knowledge accumulation. The reasons are as follows:①Bad self-innovation ability, all produce similar goods;②No complete value chain, all produce low valued goods;③Limited size and no leading company;④Bad communication and cooperation level among the individual companies.
In order to improve the knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster, the following three aspects must be given enough attention, firstly, reinforce the ability to the share and innovation of knowledge, secondly, establish and consummate the cultivation mechanism of Leading enterprise and essential enterprise in Industrial clusters,thirdly, cultivate and optimize Innovation capability and performance of the agent Industrial cluster, fourthly, cultivate and optimize the cooperation and coordination mechanism between Industrial clusters member, fifthly, cultivate and optimize the benefit coordinated mechanisms of two kind of different enterprise in Industrial clusters, at last, promoting industrial clusters in global value chains, strengthen linkages between the clusters and the environment.
The main innovated points of the thesis are:(1)Comparing the definition of RHA knowledge competitiveness with innovation, the author constructs the relationship of knowledge, innovation and knowledge competitiveness: knowledge is the base of the knowledge competitiveness, the knowledge itself is not competitiveness, only by flowing and used by innovation can it be transferred into competitiveness, and this is also the course of innovation. The truth of innovation is the course in which the knowledge is transferred into man-made products and the production of new knowledge. Innovation is the method by which the knowledge is transferred into competitiveness.
(2) The author analyzed the source of competitiveness of industrial cluster, and believes that:the advantage of competitiveness of cluster equals the advantage of cost adds with differentiation. However, a period of validity exists. The cost advantage and differentiation are correlated with persistent innovation. Because of the limited space of clusters, the period of cost advantage and differentiation is reducing. The persistence innovation of technique and products are producing market constantly, the competitive advantage is maintained, so only the consistent innovation can bring the long term competitiveness of clusters. The source of long term competitiveness of industrial cluster is based on the knowledge and innovation.
③Based on the emerging theory, the author studied the forming of knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster. The knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster is the industrial cluster level competitiveness. But the industrial cluster innovation's main body is still an enterprise. However, innovation of enterprise alone doesn't ensure the improvement of knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster. Knowledge competitiveness is the microcosmic innovation emerging in the macroscopically fact, which includes material effect (initial knowledge content, the knowledge use and innovation of the main parts), the configuration effect(the matching and cooperation among the main parts), the scale of the cluster, and relationship the between cluster and environment.
④By constructing an evaluation system, the author estimated and reviewed the competitiveness of the first state-leveled software clusters. The results are as follows:Beijing, shanghai are the first and get much more scores than others; Hangzhou, Nanjing Guangzhou and Jinan are the second and a great gap exists between the first and the second level, also these clusters are developed balanced and severity competition exists. The third level are Dalian, Chengdu and Xi'an, and they are not only low leveled but also developed most imbalanced.
从知识与产业集群发展的关系来看,知识要素在产业集群发展中的作用不断增强,无论是高新技术产业集群还是传统产业集群,长期持续竞争优势都依赖于知识的聚集。知识是知识竞争力的源泉,然而知识本身并不是竞争力,知识的创造性运用即基于知识基础上的持续创新能力才会形成知识竞争力。持续创新的技术与产品不断创造新的市场,使整个集群保持持续的技术与市场领先,从而获得持续的竞争优势。
本论文基于复杂自适应系统的涌现的视角,分析探讨产业集群知识竞争力的形成过程与影响因素,并通过构建产业集群知识竞争力的评价指标体系对首批国家级软件产业园的知识竞争力进行评价分析,在此基础上针对我国产业集群在金融危机中暴露的知识竞争力弱的突出问题提出提升我国产业集群知识竞争力的对策措施。力图对弥补我国产业集群竞争力不强的缺陷,实现产业集群的升级,促进我国产业集群的发展,实现经济增长方式由投资驱动、依赖传统要素的低成本向知识驱动、依赖持续创新的转变发挥一定的实践指导和借鉴作用；同时论文明确地将知识竞争力和产业集群联系起来进行研究,既是对产业集群研究的一个延伸与补充,也是对知识竞争力理论都是一种拓展与创新,同时也为后续的研究提供了一种可借鉴的思路。
论文分七章进行分析论述：第一章,导论。提出问题,综述国内外相关理论研究,并提出本论文研究的基本思路。这是论文研究的基础。第二章,对现代产业集群竞争力的基础进行分析,得出结论：现代产业集群的根本是知识的聚集,其长期竞争优势的来源即知识竞争力。第三章对产业集群的性质进行分析,说明产业集群是一个复杂自适应系统,产业集群知识竞争力是集群主体创造性运用知识的一种涌现。第四章,分析论述影响产业集群知识竞争力涌现的四个因素：构材效应、结构效应、规模效应和环境效应,其中尤以构材效应和结构效应为重点研究内容。第五章,构建产业集群知识竞争力评价的指标体系,并对首批国家级软件产业园的知识竞争力进行评价、排序和述评,给出了提升知识竞争力的努力方向。第六章,对我国产业集群知识竞争力弱的突出问题和问题产生的原因进行分析,并据此提出产业集群知识竞争力培育与提高的思路与对策措施。第七章,对论文的研究进行总结,并指出研究的不足之处和进一步研究的方向。
在研究方法上,本论文主要运用了理论演绎、比较分析、博弈分析、层次分析等方法进行了规范分析,同时还采用了一些相关的案例,如我国第一个羊毛衫产业集群——洪合羊毛衫产业集群由盛而衰、我国首批国家级软件工业园的实证研究等,对规范研究的结果进行了实证的论证。案例资料的收集则通过实地考察、网络论坛的讨论、借鉴其他学者的研究等方法进行。
通过研究,得出如下结论：
(1)比较RHA知识竞争力的概念与对创新的含义,建立了知识、创新与知识竞争力之间的联系：知识是知识竞争力的基础,但知识本身不是直接的竞争力,知识只有经过流动和创造性运用才能转化为竞争力,知识流动和运用的过程即创新的过程,创新的实质就是知识向人工制品或服务的转化以及新知识的生成过程,创新是知识转化为竞争力的桥梁与途径。
(2)从历史演化的角度看,知识要素在产业集群发展中的作用不断增强,可以说现代产业集群的根本就在于知识的聚集。与其他经济体一样,集群竞争优势等于成本领先优势和差异化优势之和,然而无论是成本领先还是差异化都存在“有效期”,成本领先和差异化都与持续创新密切相关,产业集群由于是相关产业在相对狭小的地理区域的集中,成本领先和差异化的有效期都在缩短。持续创新的技术与产品不断创造新的市场,使集群保持持续的竞争优势,因此只有持续创新能力才能带来集群长期竞争优势。基于知识和创新的产业集群知识竞争力是集群持续创新能力从而是集群长期竞争优势的来源。
(3)产业集群是一个复杂自适应系统,集群知识竞争力是集群层次的竞争力,而集群创新的主体依然是企业,集群企业创新并非必然导致集群知识竞争力的提高,知识竞争力是集群微观主体创新在集群宏观层次的涌现。产业集群知识竞争力涌现的影响因素包括：构材效应、结构效应、规模效应和环境效应。产业集群知识竞争力涌现的构材效应反映构成集群的组分的知识存量、知识在集群中的配置与流动、知识运用即集群主体创新能力与创新绩效。与群外单个企业相比,产业集群为知识流动、共享与创新创造了更优越的条件：集群内部知识更加密集、非正式交流渠道更加畅通、更优越的知识流动与共享“吧”,并促进了集群企业基于知识能力的分工合作。
(4)作为一个复杂自适应系统,产业集群知识竞争力还受到集群结构的影响。集群知识竞争力的涌现的结构效应包括：①集群创新主导者选择机制,即集群中好的创新主体是否能被“选中”作为集群创新主导者；②集群主体间的匹配与协同机制是否为集群创新提供了支持；③集群创新的正反馈机制是否形成,促进集群各主体创新的活跃度,促使集群处于混沌的边缘,为知识竞争力的涌现创造条件。
(5)系统的整体涌现性总是带有环境的深刻烙印,一个有效的产业集群必然是一个开放的知识系统。对于知识竞争力的涌现而言,集群规模并非越大越好,两者呈现倒U型关系。
(6)通过构建一个评价指标体系,对我国首批国家级软件产业园的知识竞争力进行了测度与述评。结果如下：北京、上海软件园是第一层次,综合得分超过80分；第Ⅱ层次的软件园有杭州、南京、广州和济南,与第Ⅰ层次相比具有明显的差距,同时在第Ⅱ层次内部之间,综合得分差距不大,竞争激烈；第Ⅲ层次的软件园有大连、成都和西安,不仅在综合得分上较低,在各分项指标上与其他层次有很大差距。
(7)从总体情况来看,我国产业集群的突出问题是知识聚集不够,产业集群知识竞争力差。其原因主要是：①自主创新能力不强,产品同质化现象严重；②价值链不完整且基本集中于产业价值链的低端,产品的附加值低；③规模普遍较小,龙头企业缺乏,核的吸附作用不强；④主体间沟通联系、配套协作水平较低,合作协同机制尚不健全。
针对我国产业集群知识竞争力弱的原因,从构材效应、结构效应、环境效应和规模效应四个角度提出了提升我国产业集群知识竞争力的对策：①优化和提升集群的知识共享和创新能力；②建立和完善产业集群龙头企业和关键企业的培育机制；③培育和提升集群企业的创新能力与创新绩效；④培育和优化产业集群成员之间的合作与协同机制；⑤培育和优化产业集群两类不同企业的利益协调机制；⑥推动产业集群融入全球价值链,加强集群与环境的联系。
本论文的创新点主要有：
①本论文通过对哈金斯协会提出的知识竞争力的概念与创新含义的比较分析,建立了知识、创新与知识竞争力之间的联系：知识是知识竞争力的基础,但知识本身不是直接的竞争力,知识只有经过流动和创造性运用才能转化为竞争力,知识流动和运用的过程即创新的过程,创新的实质就是知识向人工制品或服务的转化以及新知识的生成过程,创新是知识转化为竞争力的桥梁与途径。
②分析了产业集群竞争优势是来源,得出一个重要结论：集群竞争优势等于成本领先优势和差异化优势之和,然而无论是成本领先还是差异化都存在“有效期”,意欲获得成本领先优势与差异化优势,必须持续创新。产业集群由于是相关产业在相对狭小的地理区域的集中,成本领先优势和差异化优势的“有效期”都大大地缩短了。只有持续创新的技术与产品才能不断地创造新的市场,使集群保持持续的竞争优势,因此只有持续创新能力才能带来集群长期竞争优势。基于知识和创新的产业集群知识竞争力是集群持续创新能力从而是集群长期竞争优势的来源。
③基于涌现论的视角来研究分析产业集群知识竞争力的形成,产业集群的知识竞争力的研究对象是集群整体,因此其知识竞争力必须集中于集群整体层次,然而集群创新的主体依然是企业,从集群企业创新到集群知识竞争力的提高具有非必然性,并非集群企业的所有创新都能带来集群知识竞争力的提升,知识竞争力是集群微观主体创新在集群宏观层次上的涌现。作为一种涌现现象,其影响因素包括：构材效应、结构效应、环境效应和规模效应。
④构造了一个产业集群知识竞争力的评价指标体系,对我国首批软件工业园的知识竞争力进行了分析述评,根据测度结果,把首批软件产业园分成了三个层次：北京、上海软件园为第一层次,综合评价得分遥遥领先,并且在其他分项上也具有很大的优势,发展比较均衡；第Ⅱ层次的软件园有杭州、南京、广州和济南,与第Ⅰ层次相比具有明显的差距,同时在第Ⅱ层次内部,各软件园综合得分差距不大,竞争激烈；第Ⅲ层次的软件园有大连、成都和西安,不仅在综合得分上较低,在各分项指标上与其他层次有很大差距,并且发展也最不均衡。
Since 1990s, as the regional economic growth pole, industrial clusters have been given galactic attention in the academic field, and be adopted as a development stratagem by more and more countries and areas. In our country, since the reform and opening policy is been implemented, the industrial clusters (e.g. Guangdong's massive economy, Zhejiang's " One Product of One Town, "、" One Product of One Village ", industrial clusters brought along by big companies in Shandong province and so on) developed vigorously and they have become an important carrier of "Made in China" and a driving power which pull our country's economic development forward. However, companies in the Changjiang and Zhujiang Delta get competitive advantages by low cost and low price, which is impermanent, unstable and fragile, and it cannot form enduring competition and sustainable development. From 2004, once flourishing industrial clusters now declined. In 2008, the conduct effect, which began from the sub-loan crisis in USA, now worldwide, has emerged, which affected the realistic economic in china. The abundant bankruptcy of labor intense, low technology and export oriented companies are more of an aggregate exposure of deficient competitiveness in industrial cluster. Knowledge competitiveness is the nut of modern industrial cluster. Strong ability of self-determination innovation is the main reason that keeps the industrial cluster develop durativily and healthily. Weak knowledge competitiveness and innovation have affected the competitiveness of industrial cluster in china, furthermore, affected it's healthy development, and eventually, bring bad influence on Chinese economy. For such reasons, we must take steps to improve the knowledge competitiveness.
Based on the angle of the emerge of complicate self-adapting system and evaluating system of the first state-leveled software industrial clusters, this thesis analyses the formational process and impact ways of knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster, and brings forward the ways to improve it faced with the weakness in the financial crisis. Also, exertion to and used for reference on remedying the weakness, breaking through the difficulty, promoting the development and then boosting the economy healthily and continually from invest driving and low cost to knowledge driving and continually innovation. At the same time, the thesis connects the knowledge competitiveness and industrial cluster, which is not only an extension both on the theory of industry cluster and theory of knowledge competitiveness, but also offers a referable guide for later research.
It is divided into seven parts:First, the introduction. The author gives the question and synthesizes the domestic and foreign correlative research to propose the basic mentality,which is the basic point. Second, the analysis of the knowledge competitiveness of Industrial clusters, which shows that the basic of the modern industrial cluster is the accumulation of knowledge. The source of the advantage of long-term competitiveness is knowledge competitiveness. Third, from the point of view of complicate self-adapting system, the author believes that the competitiveness of industrial cluster is an emerging phenomenon by people use knowledge in a creative way, and analyses it. The fourth part, the author analyzes the factors of knowledge competitiveness of industrial clusters, and divides into four segments: material effect, structure effect, quantity effect and environment effect, which the material effects and structure effects are the research focus. The fifth part, the author constructs an evaluating system and use it to evaluate the knowledge competitiveness of first state-leveled software industrial cluster and shows the direction to improve. The sixth part shows the outstanding problems of the industrial clusters. According to the above, the author suggests the ways to cultivate and improve the knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster. The last part is the summary.
On the research methods, the theoretical interpretation, comparative analysis, game analysis and hierarchical analysis are used, and adopts some correlative cases, such as our country's first sweater industrial cluster------Honghe sweater industry cluster from the prosperous to the failure and the first state-leveled software industrial clusters. Through field visits, networking forum for the discussion and referring to the research from other scholars, the data are collected.
We can draw such conclusions by the research:
(1) Comparing the definition of RHA knowledge competitiveness and innovation, the author constructs the relationship of knowledge, innovation and knowledge competitiveness:knowledge is the base of the knowledge competitiveness, the knowledge itself is not competitiveness, only by flowing and used by innovation can it be transferred into competitiveness, and this is also the course of innovation. The truth of innovation is the course in which the knowledge is transferred into man-made products and the production of new knowledge. Innovation is the method by which the knowledge is transferred into competitiveness.
(2)Judging from the development of the history, the element of knowledge pays a greater and greater important role. We can say that the foundation of modern industrial cluster is knowledge accumulation. Like other economy, the advantage of competitiveness of cluster equals the advantage of cost adds with differentiation. However, a period of validity exists. The cost advantage and differentiation are correlated with persistent innovation. Because of the limited space of clusters, the period of cost advantage and differentiation is reducing. The persistence innovation of technique and products are producing market constantly, the competitive advantage is maintained, so only the consistent innovation can bring the long term competitiveness of clusters. The source of long term competitiveness of industrial cluster is based on the knowledge and innovation.
(3) The industrial cluster is a complicate adapting system. The knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster is the industrial cluster level competitiveness. But the industrial cluster innovation's main body is still an enterprise. However, innovation of enterprise alone doesn't ensure the improvement of knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster. Knowledge competitiveness is the microcosmic innovation emerging in the macroscopically fact, which includes material effect (initial knowledge content, the knowledge use and innovation of the main parts), the configuration effect(the matching and cooperation among the main parts), the scale of the cluster, and relationship the between cluster and environment.
(4) The material effect of emergence of the knowledge competitiveness of industrial clusters reflect constitution it's initial knowledge content, the disposition and the flowing of knowledge in industrial clusters, the knowledge utilization, which is innovation ability and the innovation performance of industrial clusters agent. Compared with the group of foreign individual enterprises, industrial clusters for knowledge flow, sharing and innovation to create better conditions:The knowledge is more crowded in industrial cluster, the unofficial exchange channel is more unimpeded, More superior knowledge flowing and sharing "Ba", And promoted the enterprise of industrial cluster division and cooperation based on the knowledge ability.
(5) As a Complex Adaptive System, the industrial cluster knowledge competitiveness also affected by the cluster structure. The configuration effect of the emergence of the knowledge competitiveness of the industrial cluster include:①the selecting mechanism of the agent, namely, whether a good innovation agent can be "selected" as the leader of industrial cluster innovation,②whether a match and coordination mechanism of industrial Cluster main body is to provide support for the cluster innovation,③whether a innovative positive feedback mechanism of industrial cluster is formed, promoting industrial cluster main bodies'innovation is more active, urging the industrial cluster to be in the chaos the edge, creating the condition for the knowledge competitive power's emergence.
(6) System's whole emergence always has the environment profound brand mark, an effective industrial cluster must be an open knowledge system. The emergence of knowledge competitiveness, industrial cluster size is not the bigger the better, an inverted U-relationship between the two exists.
(7)By constructing evaluation system, the author estimated and reviewed the competitiveness of the first state-leveled software clusters. The results are as follows:Beijing, shanghai the first,80 score; Hangzhou, Nanjing Guangzhou and Jinan the second, a great gap exists between the first and the second level, and also these clusters are developed balanced. The third level are Dalian, Chengdu and Xi'an, and they are not only low leveled but also developed imbalanced.
(8) The outstanding problem in industrial cluster is the insufficient knowledge accumulation. The reasons are as follows:①Bad self-innovation ability, all produce similar goods;②No complete value chain, all produce low valued goods;③Limited size and no leading company;④Bad communication and cooperation level among the individual companies.
In order to improve the knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster, the following three aspects must be given enough attention, firstly, reinforce the ability to the share and innovation of knowledge, secondly, establish and consummate the cultivation mechanism of Leading enterprise and essential enterprise in Industrial clusters,thirdly, cultivate and optimize Innovation capability and performance of the agent Industrial cluster, fourthly, cultivate and optimize the cooperation and coordination mechanism between Industrial clusters member, fifthly, cultivate and optimize the benefit coordinated mechanisms of two kind of different enterprise in Industrial clusters, at last, promoting industrial clusters in global value chains, strengthen linkages between the clusters and the environment.
The main innovated points of the thesis are:(1)Comparing the definition of RHA knowledge competitiveness with innovation, the author constructs the relationship of knowledge, innovation and knowledge competitiveness: knowledge is the base of the knowledge competitiveness, the knowledge itself is not competitiveness, only by flowing and used by innovation can it be transferred into competitiveness, and this is also the course of innovation. The truth of innovation is the course in which the knowledge is transferred into man-made products and the production of new knowledge. Innovation is the method by which the knowledge is transferred into competitiveness.
(2) The author analyzed the source of competitiveness of industrial cluster, and believes that:the advantage of competitiveness of cluster equals the advantage of cost adds with differentiation. However, a period of validity exists. The cost advantage and differentiation are correlated with persistent innovation. Because of the limited space of clusters, the period of cost advantage and differentiation is reducing. The persistence innovation of technique and products are producing market constantly, the competitive advantage is maintained, so only the consistent innovation can bring the long term competitiveness of clusters. The source of long term competitiveness of industrial cluster is based on the knowledge and innovation.
③Based on the emerging theory, the author studied the forming of knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster. The knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster is the industrial cluster level competitiveness. But the industrial cluster innovation's main body is still an enterprise. However, innovation of enterprise alone doesn't ensure the improvement of knowledge competitiveness of industrial cluster. Knowledge competitiveness is the microcosmic innovation emerging in the macroscopically fact, which includes material effect (initial knowledge content, the knowledge use and innovation of the main parts), the configuration effect(the matching and cooperation among the main parts), the scale of the cluster, and relationship the between cluster and environment.
④By constructing an evaluation system, the author estimated and reviewed the competitiveness of the first state-leveled software clusters. The results are as follows:Beijing, shanghai are the first and get much more scores than others; Hangzhou, Nanjing Guangzhou and Jinan are the second and a great gap exists between the first and the second level, also these clusters are developed balanced and severity competition exists. The third level are Dalian, Chengdu and Xi'an, and they are not only low leveled but also developed most imbalanced.
引文
①万钢坚持创新驱动实现科学发展中共中央党校报告选2009(2)：1-21
② Markusen A. Sticky places in slippery space:a typology of industrial districts [J]. Economic Geography,1996(72): 293-313
①中国产业集群(1-7缉)扉页中国机械工业出版社
②Krugman. P.(1991) Increasing Returns and Economic Geography, JPE,99(3):483-499.
③OECD (2001) Innovative Clusters:Drivers of National Innovation System, Paris.
④辽宁省政府发展研究中心课题组,“产业集群：一种可借鉴的发展模式”,《咨询研究择要》,2004年第7期
①危机暴露我国“产业集群”缺陷 (中国)《瞭望新闻周刊》2009-01-05
①刘世锦主编中国产业集群发展报告(2007-2008)国内外产业集群发展的理论综述(张辉执笔) 中国发展出版社(2008)
②马歇尔《经济学原理》商务印书馆1997年版
①约瑟夫·熊彼得经济发展理论商务印书馆(1997)
① Anderson G. Industry clustering for economic development. Economic Development. Review.1994, pp.26-32
② UNIDO. Development of clusters and networks of SMEs [J]. Private Sector Development Branch Investment Promotion and Institutional Ca2 pacity Building Division,2001.9.
③ Schmitz, H.(1995). Collective efficiency:growth path for samll-scale industry. Journal of development studies 34(4),529-566.
④ D'Cruz, J. R. and A. M. Rugman (1993),"Developing International Competitiveness:The Five Partners Model,& quot; Business Quarterly, Vol.58, No.2, pp.60-72.
① Enright, M. (1996), "Regional clusters and economic development:a research agenda", in Staber, U. (Eds),Business Networks:Prospects for Regional Development, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin,.
② Rosenfeld S A. Bringing business clusters into the mainstream of economic development [J]. European Planning Studies,1997,5 (1):3-23.
③ Feser E J. Old and new theories of industry clusters[A]. In Seiner M. Clusters and Regional Specialisation:on Geography, Technology and Networks[C].London:Pion,1998.18-40.
④ Porter M E. On comprtition [M]. Harvard Business School Press,1998.
⑤ Roelandt T,Den Hertog P. Cluster analysis and cluster-based policy making in OECD countries: an introduction to the theme[M]. In OECD (1999) Boosting Innovation:The Cluster Approach, Paris:OECD,1999.9-23.
⑥ OECD.Boosting innovation:the cluster approach[M]. OECD Proceedings,aris:OECD,13,414.
⑦ Simmie and Sennett(1999)
⑧ Van Den Berg,L Braune,Van Winden W. Growth clusters in European cities:an integral approach [J]. Urban Studies,2001,38 (1):186-206.
①曾忠禄.产业集群与国际竞争优势当代财经1996(7)
②仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1999.
③王缉慈.地方产业战略[J] 中国工业经济,2002,(3)：47-54.
④孙伟黄鲁成.关于产业群的基本研究[J] 科研管理2002(2)
⑤胡宇辰.产业集群支持系统[M].经济管理出版社,2005.
⑥“第五届产业集群与区域发展”国际学术大会宣言2006年7月17日
①刘恒江、陈继祥要素、动力机制与竞争优势：产业集群的发展逻辑中国软科学2005(02)
②金晓燕集群根植性作用机制研究经济论坛2008(23)
①波特.竞争论.中信出版社(2003年版)
②Piore M, Sable C. The second industrial divide [M]. New York:Basic Brooks,1984.1-30.
① Mytelka, Lynn & Farinelli, Fulvia,2000. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness. Discussion Papers 5, United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies.
② Pekka Y A. Industrial in Change-How to Stay Competitive inthe GlobalCompetition? [R]. The Search Institute of the FinnishEconomy (ETLA), Opening Seminar, Marina Congress Center,Helsink.i 2004.
③张辉.产业集群竞争力的内在经济机理.中国软科学2003(1)
④郭曦，郝蕾.产业集群竞争力影响因素的层次分析--基于国家经济开发区的统计回归.2005(4)
①陈柳钦.产业集群竞争力问题研究.光明网-光明观察http://guancha.gmw.cn/content/2008-12/11/content_868217_5.htm
②符正平.论企业集群的产生条件与形成机制.中国工业经济.2002(10)
③刘爱雄、张高亮、朱斌,对产业集群竞争力来源的理论分析,科学学与科学技术管理,2006(1)：45
④李君华,彭玉兰.产业集群的制度分析[J], 中国软科学2003(9).
⑤同④
① Robert Huggins Associates. The World Knowledge Competitiveness Index 2005 [M] Pontypridd: Robert Huggins Associates,2005.
②姚国琴.知识竞争力与世界知识经济格局[J]学习论坛2006(6)
①林善浪、王健.区域知识竞争力及其评价指标体系研究[J]科技进步与对策2008年25卷2期
②唐家龙.知识竞争力与经济表现的经验分析——解析2005年全球知识竞争力指数报告.2007(02)
①[美]乔治·斯蒂格勒.新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典[C].北京,经济科学出版社,1992,577.
②李行健主编《现代汉语规范词典》北京：外语教学与研究出版社,语文出版社2004：699
③ Robert Huggins Associates. The World Knowledge Competitiveness Index 2005 [M] Pontypridd:Robert Huggins Associates,2005.
④王缉慈等创新的空间——企业集群与区域发展北京大学出版社2001
①Felix Janszen著(雷华 马乐为译)管理创新云南大学出版社2002
①Baptista,Rui ＆Swann,Peter. Do firms in clusters innovate more? Research Policy,Elsevier, vol.27(5)1998.
①梁嘉骅等.企业生态与企业发展：企业竞争对策科学出版社(2005)
②颜泽贤 范东萍 张华夏系统科学导论——复杂性探索人民出版社(2006)
① Bertalanffy Lvon. General System Theory:foundations, development and applications [M]. New York:George Braziller Inc,1973.54255.
② Holland J H. Emergence:from Chaos to Order [M]. Addison Wesley Publishing Company,1988.1,115-123
③苗东升：论系统思维(六)：重在把握系统的整体涌现性系统科学学报2006(1)
④张聪群.产业集群互动机理经济科学出版社.2007(11)
⑤自适应契约人是梁嘉骅等提出的一种对企业的认识。自适应契约人对环境具有自适应好和创新改造环境的能力；它是有限理性的,因而会决策失误；它会追求自身利益最大化,并且会表现出机会主义行为,环境资源的有效性和企业追求自身利益的极大化决定了企业的竞争性。
①王长胜 钱云江 洪合二年级《商界》2007年第07期
①王长胜 钱云江 洪合二年级《商界》2007年第07期
①苗东升：论系统思维(六)：重在把握系统的整体涌现性系统科学学报2006(1)
①谢宏、吴添祖.非正式组织：硅谷创业文化的现实载体.企业文化与管理.2004(11).http://qkzz.net/Magazine/0000-0002/2004/11/
②谢宏、吴添祖.非正式组织：硅谷创业文化的现实载体.企业文化与管理.2004(11).http://qkzz.net/Magazine/0000-0002/2004/11/
①野中郁次郎等.组织知识创新的理念：了解知识创新的动能过程,买诺尔夫·迪尔克斯等编《组织学习与知识创新》(中译本)上海人民出版社2001
②张元智 马鸣萧 产业集群：获取竞争优势的空间 华夏出版社2006
①Felix Janszen著(雷华马乐为译)管理创新云南大学出版社2002
②阿吉特.坎比尔 光有好点子是不够的——给“创新”引擎加点“执行”能量IT经理世界2006年第191期
③梁嘉骅等企业生态与企业发展：企业竞争对策北京：科学出版社2005
①彭灿企业集群知识系统的运行环境研究研究与发展管理2007年第19卷第1期
②Felix Janszen著(雷华马乐为译)管理创新云南大学出版社2002
③陈伟创新管理北京：科学出版社1996
④ Hippel Eric Von.The sources of Innovation.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998
⑤Hippel Eric Von.Lead users:a sources of novel product concepts.Management Science,1996,32(7)
①苗东升：论系统思维(六)：重在把握系统的整体涌现性系统科学学报2006(1)
①彼得·德鲁克等知识管理中国人民大学出版社1999年
①刘伟 创新管理 北京：科学出版社1996
[1]世界银行.1998年世界发展报告--知识促进发展[M]1998年
[2]万钢.坚持创新驱动实现科学发展[J].中共中央党校报告选.2009(2)
[3]Markusen A. Sticky places in slippery space:a typology of industrial districts [J]. Economic Geography,1996(72)
[4]中国产业集群(1-7缉)[M].中国机械工业出版社
[5]Krugman.P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.99, No.3.
[6]OECD. Innovative Clusters:Drivers of National Innovation System. [EB/OL]. http://www.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/display.asp?sf1=identifiers&st1=9264187065 2001
[7]辽宁省政府发展研究中心课题组.产业集群：一种可借鉴的发展模式[J].咨询研究择要,2004(7)
[8]郭献文胡作华.浙江块状经济在“保稳促调”中加速转型[J].经济参考报2009-12-2
[9]刘世锦.中国产业集群发展报告(2007-2008)[M].中国发展出版社2008
[10]危机暴露我国“产业集群”缺陷[J].瞭望新闻周刊,2009-01-05
[11]亚当·斯密著.(郭大力,王亚南译)：国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M]. 商
务印书馆,1981.
[12]阿尔弗雷·韦伯(李刚剑等译).工业区位论[M].商务印书馆,1997
[13]张辉.国内外产业集群发展的理论综述刘世锦主编.中国产业集群发展报告(2007-2008)[M].中国发展出版社,2008.
[14]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].商务印书馆,1997.
[15]Hoover, E.M. Location theory and the shoe and leather industries[M], Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press. (1937).
[16]Richardson, HW. Regional Growth Theory [M]. New York:Halsted Press. (1973)
[17]Krugman, P. Geography and trade[M]. Cambridge, Mass:MIT Press. (1991)
[18]Krugman, P.:Increasing returns and economic geography [J]. Journal of Political Economy 99:483-499. (1991)
[19]Krugman, P. History and Industry Location:The Case of the Manufacturing Belt [J]. The American Economic Review 81:80-83. (1991)
[20]Krugman, P.R. Development, Geography, and Economic Theory [M].Cambridge, Mass. The MIT Press. (1995)
[21]约瑟夫·熊彼得.经济发展理论[M].商务印书馆,(1997).
[22]Arrow, K. J. The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing [J], Review of Economic Studies,29,155-173.1962,。
[23]Rosenberg, N. Inside the Black Box [M]. Cambridge University Press.1982
[24]Freeman, C. The economics of industrial innovation [M], London:Pinter Publishers. (1982)
[25]G. Dosi, et al., Thchnical Change and Economic Theory [M]. London, Pinter Publisher. (1988).
[26]Capello R. Spatial Transfer of Knowledge in Hi-Tech Milieux:Learning Versus Collective Learning Progresses [J].Regional Studies, (33):352-365.1999
[27]Lundvall.A. National System of Innovation, Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning [M]. London Printer.1992
[28]OECD. National Innovation System [R].1997.10.
[29]Nelson, R. (Ed.). National Innovation Systems—A Comparative Analysis.[M] Oxford:Oxford University Press. (1993)
[30]Cooke, P. Regional Innovation Systems:Competitive Regulation in the New Europe [J]. Geoforum,23:365-382. (1992).
[31]Cooke, P. Introduction:Origins of the Concept. In H. Braczyk, P. Cooke,& M. Heidenreich (Eds.), Regional Innovation Systems (pp.2-25). [M]London:UCL Press. (1998)
[32]Cooke, P. Regional Innovation Systems, Clusters, and the Knowledge conomy.[J] Industrial and Corporated Change,10(4):945-974. (2001).
[33]Cooke. P., M. G. Uranga,& G. Etzebarria. Regional Systems of Innovation:An Evolutionary Perspective[J]. Environment and Planning,30:1563-1584. (1998)
[34]Camagini R. Innovation Networks:Spatial Perspectives[M]. London:Beelhaven-Pinter,(1991).
[35]Saxenian, Annalee. The Origins and Dynamics of Production Networks in Silicon Valley[J]. Research Policy,20(5):423-437,(1991).
[36]Saxenian a. Regional advantage:culture competition in silicon valley and route 128[M]. Harvard University Press,1994.
[37]Harrison, B. Industrial Districts:Old Wine in New Bottles[J]. Regional Studies, 1992,26(5):469-483.
[38]Grabher, G. The Weakness of Strong Ties:the Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr area ", In:Gernot Grabher (Ed.), The Embedded Firm--on the Socia-Economics of Industrial Networks. London, New York:Routledge, pp.255-277,1993.
[39]Remigio R. Alberto B. and Richard. G.(ed) The Dynamics of Innovative Region: the GREMI approach[M]. Brookfield:Ashgate.1997
[40]Capello R. Spatial Transfer of Knowledge in Hi-Tech Milieux:Learning Versus Collective Learning Progresses[J]. Regional Studies, (33):352-365.1999.
[41]Becattini,G. The Marshallian industrial district as a socioeconomic notion. [A] In F.Pyke, G. Becattini, and W.Sengenberger(eds), Industria districts and inter-firm co-operation in Italy[C]. Geneva:International institute for labour studies, 1990.31-57.
[42]Piore M, Sable C. The second industrial divide [M]. New York:Basic Brooks, 1984.1-30.
[43]Scott A. New industrial space [M]. London:Pion,1988.1-16.
[44]Storper M, Scott A J, Pathways to Industrialisaton and Regional Development (Routledge, London).1992.
[45]Sforzi, F.The geography of industrial district in Italy. In E Goodman and J Bamford (eds) Small firms and industrial districts in Italy, pp.153-73. (1989).
[46]Pyke, F., Becattini,G., and Sengenberger, W. (eds.). Industrial Districts and Inter-Firm Co-operation in Italy. Geneva:International Institute of Labour Studies. 1990
[47]Pyke, F. and Sengenberger, W. (eds.). Industrial Districts and Local Economic Regeneration.Geneva:International Institute of Labour Studies.1992.
[48]波特.竞争论[M].中信出版社,(2003)
[49]Porter, M E.Competitive Advantage of Nations[M]. The Free Press,1990.1-26.
[50]Porter, M E. Clusters and the new economics of competition[J]. Harvard Business Review,1998,76(6):77-90.
[51]Morgan,K.The learning region:Institutions, innovation and regional renewal. Regional Studies[J].1997,(31):491-503.
[52]Cooke P. Regional innovation systems:an evaluation of six European cases[A]. In Getimis, P. and Kafkalas, G. (eds.) Urban and regional development in the New Europe [C]. Topos, Athens,1993.133-154.
[53]Asheim,B. "Learning regions" in a globalised world economy:towards a new competitive advantage of industrial districts? [A].In S.Conti and M.Taylor(eds). Interdependent and uneven development:global-local perspectives[C]. London: Avebury,1997.143-176.
[54]Anderson G. Industry clustering for economic development. Economic Development. Review.1994, pp.26-32
[55]UNIDO. Development of clusters and networks of SMEs [J]. Private Sector Development Branch Investment Promotion and Institutional Ca2 pacity Building Division,2001.9.
[56]Schmitz, H.(1995). Collective efficiency:growth path for samll-scale industry. Journal of development studies 34(4),529-566.
[57]D'Cruz, J. R. and A. M. Rugman (1993),"Developing International Competitiveness:The Five Partners Model," Business Quarterly, Vol.58, No.2, pp.60-72.
[58]Enright, M. (1996), "Regional clusters and economic development:a research agenda", in Staber, U. (Eds),Business Networks:Prospects for Regional Development, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
[59]Rosenfeld S A. Bringing business clusters into the mainstream of economic development [J]. European Planning Studies,1997,5 (1):3-23.
[60]Feser E J. Old and new theories of industry clusters[A]. In SEINER M. Clusters and Regional Specialisation:on Geography,Technology and Networks[C].London Pion,1998.18-40.
[61]Porter M E. On comprtition [M]. Harvard Business School Press,1998.
[62]Roelandt T,Den Hertag P. Cluster analysis and cluster-based policy making in OECD countries:an introduction to the theme[M]. In OECD (1999) Boosting Innovation:The Cluster Approach, Paris:OECD,1999.9-23.
[63]OECD. Boosting innovation:the cluster approach[M]. OECD Proceedings Paris:OECD,13,414.
[64]Van den Berg,L Braune,Van Winden W. Growth clusters in European cities:an integral approach [J]. Urban Studies,2001,38(1):186-206.
[65]曾忠禄.产业集群与国际竞争优势[J]当代财经1996(7)
[66]仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1999.
[67]王缉慈.地方产业战略[J].中国工业经济,2002,(3)：47-54.
[68]孙伟黄鲁成.关于产业群的基本研究[J] 科研管理2002(2)
[69]胡宇辰.产业集群支持系统[M].经济管理出版社,2005.
[70]英.阿弗里德·马歇尔(康运杰译)经济学原理[M]华夏出版社2005(6)
[71]刘恒江、陈继祥.要素、动力机制与竞争优势：产业集群的发展逻辑[J]中国软科学2005(2)
[72]金晓燕.集群根植性作用机制研究[J]经济论坛2008(23)
[73]Krugman, P. Geography and Trade[M]. MIT Press,1991
[74]Krugman. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].JPE,99(3):483-499. (1991)
[75]Ellison & E.L.Glaeser(1997).Geographic Concentration in U.S.Manufacturing Ind ustries:A Dartboard Approach[J]. JPE,105(5):889-927.
[76]行业集中度指数MBA智库百科http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%Al% 8C%E4%B8% 9A%E9%9B%86 %E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%A6%E6%8C%87%E6%95%BO
[77]梁琦.中国工业的区位基尼系数[J].统计研究,2003,(9).
[78]范剑勇.产业集聚与中国地区差距研究[M].格致出版社、上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,2008(3).
[79]徐康宁.冯春虎.中国制造业地区性集中程度的实证研究[J].贵州社会科学2003(1)
[80]张明倩.中国产业聚集现象统计模型及其应用[M].中国标准出版社2007
[81]武振宇.区域产业聚集指数和评价指标体系.刘世锦主编.中国产业集群发展报告(2007-2008)[M].中国发展出版社,2008.
[82]Paul R. Krugman,E. Helpman. Market Structure and Foreign Trade[M]. MIT Press, 1985.
[83]Paul R. Krugman.History and Industrial Location:The Case of the Manufacturing Belt[J].American Economic Review, May 1991.
[84]Paul R. Krugman. Competitiveness:A Dangerous Obsession[J]. Foreign Affairs, March/April 1994
[85]Mytelka, Lynn & Farinelli, Fulvia,2000. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness. Discussion Papers 5, United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies.
[86]Pekka Y A. Industrial in Change-How to Stay Competitive inthe GlobalCompetition? [R]. The Search Institute of the FinnishEconomy (ETLA), Opening Seminar, Marina Congress Center,Helsink.i 2004.
[87]Steven Pinch.Nick Henry.Paul Krugman's Geographical Economics,Industrial Clustering and the British Motor Sport Industry[J]. Regional Studies, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol.33(9), pages 815-827.1999(9)
[88]E.W.Hill(2000),"A Methodology for Identifying the Drivers Industrial Clusters:The Foundation of Regional Competitive Advantage",Economic Development Quarterly,14(1):65-96.
[89]刘琦岩.中国如何发展有竞争力的产业簇群[J].软科学2001(3).
[90]徐康宁.开放经济中的产业集群与竞争力[J].中国工业经济2001(11).
[91]张辉.产业集群竞争力的内在经济机理[J].中国软科学2003(1)
[92]陈继祥等.产业集群与复杂性[M],上海：上海财经大学出版社,2005.
[93]朱方伟等.产业集群的核心要素演进分析[J].科学学与科学技术管理2004(2).
[94]李勇等.企业集群的内在特性与竞争力[J], 开发研究2004(2).
[95]刘爱雄.产业集群竞争力评价[J], 科技管理研究2007(2).
[96]陈柳钦.产业集聚与产业竞争力[J], 南京社会科学2005(5).
[97]徐占忱、何明升.论产业集群竞争力的性质[J], 工业技术经济2005(1).
[98]孙钰,李竟成.产业集群核心竞争力分析[J],西北工业大学学报(社会科学版).2006(3)
[99]梁宏.产业集群及其竞争力研究[J],哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版)2005(1)
[100]刘友金.产业集群竞争力评价量化模型研究——GEM模型解析与GEMN模型构建[J], 中国软科学,2007(9).
[101]王炳才,田怡谦.产业集群竞争力的影响因素与实证检验[J], 产业经济研究,2007(5)
[102]龚双红.产业集群竞争力分析[D].中共中央党校硕士学位论文
[103]Mytelka, Lynn & Farinelli, Fulvia,2000. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness. Discussion Papers 5, United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies.
[104]Pekka Y A. Industrial in Change-How to Stay Competitive inthe GlobalCompetition? [R]. The Search Institute of the FinnishEconomy (ETLA), Opening Seminar, Marina Congress Center,Helsink.i 2004.
[105]郭曦,郝蕾.产业集群竞争力影响因素的层次分析--基于国家级经济开发区的统计回归[J].2005(4)
[106]陈柳钦.产业集群竞争力问题研究[N].光明网-光明观察http://guancha.gmw.cn /content/2008-12/11/content_868217_5.htm
[107]符正平,论企业集群的产生条件与形成机制[J],《中国工业经济》,2002.10
[108]刘爱雄、张高亮、朱斌,对产业集群竞争力来源的理论分析[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2006(1)：45
[109]李君华,彭玉兰.产业集群的制度分析[J], 中国软科学2003(9).
[110]蔡宁,吴结兵.企业集群的竞争优势：资源的结构性整合[J], 中国工业经济,2002(8).
[111]朱秀梅.知识溢出、吸收能力对高新技术产业集群创新的影响研究.[D],中国知网,中国博士学位论文全文数据库,2006年8月30日。
[112]Tim Padmore,Hervey Gibson.Modelling systems of innovation:A framework for Industrial Cluster Analysis in Regions.[J].Research policy,1998(26).
[113]Michael E?Porter. Clusters and New Economics of Competition[J].Harvard Business Review,1998, (11).
[114]Pekka Y A. Industrial in Change-How to Stay Competitive in the Global Competition[R]. The Search Institute of the FinnishEconomy (ETLA), Opening Seminar, Marina Congress Center,Helsink.i 2004.
[115]Gautam Ahuja.CollaborationNetworks, StructuralHoles, and Innovation:A Longitudinal Study[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,2000,45 (3).
[116]Tracey P. Clark G.L. Networks and Competitive Strategy:Rethinking Clusters of Innovation [J]. Growth& Change,2003,34(1)。
[117]Meyer-Stamer. Understanding the determinants of vibrant business development:the. systemic competitiveness perspective [EB/OL], Working Paper, http://www.mesopartner.com,2003,4.
[118]Mytelka, Lynn& Farinelli, Fulvia. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness[R].
[119]Robert Huggins Associates. The World Knowledge Competitiveness Index 2005 [M] Pontypridd:Robert Huggins Associates,2005.
[120]姚国琴.知识竞争力与世界知识经济格局[J]学习论坛2006(6)
[121]侯经川、姚毅：《中国的知识竞争力状况分析》,《图书情报知识》,2006(4)
[122]上海知识竞争力全球增速第一[N].文汇报.2005-12-28.
[123]储节旺,周绍森.知识管理概论[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006.
[124]秦海菁.知识经济测评论[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2004.
[125]曹如中 戴昌钧：知识竞争力理论综述[J]图书与情报2007(04)
[126]林善浪、王健.区域知识竞争力及其评价指标体系研究[J]科技进步与对策2008年25卷2期
[127]唐家龙.知识竞争力与经济表现的经验分析——解析2005年全球知识竞争力指数报告[J].2007(02)
[128]相丽玲 汤亮亮.知识竞争力的构成要素及其模型[J]情报理论与实践2008(4)515-518
[129]Martin Bell and Michael Albu. Knowledge Systems and Technological Dynamism in Industrial Clusters in Developing Countries; World Development; (1999)
[130][美]乔治·斯蒂格勒.新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典[C].北京,经济科学出版社,1992,577.
[132]Robert Huggins Associates. The World Knowledge Competitiveness Index 2005 [M] Pontypridd:Robert Huggins Associates,2005.
[133]王缉慈等创新的空间——企业集群与区域发展[M]北京大学出版社2001
[134]Felix Janszen著(雷华马乐为译)管理创新[M]云南大学出版社2002
[135]Baptista, Rui & Swann, Peter. Do firms in clusters innovate more? [J] Research Policy, Elsevier, vol.27(5) 1998.
[136]梁嘉骅等.企业生态与企业发展：企业竞争对策[M] 科学出版社(2005)
[137]颜泽贤 范东萍 张华夏系统科学导论——复杂性探索[M]人民出版社(2006)
[138]Bertalanffy L von. General System Theo ry:foundat ions, development and app licat ions [M]. New York:George Braziller Inc,1973.54～55.
[139]Holland J H. Emergence:from Chaos to Order [M]. Addison Wesley Publishing Company,1988.1,115-123
[140]苗东升论系统思维(六)：重在把握系统的整体涌现性[J].系统科学学报2006(1)
[141]张聪群.产业集群互动机理[M]经济科学出版社.2007(11)
[142]钱云江.价格的尽头[J],商界2006(05).
[143]王长胜钱云江.洪合二年级[J],商界2007(07)
[144]钱云江谁来阻止草根的腐烂——从洪合羊毛衫市场看浙江产业集群衰败的危机[N]人大经济论坛http://www.pinggu.org/html/2006-2/19/70032.html
[145]屠知力.浙江一羊毛衫市场廉价雇佣童工牟取私利[N],人民日报，华东新闻2002年05月28日第四版
[146]彭灿企业集群知识系统的运行环境研究[J]研究与发展管理2007年第19卷第1期
[147]谢宏.吴添祖.非正式组织：硅谷创业文化的现实载体[J].企业文化与管理.2004(11).
[147]野中郁次郎等.组织知识创新的理念：了解知识创新的动能过程[J],买诺尔夫·迪尔克斯等编《组织学习与知识创新》[M](中译本)上海人民出版社2001
[148]张署平.美国硅谷现象分析[J]微电子学.2008年第38卷第04期
[149]硅谷.百度百科[N] http://baike.baidu.com/view/3243.htm
[150]Choo, C.W., Detlor, B., and Turnbull, D. Web work:Information seeking and knowledge work on the world wide web[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2000.
[151]Nonaka·I and Takeuchi·H. The knowledge-creating company:How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation [M]. New York, NY:Oxford University Press,1995.
[152]Spek R. V.D. and Spijkervet A. Knowledge management:Dealing intelligently with knowledge [C].CIBIT:Utrecht. In:Stenmark, D. Information vs. knowledge:The role of intranets in knowledge management. Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,2002.
[153]Davenport, T.H. and Prusak, L. Working knowledge [M]. Boston, MA:Harvard Business School Press,1998 Stenmark, D. Information vs. knowledge:The role of intranets in knowledge management [C]. Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,2002.Quigley, E J. Debons.A Interrogative theory of information and knowledge 1999
[155]吴洁刘思峰施琴芬.基于产业集群的知识创新体系与知识转移研究[J],企业经济2007(03)
[156]张元智、马鸣萧.产业集群——获取竞争优势的空间[M]华夏出版社2006
[157]侯润秀、官建成.外商直接投资对我国区域创新能力的影响[J]中国软科学2006,(5)：104-111.
[158]OECD,科学技术发展计划司,中国科学技术指标研究会.研究与发展调查[M].北京：新华出版社,2000,3.
[159]马宁、官建成.影响我国工业企业技术创新绩效的关键因素[J]科学学与科学技术管理,2000,(3)：16-20.
[160]张华胜.中国制造业技术创新能力分析[J].中国软科学,2006,(4)：15-23.
[161]郭咸钢.企业创新驱动模式[M].清华大学出版社，2005.
[162]石盛林.企业创新的制度经济学分析[EB/DB]. http://gdssl.go.nease.net/2006.7.20
[163]Alan G Robinson,Sam Stern.. Corporate Creativity[M]. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.,1997
[164]Guan J., Liu S.. Comparing Regional Innovative Capacities of PR China-based on Data Analysis of the National Patents[J]. International Journal of Technology Management,2005,(32):225-245
[165]黄宗远.区域产业创新“涌现”与创新维治理机制研究[J].经济问题.2008(1)
[166]韩新严,吴添祖.影响我国企业技术创新总体绩效水平的因素和对策[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2003,(3)：19-23.
[167]水常青、许庆瑞.企业创新文化理论研究述评[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(3)：138-142.
[168]马歇尔著(朱志泰译).经济学原理(上卷)[M] 商务印书馆1964年第一版
[169]Teece, D.J. The Market for Know-How and the Efficient International Transfer of Technology. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social science.
[170]Camagni R (eds).."Innovation Networks:Spatial Perspectives". London:Beel haven-Pinter.1991
[171]Maillat D. "Territorial dynamic, innovative milieus and regional policy". Entrepreneurship and Regional Development (7) 157-165.1995
[172][美]拜瑞·J·内勒夫、亚当·布兰登勃格.合作竞争[M]安徽人民出版社2000
[173][美]迈克尔·波特著(陈晓悦译).竞争优势[M]华夏出版社2005
[174][德]鲁道夫·希法亭.金融资本：资本主义最新发展的研究[M].商务印书馆1994
[175]青木昌彦.东亚经济发展中政府作用的新诠释：市场增进论[J] 经济社会体制比较,1996年第5-6期。
[176]80 项 ‘ 中国制造’ 产量位居世界第一[EB／DB]http://www.chinaiiss.org/future/analyse/d005.htm
[177]Grabher, G·The Weakness of Strong Ties:the Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr area[C]·In:Gernot Grabher (Ed·), The Embedded Firm-on the Socia-Economics of Industrial Networks[C]·London, New York:Routledge, 1993·255-277·
[178]Grabher, G. The Weakness of Strong Ties:the Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr area[C]·In:Gernot Grabher (Ed·), The Embedded Firm-on the Socia-Economics of Industrial Networks[C]·London, New York:Routledge,1993·255-277·
[179][美国]Ronald Burt.结构洞-竞争的结构(Structural Holes)(经济与社会译丛)[M],格致出版社,上海人民出版社(2008)
[180]杜栋,庞庆华,吴炎.现代综合评价方法与案例精选(第2版).北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[181]李建平,李闽榕,高燕京等.中国省域经济综合竞争力发展报告(2005-2006).北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007.
② Markusen A. Sticky places in slippery space:a typology of industrial districts [J]. Economic Geography,1996(72): 293-313
①中国产业集群(1-7缉)扉页中国机械工业出版社
②Krugman. P.(1991) Increasing Returns and Economic Geography, JPE,99(3):483-499.
③OECD (2001) Innovative Clusters:Drivers of National Innovation System, Paris.
④辽宁省政府发展研究中心课题组,“产业集群：一种可借鉴的发展模式”,《咨询研究择要》,2004年第7期
①危机暴露我国“产业集群”缺陷 (中国)《瞭望新闻周刊》2009-01-05
①刘世锦主编中国产业集群发展报告(2007-2008)国内外产业集群发展的理论综述(张辉执笔) 中国发展出版社(2008)
②马歇尔《经济学原理》商务印书馆1997年版
①约瑟夫·熊彼得经济发展理论商务印书馆(1997)
① Anderson G. Industry clustering for economic development. Economic Development. Review.1994, pp.26-32
② UNIDO. Development of clusters and networks of SMEs [J]. Private Sector Development Branch Investment Promotion and Institutional Ca2 pacity Building Division,2001.9.
③ Schmitz, H.(1995). Collective efficiency:growth path for samll-scale industry. Journal of development studies 34(4),529-566.
④ D'Cruz, J. R. and A. M. Rugman (1993),"Developing International Competitiveness:The Five Partners Model,& quot; Business Quarterly, Vol.58, No.2, pp.60-72.
① Enright, M. (1996), "Regional clusters and economic development:a research agenda", in Staber, U. (Eds),Business Networks:Prospects for Regional Development, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin,.
② Rosenfeld S A. Bringing business clusters into the mainstream of economic development [J]. European Planning Studies,1997,5 (1):3-23.
③ Feser E J. Old and new theories of industry clusters[A]. In Seiner M. Clusters and Regional Specialisation:on Geography, Technology and Networks[C].London:Pion,1998.18-40.
④ Porter M E. On comprtition [M]. Harvard Business School Press,1998.
⑤ Roelandt T,Den Hertog P. Cluster analysis and cluster-based policy making in OECD countries: an introduction to the theme[M]. In OECD (1999) Boosting Innovation:The Cluster Approach, Paris:OECD,1999.9-23.
⑥ OECD.Boosting innovation:the cluster approach[M]. OECD Proceedings,aris:OECD,13,414.
⑦ Simmie and Sennett(1999)
⑧ Van Den Berg,L Braune,Van Winden W. Growth clusters in European cities:an integral approach [J]. Urban Studies,2001,38 (1):186-206.
①曾忠禄.产业集群与国际竞争优势当代财经1996(7)
②仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1999.
③王缉慈.地方产业战略[J] 中国工业经济,2002,(3)：47-54.
④孙伟黄鲁成.关于产业群的基本研究[J] 科研管理2002(2)
⑤胡宇辰.产业集群支持系统[M].经济管理出版社,2005.
⑥“第五届产业集群与区域发展”国际学术大会宣言2006年7月17日
①刘恒江、陈继祥要素、动力机制与竞争优势：产业集群的发展逻辑中国软科学2005(02)
②金晓燕集群根植性作用机制研究经济论坛2008(23)
①波特.竞争论.中信出版社(2003年版)
②Piore M, Sable C. The second industrial divide [M]. New York:Basic Brooks,1984.1-30.
① Mytelka, Lynn & Farinelli, Fulvia,2000. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness. Discussion Papers 5, United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies.
② Pekka Y A. Industrial in Change-How to Stay Competitive inthe GlobalCompetition? [R]. The Search Institute of the FinnishEconomy (ETLA), Opening Seminar, Marina Congress Center,Helsink.i 2004.
③张辉.产业集群竞争力的内在经济机理.中国软科学2003(1)
④郭曦，郝蕾.产业集群竞争力影响因素的层次分析--基于国家经济开发区的统计回归.2005(4)
①陈柳钦.产业集群竞争力问题研究.光明网-光明观察http://guancha.gmw.cn/content/2008-12/11/content_868217_5.htm
②符正平.论企业集群的产生条件与形成机制.中国工业经济.2002(10)
③刘爱雄、张高亮、朱斌,对产业集群竞争力来源的理论分析,科学学与科学技术管理,2006(1)：45
④李君华,彭玉兰.产业集群的制度分析[J], 中国软科学2003(9).
⑤同④
① Robert Huggins Associates. The World Knowledge Competitiveness Index 2005 [M] Pontypridd: Robert Huggins Associates,2005.
②姚国琴.知识竞争力与世界知识经济格局[J]学习论坛2006(6)
①林善浪、王健.区域知识竞争力及其评价指标体系研究[J]科技进步与对策2008年25卷2期
②唐家龙.知识竞争力与经济表现的经验分析——解析2005年全球知识竞争力指数报告.2007(02)
①[美]乔治·斯蒂格勒.新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典[C].北京,经济科学出版社,1992,577.
②李行健主编《现代汉语规范词典》北京：外语教学与研究出版社,语文出版社2004：699
③ Robert Huggins Associates. The World Knowledge Competitiveness Index 2005 [M] Pontypridd:Robert Huggins Associates,2005.
④王缉慈等创新的空间——企业集群与区域发展北京大学出版社2001
①Felix Janszen著(雷华 马乐为译)管理创新云南大学出版社2002
①Baptista,Rui ＆Swann,Peter. Do firms in clusters innovate more? Research Policy,Elsevier, vol.27(5)1998.
①梁嘉骅等.企业生态与企业发展：企业竞争对策科学出版社(2005)
②颜泽贤 范东萍 张华夏系统科学导论——复杂性探索人民出版社(2006)
① Bertalanffy Lvon. General System Theory:foundations, development and applications [M]. New York:George Braziller Inc,1973.54255.
② Holland J H. Emergence:from Chaos to Order [M]. Addison Wesley Publishing Company,1988.1,115-123
③苗东升：论系统思维(六)：重在把握系统的整体涌现性系统科学学报2006(1)
④张聪群.产业集群互动机理经济科学出版社.2007(11)
⑤自适应契约人是梁嘉骅等提出的一种对企业的认识。自适应契约人对环境具有自适应好和创新改造环境的能力；它是有限理性的,因而会决策失误；它会追求自身利益最大化,并且会表现出机会主义行为,环境资源的有效性和企业追求自身利益的极大化决定了企业的竞争性。
①王长胜 钱云江 洪合二年级《商界》2007年第07期
①王长胜 钱云江 洪合二年级《商界》2007年第07期
①苗东升：论系统思维(六)：重在把握系统的整体涌现性系统科学学报2006(1)
①谢宏、吴添祖.非正式组织：硅谷创业文化的现实载体.企业文化与管理.2004(11).http://qkzz.net/Magazine/0000-0002/2004/11/
②谢宏、吴添祖.非正式组织：硅谷创业文化的现实载体.企业文化与管理.2004(11).http://qkzz.net/Magazine/0000-0002/2004/11/
①野中郁次郎等.组织知识创新的理念：了解知识创新的动能过程,买诺尔夫·迪尔克斯等编《组织学习与知识创新》(中译本)上海人民出版社2001
②张元智 马鸣萧 产业集群：获取竞争优势的空间 华夏出版社2006
①Felix Janszen著(雷华马乐为译)管理创新云南大学出版社2002
②阿吉特.坎比尔 光有好点子是不够的——给“创新”引擎加点“执行”能量IT经理世界2006年第191期
③梁嘉骅等企业生态与企业发展：企业竞争对策北京：科学出版社2005
①彭灿企业集群知识系统的运行环境研究研究与发展管理2007年第19卷第1期
②Felix Janszen著(雷华马乐为译)管理创新云南大学出版社2002
③陈伟创新管理北京：科学出版社1996
④ Hippel Eric Von.The sources of Innovation.Oxford:Oxford University Press,1998
⑤Hippel Eric Von.Lead users:a sources of novel product concepts.Management Science,1996,32(7)
①苗东升：论系统思维(六)：重在把握系统的整体涌现性系统科学学报2006(1)
①彼得·德鲁克等知识管理中国人民大学出版社1999年
①刘伟 创新管理 北京：科学出版社1996
[1]世界银行.1998年世界发展报告--知识促进发展[M]1998年
[2]万钢.坚持创新驱动实现科学发展[J].中共中央党校报告选.2009(2)
[3]Markusen A. Sticky places in slippery space:a typology of industrial districts [J]. Economic Geography,1996(72)
[4]中国产业集群(1-7缉)[M].中国机械工业出版社
[5]Krugman.P. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].The Journal of Political Economy, Vol.99, No.3.
[6]OECD. Innovative Clusters:Drivers of National Innovation System. [EB/OL]. http://www.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/display.asp?sf1=identifiers&st1=9264187065 2001
[7]辽宁省政府发展研究中心课题组.产业集群：一种可借鉴的发展模式[J].咨询研究择要,2004(7)
[8]郭献文胡作华.浙江块状经济在“保稳促调”中加速转型[J].经济参考报2009-12-2
[9]刘世锦.中国产业集群发展报告(2007-2008)[M].中国发展出版社2008
[10]危机暴露我国“产业集群”缺陷[J].瞭望新闻周刊,2009-01-05
[11]亚当·斯密著.(郭大力,王亚南译)：国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M]. 商
务印书馆,1981.
[12]阿尔弗雷·韦伯(李刚剑等译).工业区位论[M].商务印书馆,1997
[13]张辉.国内外产业集群发展的理论综述刘世锦主编.中国产业集群发展报告(2007-2008)[M].中国发展出版社,2008.
[14]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].商务印书馆,1997.
[15]Hoover, E.M. Location theory and the shoe and leather industries[M], Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press. (1937).
[16]Richardson, HW. Regional Growth Theory [M]. New York:Halsted Press. (1973)
[17]Krugman, P. Geography and trade[M]. Cambridge, Mass:MIT Press. (1991)
[18]Krugman, P.:Increasing returns and economic geography [J]. Journal of Political Economy 99:483-499. (1991)
[19]Krugman, P. History and Industry Location:The Case of the Manufacturing Belt [J]. The American Economic Review 81:80-83. (1991)
[20]Krugman, P.R. Development, Geography, and Economic Theory [M].Cambridge, Mass. The MIT Press. (1995)
[21]约瑟夫·熊彼得.经济发展理论[M].商务印书馆,(1997).
[22]Arrow, K. J. The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing [J], Review of Economic Studies,29,155-173.1962,。
[23]Rosenberg, N. Inside the Black Box [M]. Cambridge University Press.1982
[24]Freeman, C. The economics of industrial innovation [M], London:Pinter Publishers. (1982)
[25]G. Dosi, et al., Thchnical Change and Economic Theory [M]. London, Pinter Publisher. (1988).
[26]Capello R. Spatial Transfer of Knowledge in Hi-Tech Milieux:Learning Versus Collective Learning Progresses [J].Regional Studies, (33):352-365.1999
[27]Lundvall.A. National System of Innovation, Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning [M]. London Printer.1992
[28]OECD. National Innovation System [R].1997.10.
[29]Nelson, R. (Ed.). National Innovation Systems—A Comparative Analysis.[M] Oxford:Oxford University Press. (1993)
[30]Cooke, P. Regional Innovation Systems:Competitive Regulation in the New Europe [J]. Geoforum,23:365-382. (1992).
[31]Cooke, P. Introduction:Origins of the Concept. In H. Braczyk, P. Cooke,& M. Heidenreich (Eds.), Regional Innovation Systems (pp.2-25). [M]London:UCL Press. (1998)
[32]Cooke, P. Regional Innovation Systems, Clusters, and the Knowledge conomy.[J] Industrial and Corporated Change,10(4):945-974. (2001).
[33]Cooke. P., M. G. Uranga,& G. Etzebarria. Regional Systems of Innovation:An Evolutionary Perspective[J]. Environment and Planning,30:1563-1584. (1998)
[34]Camagini R. Innovation Networks:Spatial Perspectives[M]. London:Beelhaven-Pinter,(1991).
[35]Saxenian, Annalee. The Origins and Dynamics of Production Networks in Silicon Valley[J]. Research Policy,20(5):423-437,(1991).
[36]Saxenian a. Regional advantage:culture competition in silicon valley and route 128[M]. Harvard University Press,1994.
[37]Harrison, B. Industrial Districts:Old Wine in New Bottles[J]. Regional Studies, 1992,26(5):469-483.
[38]Grabher, G. The Weakness of Strong Ties:the Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr area ", In:Gernot Grabher (Ed.), The Embedded Firm--on the Socia-Economics of Industrial Networks. London, New York:Routledge, pp.255-277,1993.
[39]Remigio R. Alberto B. and Richard. G.(ed) The Dynamics of Innovative Region: the GREMI approach[M]. Brookfield:Ashgate.1997
[40]Capello R. Spatial Transfer of Knowledge in Hi-Tech Milieux:Learning Versus Collective Learning Progresses[J]. Regional Studies, (33):352-365.1999.
[41]Becattini,G. The Marshallian industrial district as a socioeconomic notion. [A] In F.Pyke, G. Becattini, and W.Sengenberger(eds), Industria districts and inter-firm co-operation in Italy[C]. Geneva:International institute for labour studies, 1990.31-57.
[42]Piore M, Sable C. The second industrial divide [M]. New York:Basic Brooks, 1984.1-30.
[43]Scott A. New industrial space [M]. London:Pion,1988.1-16.
[44]Storper M, Scott A J, Pathways to Industrialisaton and Regional Development (Routledge, London).1992.
[45]Sforzi, F.The geography of industrial district in Italy. In E Goodman and J Bamford (eds) Small firms and industrial districts in Italy, pp.153-73. (1989).
[46]Pyke, F., Becattini,G., and Sengenberger, W. (eds.). Industrial Districts and Inter-Firm Co-operation in Italy. Geneva:International Institute of Labour Studies. 1990
[47]Pyke, F. and Sengenberger, W. (eds.). Industrial Districts and Local Economic Regeneration.Geneva:International Institute of Labour Studies.1992.
[48]波特.竞争论[M].中信出版社,(2003)
[49]Porter, M E.Competitive Advantage of Nations[M]. The Free Press,1990.1-26.
[50]Porter, M E. Clusters and the new economics of competition[J]. Harvard Business Review,1998,76(6):77-90.
[51]Morgan,K.The learning region:Institutions, innovation and regional renewal. Regional Studies[J].1997,(31):491-503.
[52]Cooke P. Regional innovation systems:an evaluation of six European cases[A]. In Getimis, P. and Kafkalas, G. (eds.) Urban and regional development in the New Europe [C]. Topos, Athens,1993.133-154.
[53]Asheim,B. "Learning regions" in a globalised world economy:towards a new competitive advantage of industrial districts? [A].In S.Conti and M.Taylor(eds). Interdependent and uneven development:global-local perspectives[C]. London: Avebury,1997.143-176.
[54]Anderson G. Industry clustering for economic development. Economic Development. Review.1994, pp.26-32
[55]UNIDO. Development of clusters and networks of SMEs [J]. Private Sector Development Branch Investment Promotion and Institutional Ca2 pacity Building Division,2001.9.
[56]Schmitz, H.(1995). Collective efficiency:growth path for samll-scale industry. Journal of development studies 34(4),529-566.
[57]D'Cruz, J. R. and A. M. Rugman (1993),"Developing International Competitiveness:The Five Partners Model," Business Quarterly, Vol.58, No.2, pp.60-72.
[58]Enright, M. (1996), "Regional clusters and economic development:a research agenda", in Staber, U. (Eds),Business Networks:Prospects for Regional Development, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin.
[59]Rosenfeld S A. Bringing business clusters into the mainstream of economic development [J]. European Planning Studies,1997,5 (1):3-23.
[60]Feser E J. Old and new theories of industry clusters[A]. In SEINER M. Clusters and Regional Specialisation:on Geography,Technology and Networks[C].London Pion,1998.18-40.
[61]Porter M E. On comprtition [M]. Harvard Business School Press,1998.
[62]Roelandt T,Den Hertag P. Cluster analysis and cluster-based policy making in OECD countries:an introduction to the theme[M]. In OECD (1999) Boosting Innovation:The Cluster Approach, Paris:OECD,1999.9-23.
[63]OECD. Boosting innovation:the cluster approach[M]. OECD Proceedings Paris:OECD,13,414.
[64]Van den Berg,L Braune,Van Winden W. Growth clusters in European cities:an integral approach [J]. Urban Studies,2001,38(1):186-206.
[65]曾忠禄.产业集群与国际竞争优势[J]当代财经1996(7)
[66]仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1999.
[67]王缉慈.地方产业战略[J].中国工业经济,2002,(3)：47-54.
[68]孙伟黄鲁成.关于产业群的基本研究[J] 科研管理2002(2)
[69]胡宇辰.产业集群支持系统[M].经济管理出版社,2005.
[70]英.阿弗里德·马歇尔(康运杰译)经济学原理[M]华夏出版社2005(6)
[71]刘恒江、陈继祥.要素、动力机制与竞争优势：产业集群的发展逻辑[J]中国软科学2005(2)
[72]金晓燕.集群根植性作用机制研究[J]经济论坛2008(23)
[73]Krugman, P. Geography and Trade[M]. MIT Press,1991
[74]Krugman. Increasing Returns and Economic Geography[J].JPE,99(3):483-499. (1991)
[75]Ellison & E.L.Glaeser(1997).Geographic Concentration in U.S.Manufacturing Ind ustries:A Dartboard Approach[J]. JPE,105(5):889-927.
[76]行业集中度指数MBA智库百科http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%Al% 8C%E4%B8% 9A%E9%9B%86 %E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%A6%E6%8C%87%E6%95%BO
[77]梁琦.中国工业的区位基尼系数[J].统计研究,2003,(9).
[78]范剑勇.产业集聚与中国地区差距研究[M].格致出版社、上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,2008(3).
[79]徐康宁.冯春虎.中国制造业地区性集中程度的实证研究[J].贵州社会科学2003(1)
[80]张明倩.中国产业聚集现象统计模型及其应用[M].中国标准出版社2007
[81]武振宇.区域产业聚集指数和评价指标体系.刘世锦主编.中国产业集群发展报告(2007-2008)[M].中国发展出版社,2008.
[82]Paul R. Krugman,E. Helpman. Market Structure and Foreign Trade[M]. MIT Press, 1985.
[83]Paul R. Krugman.History and Industrial Location:The Case of the Manufacturing Belt[J].American Economic Review, May 1991.
[84]Paul R. Krugman. Competitiveness:A Dangerous Obsession[J]. Foreign Affairs, March/April 1994
[85]Mytelka, Lynn & Farinelli, Fulvia,2000. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness. Discussion Papers 5, United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies.
[86]Pekka Y A. Industrial in Change-How to Stay Competitive inthe GlobalCompetition? [R]. The Search Institute of the FinnishEconomy (ETLA), Opening Seminar, Marina Congress Center,Helsink.i 2004.
[87]Steven Pinch.Nick Henry.Paul Krugman's Geographical Economics,Industrial Clustering and the British Motor Sport Industry[J]. Regional Studies, Taylor and Francis Journals, vol.33(9), pages 815-827.1999(9)
[88]E.W.Hill(2000),"A Methodology for Identifying the Drivers Industrial Clusters:The Foundation of Regional Competitive Advantage",Economic Development Quarterly,14(1):65-96.
[89]刘琦岩.中国如何发展有竞争力的产业簇群[J].软科学2001(3).
[90]徐康宁.开放经济中的产业集群与竞争力[J].中国工业经济2001(11).
[91]张辉.产业集群竞争力的内在经济机理[J].中国软科学2003(1)
[92]陈继祥等.产业集群与复杂性[M],上海：上海财经大学出版社,2005.
[93]朱方伟等.产业集群的核心要素演进分析[J].科学学与科学技术管理2004(2).
[94]李勇等.企业集群的内在特性与竞争力[J], 开发研究2004(2).
[95]刘爱雄.产业集群竞争力评价[J], 科技管理研究2007(2).
[96]陈柳钦.产业集聚与产业竞争力[J], 南京社会科学2005(5).
[97]徐占忱、何明升.论产业集群竞争力的性质[J], 工业技术经济2005(1).
[98]孙钰,李竟成.产业集群核心竞争力分析[J],西北工业大学学报(社会科学版).2006(3)
[99]梁宏.产业集群及其竞争力研究[J],哈尔滨工业大学学报(社会科学版)2005(1)
[100]刘友金.产业集群竞争力评价量化模型研究——GEM模型解析与GEMN模型构建[J], 中国软科学,2007(9).
[101]王炳才,田怡谦.产业集群竞争力的影响因素与实证检验[J], 产业经济研究,2007(5)
[102]龚双红.产业集群竞争力分析[D].中共中央党校硕士学位论文
[103]Mytelka, Lynn & Farinelli, Fulvia,2000. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness. Discussion Papers 5, United Nations University, Institute for New Technologies.
[104]Pekka Y A. Industrial in Change-How to Stay Competitive inthe GlobalCompetition? [R]. The Search Institute of the FinnishEconomy (ETLA), Opening Seminar, Marina Congress Center,Helsink.i 2004.
[105]郭曦,郝蕾.产业集群竞争力影响因素的层次分析--基于国家级经济开发区的统计回归[J].2005(4)
[106]陈柳钦.产业集群竞争力问题研究[N].光明网-光明观察http://guancha.gmw.cn /content/2008-12/11/content_868217_5.htm
[107]符正平,论企业集群的产生条件与形成机制[J],《中国工业经济》,2002.10
[108]刘爱雄、张高亮、朱斌,对产业集群竞争力来源的理论分析[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2006(1)：45
[109]李君华,彭玉兰.产业集群的制度分析[J], 中国软科学2003(9).
[110]蔡宁,吴结兵.企业集群的竞争优势：资源的结构性整合[J], 中国工业经济,2002(8).
[111]朱秀梅.知识溢出、吸收能力对高新技术产业集群创新的影响研究.[D],中国知网,中国博士学位论文全文数据库,2006年8月30日。
[112]Tim Padmore,Hervey Gibson.Modelling systems of innovation:A framework for Industrial Cluster Analysis in Regions.[J].Research policy,1998(26).
[113]Michael E?Porter. Clusters and New Economics of Competition[J].Harvard Business Review,1998, (11).
[114]Pekka Y A. Industrial in Change-How to Stay Competitive in the Global Competition[R]. The Search Institute of the FinnishEconomy (ETLA), Opening Seminar, Marina Congress Center,Helsink.i 2004.
[115]Gautam Ahuja.CollaborationNetworks, StructuralHoles, and Innovation:A Longitudinal Study[J]. Administrative Science Quarterly,2000,45 (3).
[116]Tracey P. Clark G.L. Networks and Competitive Strategy:Rethinking Clusters of Innovation [J]. Growth& Change,2003,34(1)。
[117]Meyer-Stamer. Understanding the determinants of vibrant business development:the. systemic competitiveness perspective [EB/OL], Working Paper, http://www.mesopartner.com,2003,4.
[118]Mytelka, Lynn& Farinelli, Fulvia. Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness[R].
[119]Robert Huggins Associates. The World Knowledge Competitiveness Index 2005 [M] Pontypridd:Robert Huggins Associates,2005.
[120]姚国琴.知识竞争力与世界知识经济格局[J]学习论坛2006(6)
[121]侯经川、姚毅：《中国的知识竞争力状况分析》,《图书情报知识》,2006(4)
[122]上海知识竞争力全球增速第一[N].文汇报.2005-12-28.
[123]储节旺,周绍森.知识管理概论[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006.
[124]秦海菁.知识经济测评论[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2004.
[125]曹如中 戴昌钧：知识竞争力理论综述[J]图书与情报2007(04)
[126]林善浪、王健.区域知识竞争力及其评价指标体系研究[J]科技进步与对策2008年25卷2期
[127]唐家龙.知识竞争力与经济表现的经验分析——解析2005年全球知识竞争力指数报告[J].2007(02)
[128]相丽玲 汤亮亮.知识竞争力的构成要素及其模型[J]情报理论与实践2008(4)515-518
[129]Martin Bell and Michael Albu. Knowledge Systems and Technological Dynamism in Industrial Clusters in Developing Countries; World Development; (1999)
[130][美]乔治·斯蒂格勒.新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典[C].北京,经济科学出版社,1992,577.
[132]Robert Huggins Associates. The World Knowledge Competitiveness Index 2005 [M] Pontypridd:Robert Huggins Associates,2005.
[133]王缉慈等创新的空间——企业集群与区域发展[M]北京大学出版社2001
[134]Felix Janszen著(雷华马乐为译)管理创新[M]云南大学出版社2002
[135]Baptista, Rui & Swann, Peter. Do firms in clusters innovate more? [J] Research Policy, Elsevier, vol.27(5) 1998.
[136]梁嘉骅等.企业生态与企业发展：企业竞争对策[M] 科学出版社(2005)
[137]颜泽贤 范东萍 张华夏系统科学导论——复杂性探索[M]人民出版社(2006)
[138]Bertalanffy L von. General System Theo ry:foundat ions, development and app licat ions [M]. New York:George Braziller Inc,1973.54～55.
[139]Holland J H. Emergence:from Chaos to Order [M]. Addison Wesley Publishing Company,1988.1,115-123
[140]苗东升论系统思维(六)：重在把握系统的整体涌现性[J].系统科学学报2006(1)
[141]张聪群.产业集群互动机理[M]经济科学出版社.2007(11)
[142]钱云江.价格的尽头[J],商界2006(05).
[143]王长胜钱云江.洪合二年级[J],商界2007(07)
[144]钱云江谁来阻止草根的腐烂——从洪合羊毛衫市场看浙江产业集群衰败的危机[N]人大经济论坛http://www.pinggu.org/html/2006-2/19/70032.html
[145]屠知力.浙江一羊毛衫市场廉价雇佣童工牟取私利[N],人民日报，华东新闻2002年05月28日第四版
[146]彭灿企业集群知识系统的运行环境研究[J]研究与发展管理2007年第19卷第1期
[147]谢宏.吴添祖.非正式组织：硅谷创业文化的现实载体[J].企业文化与管理.2004(11).
[147]野中郁次郎等.组织知识创新的理念：了解知识创新的动能过程[J],买诺尔夫·迪尔克斯等编《组织学习与知识创新》[M](中译本)上海人民出版社2001
[148]张署平.美国硅谷现象分析[J]微电子学.2008年第38卷第04期
[149]硅谷.百度百科[N] http://baike.baidu.com/view/3243.htm
[150]Choo, C.W., Detlor, B., and Turnbull, D. Web work:Information seeking and knowledge work on the world wide web[M].Dordrecht:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2000.
[151]Nonaka·I and Takeuchi·H. The knowledge-creating company:How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation [M]. New York, NY:Oxford University Press,1995.
[152]Spek R. V.D. and Spijkervet A. Knowledge management:Dealing intelligently with knowledge [C].CIBIT:Utrecht. In:Stenmark, D. Information vs. knowledge:The role of intranets in knowledge management. Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,2002.
[153]Davenport, T.H. and Prusak, L. Working knowledge [M]. Boston, MA:Harvard Business School Press,1998 Stenmark, D. Information vs. knowledge:The role of intranets in knowledge management [C]. Proceedings of the 35th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,2002.Quigley, E J. Debons.A Interrogative theory of information and knowledge 1999
[155]吴洁刘思峰施琴芬.基于产业集群的知识创新体系与知识转移研究[J],企业经济2007(03)
[156]张元智、马鸣萧.产业集群——获取竞争优势的空间[M]华夏出版社2006
[157]侯润秀、官建成.外商直接投资对我国区域创新能力的影响[J]中国软科学2006,(5)：104-111.
[158]OECD,科学技术发展计划司,中国科学技术指标研究会.研究与发展调查[M].北京：新华出版社,2000,3.
[159]马宁、官建成.影响我国工业企业技术创新绩效的关键因素[J]科学学与科学技术管理,2000,(3)：16-20.
[160]张华胜.中国制造业技术创新能力分析[J].中国软科学,2006,(4)：15-23.
[161]郭咸钢.企业创新驱动模式[M].清华大学出版社，2005.
[162]石盛林.企业创新的制度经济学分析[EB/DB]. http://gdssl.go.nease.net/2006.7.20
[163]Alan G Robinson,Sam Stern.. Corporate Creativity[M]. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc.,1997
[164]Guan J., Liu S.. Comparing Regional Innovative Capacities of PR China-based on Data Analysis of the National Patents[J]. International Journal of Technology Management,2005,(32):225-245
[165]黄宗远.区域产业创新“涌现”与创新维治理机制研究[J].经济问题.2008(1)
[166]韩新严,吴添祖.影响我国企业技术创新总体绩效水平的因素和对策[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2003,(3)：19-23.
[167]水常青、许庆瑞.企业创新文化理论研究述评[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005,(3)：138-142.
[168]马歇尔著(朱志泰译).经济学原理(上卷)[M] 商务印书馆1964年第一版
[169]Teece, D.J. The Market for Know-How and the Efficient International Transfer of Technology. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social science.
[170]Camagni R (eds).."Innovation Networks:Spatial Perspectives". London:Beel haven-Pinter.1991
[171]Maillat D. "Territorial dynamic, innovative milieus and regional policy". Entrepreneurship and Regional Development (7) 157-165.1995
[172][美]拜瑞·J·内勒夫、亚当·布兰登勃格.合作竞争[M]安徽人民出版社2000
[173][美]迈克尔·波特著(陈晓悦译).竞争优势[M]华夏出版社2005
[174][德]鲁道夫·希法亭.金融资本：资本主义最新发展的研究[M].商务印书馆1994
[175]青木昌彦.东亚经济发展中政府作用的新诠释：市场增进论[J] 经济社会体制比较,1996年第5-6期。
[176]80 项 ‘ 中国制造’ 产量位居世界第一[EB／DB]http://www.chinaiiss.org/future/analyse/d005.htm
[177]Grabher, G·The Weakness of Strong Ties:the Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr area[C]·In:Gernot Grabher (Ed·), The Embedded Firm-on the Socia-Economics of Industrial Networks[C]·London, New York:Routledge, 1993·255-277·
[178]Grabher, G. The Weakness of Strong Ties:the Lock-in of Regional Development in the Ruhr area[C]·In:Gernot Grabher (Ed·), The Embedded Firm-on the Socia-Economics of Industrial Networks[C]·London, New York:Routledge,1993·255-277·
[179][美国]Ronald Burt.结构洞-竞争的结构(Structural Holes)(经济与社会译丛)[M],格致出版社,上海人民出版社(2008)
[180]杜栋,庞庆华,吴炎.现代综合评价方法与案例精选(第2版).北京：清华大学出版社,2008.
[181]李建平,李闽榕,高燕京等.中国省域经济综合竞争力发展报告(2005-2006).北京：社会科学文献出版社,2007.